View source for 23 Wall Street

{{Short description|Commercial building in Manhattan, New York}}
{{redirect|J.P. Morgan & Co. Building|the tower also formerly known as the J.P. Morgan & Co. Building|60 Wall Street}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name                     = 23 Wall Street
| nrhp_type                = nrhp
| image                    = 15 Broad Street August 2017 02.jpg
| image_size               = 300px
| alt                      = 23 Wall Street, a four-story stone-faced building at the corner of Wall and Broad Streets, as seen from nearby Federal Hall
| caption                  = The building as seen from the steps of [[Federal Hall]]; the [[New York Stock Exchange Building]] is visible at right
| location                 = 23 [[Wall Street]], [[Manhattan]], New York, US
| coordinates              = {{coord|40|42|25|N|74|00|38|W|format=dms|region:US-NY_type:landmark|display=title,inline}}
| district_map             = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=14|type=shape|stroke-color=#f44|id=Q2815111|marker=|title=23 Wall Street|frame-coordinates={{coord|40|42|25|N|74|00|38|W}}}}
| built                    = 1913–1914<ref name=nycland />
| architect                = [[Trowbridge & Livingston]]
| architecture             = [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]
| website                  = {{Oweb|https://23wallretail.com}}
| added                    = June 19, 1972
| refnum                   = 72000874
| visitation_num           =
| visitation_year          =
| mpsub                    =
| nrhp_type2               = indcp
| partof                   = [[Wall Street Historic District (Manhattan)|Wall Street Historic District]]
| partof_refnum            = 07000063<ref name="Howe">{{cite web |url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/75320043 <!-- Very large file; 218 MB -->|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Wall Street Historic District |last1=Howe |first1=Kathy |last2=Robins |first2=Anthony |date=August 3, 2006 |publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]] |access-date=July 7, 2024|via=[[National Archives (United States)|National Archives]]}}</ref>
| designated_nrhp_type2    = February 20, 2007
| nocat                    = yes
| designated_other1 = New York State Register of Historic Places
| designated_other1_abbr = NYSRHP
| designated_other1_date = June 23, 1980<ref name="Cultural Resource Information System">{{cite web |title=Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS) |publisher=[[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] |date=November 7, 2014 |url=https://cris.parks.ny.gov/ |access-date=July 20, 2023}}</ref>
| designated_other1_number = 06101.000390
| designated_other1_num_position = bottom
| designated_other2_name   = New York City Landmark
| designated_other2_abbr   = NYCL
| designated_other2_date   = December 21, 1965<ref name="NYCL-0039"/>
| designated_other2_link   = New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
| designated_other2_number = 0039
| designated_other2_color  = #FFE978
}}

'''23 Wall Street''' (also known as the '''J.P.&nbsp;Morgan Building''') is a four-story office building in the [[Financial District (Manhattan)|Financial District]] of [[Manhattan]] in [[New York City]], at the southeast corner of [[Wall Street]] and [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad Street]]. Designed by [[Trowbridge & Livingston]] in the [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] style and constructed from 1913 to 1914, it was originally the headquarters of [[J.P. Morgan & Co.]] Since the late 2000s, the building has remained unoccupied for long periods, although it has occasionally been used for events.

The building has a facade of [[ashlar]] masonry and pink [[Tennessee marble]]. The first floor consists of a ''[[piano nobile]]'' over a low basement; above are the second story, the main [[cornice]], and two more stories. After its completion, the building became known as the headquarters of J.P. Morgan & Co.—the "House of Morgan"—although its exterior was never signed with the Morgan name. The banking room, which took up nearly the entire ground floor, included offices and was used for banking transactions. This space was designed with a domed, [[coffer]]ed ceiling and, later, a large crystal chandelier. Mechanical systems and vaults were in the basement, and executive offices were placed on the upper floors.

23 Wall Street replaced the Drexel Building, which was the banking headquarters for J.P. Morgan & Co.'s predecessor [[Drexel, Morgan & Co.]] When the building was damaged during the [[Wall Street bombing]] in 1920, J.P. Morgan & Co. refused to make repairs, in defiance of the bombing's perpetrators. The building was linked to neighboring [[15 Broad Street]] in 1957, and the two buildings served as the J.P. Morgan & Co. headquarters until 1988, when the firm moved to [[60 Wall Street]]. During the 2000s, there were plans to convert both 23 Wall Street and 15 Broad Street into a condominium complex. In 2008, 23 Wall Street was sold to interests associated with the billionaire industrialist [[Sam Pa]] but mostly remained empty afterward.

Depicted in several media works, 23 Wall Street's simple design was generally praised upon its completion. The building is a [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission|New York City designated landmark]] and is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP); it is also a contributing property to the NRHP-listed [[Wall Street Historic District (Manhattan)|Wall Street Historic District]].

== Site ==
23 Wall Street is in the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] of [[Manhattan]] in [[New York City]], at the southeast corner of [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad Street]] to the west and [[Wall Street]] to the north.<ref name="NYCityMap">{{Cite web|title=NYCityMap|url=http://maps.nyc.gov/|access-date=March 20, 2020|website=NYC.gov|publisher=[[New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications]]}}</ref> The building's [[land lot]] has a [[frontage]] of about {{Convert|113|ft||abbr=}} along Broad Street and {{Convert|157|ft||abbr=}} along Wall Street.<ref name="AB p. 5">{{harvnb|Architecture and Building|1915|ps=.|p=5}}</ref><ref name="rer19120921">{{cite magazine|date=September 21, 1912|title=The Week in Real Estate|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_050&page=ldpd_7031148_050_00000695&no=5|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide|volume=90|pages=529|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=2323}}</ref><ref name="wsj19260903">{{cite news|date=September 23, 1926|title=The House on the Corner|page=3|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|issn=0099-9660|id={{ProQuest|130386003}}}}</ref> It borders [[15 Broad Street]] to the south and west. Other nearby buildings include the [[New York Stock Exchange Building]] to the west; [[14 Wall Street]] to the northwest; [[Federal Hall National Memorial]] (formerly the sub-Treasury building) at 26 Wall Street to the north; and [[40 Wall Street]] to the northeast.<ref name="NYCityMap" /> The [[Broad Street station (BMT Nassau Street Line)|Broad Street station]] of the [[New York City Subway]], serving the {{NYCS trains|Nassau south}}, contains entrances directly outside 23 Wall Street.<ref>{{cite NYC neighborhood map|Lower Manhattan}}</ref>

The [[Second Empire style]] Drexel Building—the banking headquarters for [[Drexel, Morgan & Co.]], predecessor of [[J.P. Morgan & Co.]]—previously occupied 23 Wall Street's site.<ref name="NPS p. 3">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1972|ps=.|p=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=February 20, 1912|title=The Real Estate Field; J.P. Morgan & Co. Reported to Have Bought Drexel Building Corner – Sixth Avenue Activity – Reade Street Loft Sold – West Side Deals – Good Bronx and Suburban Markets.|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1912/02/20/archives/the-real-estate-field-jp-morgan-co-reported-to-have-bought-drexel.html|access-date=September 16, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209121728/https://www.nytimes.com/1912/02/20/archives/the-real-estate-field-jp-morgan-co-reported-to-have-bought-drexel.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Anthony Drexel had bought the site in 1872 for {{convert|348|$/ft2}}, making it the city's most expensive plot of land at the time.<ref name="TL p. 16">{{harvnb|Tauranac|1985|ps=.|page=16}}</ref> The Drexel Building, completed in 1873,<ref name="NPS p. 3" /> was designed with a [[mansard roof]] and marble walls.<ref name="nyt20030420">{{Cite news|last=Gray|first=Christopher|date=April 20, 2003|title=Streetscapes/J. P. Morgan Bank at Wall and Broad Streets; A 1914 Landmark That Reflects Its Founder|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/20/realestate/streetscapes-j-p-morgan-bank-wall-broad-streets-1914-landmark-that-reflects-its.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 4, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209071029/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/20/realestate/streetscapes-j-p-morgan-bank-wall-broad-streets-1914-landmark-that-reflects-its.html}}</ref><ref name="tribune19120220">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=February 20, 1912|title=Morgan & Co. To Build: Buy Bank Quarters, Occupied Since 1872, From Drexel Estate|page=13|work=[[New-York Tribune]]|issn=1941-0646|via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69380476/|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=February 6, 2021|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224830/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69380476/morgan-co-to-build-buy-bank/}}</ref><ref name="rer19130510">{{cite magazine|date=May 10, 1913|title=Last of the Drexel Building|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_051&page=ldpd_7031148_051_00001164&no=4|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide|volume=91|pages=994|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=2356|access-date=February 6, 2021|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224823/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_051&page=ldpd_7031148_051_00001164&no=4|url-status=live}}</ref> Its seven stories had been connected by a steam elevator, one of the city's earliest such installations. The ''Real Estate Record and Guide'' characterized the Drexel Building as "the second fireproof building of importance" to be built in New York City, after the [[Equitable Life Building (Manhattan)|Equitable Life Building]].<ref name="rer19130510" />

[[File:Wall Street panorama vc.jpg|thumb|800px|center|alt=Panoramic photograph showing the ''George Washington'' statue outside Federal Hall, 23 Wall Street and the New York Stock Exchange Building. |Panoramic view of the site with the [[Statue of George Washington (Wall Street)|''George Washington'' statue]] outside [[Federal Hall]] at far left, 23 Wall Street at center left, and the [[New York Stock Exchange Building]] at right]]

==Architecture==
[[Trowbridge & Livingston]] designed 23 Wall Street in the [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] style.<ref name="nycland">{{cite nycland|page=15}}</ref><ref name="aia5">{{cite aia5|page=19}}</ref><ref name="NY1900">{{cite NY1900|page=183}}</ref> [[Marc Eidlitz]] was the building's main construction contractor.<ref name="wsj19140516">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=May 16, 1914|title=New Morgan Building, Monument to the Financier|pages=8|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69435031/new-morgan-building-monument-to-the/|access-date=February 5, 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref name="AB p. 14" /> Many other engineers and contractors were involved in the building's construction, including elevator supplier [[A. B. See]], vault contractor [[Carnegie Steel Company]], and vault engineer [[Frederick S. Holmes]].<ref name="AB p. 14">{{harvnb|Architecture and Building|1915|ps=.|p=14}}</ref> 23 Wall Street was the headquarters of J.P. Morgan & Co., the "House of Morgan", and was nicknamed "The Corner".<ref name="nyt19640219">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=February 19, 1964 |title=Memories Persist at the House of Morgan; 4 Retired Employes Tour 'Corner' at 23 Wall Street |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/19/archives/memories-persist-at-the-house-of-morgan-4-retired-employes-tour.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224821/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/19/archives/memories-persist-at-the-house-of-morgan-4-retired-employes-tour.html |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[J.&nbsp;P. Morgan&nbsp;Jr.]], the head of the bank when the building was being planned, dictated many aspects of its design.<ref name="NPS p. 3" /><ref name="wsj19140516" /> Unlike skyscrapers in the surrounding area, 23 Wall Street was built with only four above-ground stories.<ref name="NYCL-0039">{{cite web|date=December 21, 1965|title=J.P. Morgan & Co. Building|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0039.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121120356/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0039.pdf|archive-date=November 21, 2020|access-date=February 6, 2021|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AB p. 5" /><ref name="NPS p. 2">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1972|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> The building originally contained up to five [[mezzanine]] levels, leading ''Architecture and Building'' magazine to characterize it as a nine-story building.<ref name="AB p. 5" />

The building is shaped like an irregular [[heptagon]], with a [[chamfer]]ed corner at its main entrance at Wall and Broad Streets, as well as a "light court" on the building's eastern side at the third and fourth stories.<ref name="nyt19640219" /><ref name="AR p. 114; NPS p. 2">{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1915|p=114 (PDF p. 22)}}; {{harvnb|National Park Service|1972|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> The southeast corner contains an extension that protrudes slightly from the southern lot line.<ref name="AR p. 114">{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1915|ps=.|p=114 (PDF p. 22)}}</ref> The main entrance corner, facing the intersection of Wall, Broad, and [[Nassau Street (Manhattan)|Nassau Streets]], was intended to make the intersection appear like a public square outside Federal Hall.<ref name="NPS p. 3" /> When the building was being designed, Morgan had stipulated the architects include an entrance at that corner. The acute angle of the intersection led Trowbridge & Livingston to design that entrance as a chamfer, which was more architecturally appealing.<ref name="NY1900" /><ref name="Arch p. 275; AR p. 112">{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1915|p=112 (PDF p. 20)}}; {{harvnb|Architecture|1914|ps=.|p=275}}</ref> The facade rises about {{Convert|85|ft||abbr=}} above street level. Because of the irregular shape, the building only takes up {{Convert|92|ft||abbr=}} on Broad Street and {{Convert|135|ft||abbr=}} on Wall Street, or about {{Convert|20|ft}} less than the lot frontage on either side.<ref name="wsj19260903" />

=== Facade ===
[[File:23 Wall St by Matthew Bisanz.JPG|thumb|alt=Photograph of the building as it looked in 2010. |Seen in 2010]]

The [[facade]] is made of [[ashlar]] masonry and pink Tennessee [[marble]],<ref name="AB p. 5; NPS p. 2; NY1900">{{harvnb|Architecture and Building|1915|p=5}}; {{harvnb|National Park Service|1972|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Massengale|1983|ps=.|p=183}}</ref> in accordance with J.&nbsp;P. Morgan&nbsp;Sr.'s request that the marble be identical to that used in his [[Morgan Library & Museum|36th Street residence's library]].<ref name="NPS p. 3" /> Each of the marble blocks was laid horizontally, with a cross section of {{Convert|3|by|3|ft|abbr=}} and a length of {{Convert|7|to|22|ft|abbr=}}.<ref name="AB p. 5" /><ref name="sun19130223">{{Cite news|date=February 23, 1913|title=Notable Wall Street Improvement|pages=27|work=[[The Sun (New York City)|The Sun]]|via=newspapers.com|issn=1940-7831|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69385551/notable-wall-street-improvement/|access-date=February 5, 2021|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224754/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69385551/notable-wall-street-improvement/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rer19140718">{{cite magazine|date=July 18, 1914|title=A Rival to the Parthenon|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_054&page=ldpd_7031148_054_00000110&no=14|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide|volume=94|pages=90|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=2418|access-date=February 6, 2021|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224823/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_054&page=ldpd_7031148_054_00000110&no=14|url-status=live}}</ref> To furnish the marble for the project, the Morgans used their own quarry in [[Knoxville, Tennessee]].<ref name="nyt19640219" /><ref name="rer19140718" /> The walls are [[astylar]] in design, with unadorned windows in deep reveals.<ref name="nycland" /><ref name="NY1900" /> The facade contains several divots caused by flying shrapnel from the [[Wall Street bombing]], which occurred outside the building in 1920.<ref name="aia5" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Dunlap|first=David W.|date=April 20, 2016|title=Saving the Scars of 9/11|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/21/nyregion/saving-the-scars-of9-11.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 4, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108122334/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/21/nyregion/saving-the-scars-of9-11.html}}</ref>

The first floor consists of a high ''[[piano nobile]]'' over a low basement.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> Above that are a shorter second story and the windowless third story; the fourth story is set back and not visible from street level.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /><ref name="TL pp. 17–18">{{harvnb|Tauranac|1985|ps=.|pages=17–18}}</ref> The main cornice, between the second and third stories, is inspired by [[Renaissance architecture|Italian Renaissance]] architecture and wraps around the north, northwest, and west sides. A [[Mechanical floor|mechanical penthouse]] containing air-conditioning machinery is atop the original roof.<ref name="NPS p. 2" />

The main entrance is through the chamfered corner at Wall and Broad Streets;<ref name="AB p. 5; NPS p. 2; NY1900" /> the building's corner measures {{Convert|34|ft||abbr=}} wide.<ref name="wsj19260903" /> A short flight of five steps leads from the sidewalk to the large rectangular entrance opening, which is slightly recessed from the facade. The entrance opening contains a bronze-and-glass set of doors underneath a [[transom window]] made of bronze and glass. On either side of the entrance opening, the chamfered corner's walls are designed to resemble [[pilaster]]s.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> The senior Morgan had stipulated that no company name signs would be on either of the pilasters, as he planned to add decorative elements, but he died before the plans were finalized.<ref name="NPS p. 3" /> Ultimately, no name plaque was ever placed atop the main entrance, as the building became well known worldwide.<ref name="TIME.com 1923">{{cite magazine|date=September 24, 1923|title=23 Wall Street|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,727510,00.html|access-date=February 3, 2021|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|archive-date=April 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418130043/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,727510,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wsj19171004">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=October 4, 1917|title=Over on the Corner|pages=2|work=The Wall Street Journal|via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69438037/over-on-the-corner/|url-status=live|access-date=February 5, 2021|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224822/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69438037/over-on-the-corner/}}</ref> The [[lintel]] above the doorway is a single continuous stone measuring {{Convert|19|by|3.16|by|4|ft|0|abbr=}} and was, at the time of the building's construction, one of the largest stones ever brought to New York City.<ref name="wsj19140516" /> Above the main entrance, at the second story, there is a single set of three windows.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the main entrance was sometimes also known by the building's nickname, "The Corner".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bartnett|first=Edmond J.|date=February 25, 1962|title=Corner Entrances Are Landmarks in Wall Street Area; But Noted Doorways at Intersections Are Passing Other Corner Entrance A 9 Per Cent Return|language=en-US|page=R1|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/02/25/113420818.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224827/http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/02/25/113420818.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false}}</ref>

The remainders of the Wall and Broad Street facades are similar, except that the Broad Street facade has four vertical [[Bay (architecture)|bays]], and the Wall Street facade has five. In each bay, there is a tall rectangular window opening at ground level, as well as a pair of smaller openings at the mezzanine.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> Each of the ground-story windows measures {{Convert|22|ft||abbr=}} tall and {{Convert|12|ft||abbr=}} wide.<ref name="AB p. 5" /> There were also window openings at the basement level, subsequently infilled with marble.<ref name="NPS p. 2" /> Another entrance on Broad Street led to the [[wire transfer]] department in the building's basement.<ref name="Arch p. 276; AR p. 113">{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1915|p=113 (PDF p. 21)}}; {{harvnb|Architecture|1914|ps=.|p=276}}</ref>

=== Features ===
==== Substructure and basement ====
The foundations of the outer walls were made of [[cofferdam]]s that extended {{Convert|65|ft||abbr=}} into the underlying bedrock.<ref name="sun19130223" /><ref name="Arch p. 276; AB p. 5">{{harvnb|Architecture|1914|p=276}}; {{harvnb|Architecture and Building|1915|ps=.|p=5}}</ref> The concrete used in the cofferdams was laid {{Convert|7|ft||abbr=}} thick.<ref name="AB p. 5" /> The perimeter of the site was excavated with [[Caisson (engineering)|pneumatic caissons]] averaging about {{Convert|7|by|28|ft|abbr=}}, after which the center of the lot was excavated to a depth of {{Convert|55|ft||abbr=}}.<ref name="rer19130726">{{cite magazine|date=July 26, 1913|title=The Morgan Building|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_052&page=ldpd_7031148_052_00000198&no=1|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide|volume=92|pages=166|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=2367|access-date=February 6, 2021|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224828/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_052&page=ldpd_7031148_052_00000198&no=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyt19130727">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=July 27, 1913|title=Morgan Bank Foundations; Necessary to Place Pneumatic Calssons Under the Mills Building|language=en-US|page=XX2|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/07/27/100638019.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 5, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224818/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/07/27/100638019.pdf}}</ref> The foundations were built to be strong enough to support a tower of at least 30 stories.<ref name="sun19130223" /><ref name="NPS p. 5">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1972|ps=.|p=5}}</ref>

The basement was accessed through an elevator and stairs in the rear of the ground story, as well as through the secondary entrance on Broad Street.<ref name="Arch p. 276; AR p. 113" /> It contained a three-story vault that, at the time of the building's completion, ''[[Architecture (magazine, 1900–1936)|Architecture]]'' magazine described as "one of the largest in existence".<ref name="Arch p. 276">{{harvnb|Architecture|1914|ps=.|p=276}}</ref> The interior of the vault was cited as measuring {{Convert|18|by|22|ft|abbr=}}<ref name="AB p. 5" /> with exterior dimensions of {{Convert|23|by|27|ft|abbr=}}.<ref name="Arch p. 276" /> A stair and elevator connected the three levels in the vault;<ref name="AB p. 14" /> the elevator was nicknamed the money room.<ref name="p249453603">{{cite news |last=Grimes |first=Christopher |date=29 May 2004 |title=A new life for the house of Morgan: 23 Wall Street, once the most important address in finance, is about to be regenerated |page=12 |work=Financial Times |issn=0307-1766 |id={{ProQuest|249453603}}}}</ref> The vault walls were {{Convert|2.5|ft||abbr=}} thick and were made of steel layers reinforced with concrete.<ref name="AB p. 5" /> The {{Convert|50|ST|LT t|abbr=|adj=on}} circular vault door, made of a steel composite, could be swung open with one hand.<ref name="Arch p. 276; AB p. 5" /> There was also a private [[shooting range]] for J.P. Morgan & Co. in the basement.<ref name="p249453603" /> The remaining space in the basement was used to house the building's mechanical systems, such as heating and ventilating systems, as well as vaults and storerooms.<ref name="Arch p. 276" />

==== Ground story ====
[[File:Architecture and building v47 1915 p 13 (ground story office).jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of an office with several desks and a table with large windows in the background |An office on the ground story]]
The entire ground story was designed as a symmetrical double-height space with single-height partitions. The small, irregular lot size meant that the design could not waste any space.<ref name="NY1900" /><ref name="Arch p. 275; AR p. 112" /> Just inside the main entrance was an [[anteroom]] with a staircase on the left and an elevator on the right, which led to the upper-story executive offices.<ref name="AR pp. 114-115">{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1915|ps=.|pp=114–115 (PDF pp. 22–23)}}</ref><ref name="AB p. 6">{{harvnb|Architecture and Building|1915|ps=.|p=6}}</ref> The main ground-story space covered {{Convert|15000|ft2||abbr=}}.<ref name="sun19130223" /><ref name="AB p. 5; NPS p.">{{harvnb|Architecture and Building|1915|p=5}}; {{harvnb|National Park Service|1972|p=2|ps=.}}</ref> This space had no interior columns<ref name="TL p. 18">{{harvnb|Tauranac|1985|ps=.|page=18}}</ref> and was topped by a {{Convert|30|ft||-high|abbr=|adj=mid}} [[Coffer|coffered ceiling]] with a pattern of gilded hexagons and circles.<ref name="NPS p. 2; NY1900">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1972|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Massengale|1983|ps=.|p=183}}</ref><ref name="Arch p. 275; AR p. 113">{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1915|p=113 (PDF p. 21)}}; {{harvnb|Architecture|1914|ps=.|p=275}}</ref> At the center of the room was a shallow domed skylight,<ref>{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1915|p=113 (PDF p. 21)}}; {{harvnb|Architecture and Building|1915|p=5}}; {{harvnb|National Park Service|1972|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Stern|Gilmartin|Massengale|1983|ps=.|p=183}}</ref> measuring {{Convert|35|ft||abbr=}} in diameter.<ref name="AB p. 5" /> During a renovation in the early 1960s, plaster replaced the glass dome,<ref name="NPS p. 5" /> and a massive crystal [[chandelier]] was installed at the center.<ref name="NPS p. 2; NY1900" /> The 1,900-piece [[Louis XV style|Louis Quinze]] chandelier was removed and placed in 15 Broad Street during a 2000s renovation of that building.<ref name="nyt20040511">{{Cite news|last=Dunlap|first=David W.|date=May 11, 2004|title=Condos, Not Roll-Tops, on Finance's Holiest Corner|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/11/nyregion/condos-not-roll-tops-on-finance-s-holiest-corner.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128012846/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/11/nyregion/condos-not-roll-tops-on-finance-s-holiest-corner.html}}</ref>

At the center of the room was a main lobby shaped like an irregular hexagon,<ref name="Arch p. 275; AR p. 112" /> which, according to author [[Ron Chernow]], was intended to resemble the layout of a "London merchant bank".<ref name="Chernow p. 166">{{Harvnb|Chernow|2001|p=166|ps=.}}</ref> It contained bank officers' enclosures and a public hall. It had a mosaic floor tile and was surrounded by a screen of pink Tennessee marble, with bronze-and-glass grilles, as well as columns of [[Skyros]] marble.<ref name="Arch p. 275; AR p. 112" /><ref name="TL p. 18" /> There were Italian Renaissance-style carvings sculpted by [[Charles Keck]] on the screen.<ref>{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1915|pp=112–113 (PDF pp. 20–21)}}; {{harvnb|Architecture|1914|p=275}}; {{harvnb|Architecture and Building|1915|ps=.|p=5}}</ref> On one side of the screen were depictions of the sea, the earth, and the air, inspired by [[Greek mythology]]. A depiction of [[The Song of Hiawatha|Hiawatha]], on the opposite side of the screen, was meant to represent agriculture and arts.<ref name="Arch p. 276; AB p. 5" /> [[Zodiac symbol]]s were placed at the center of the floor; these symbols were emblems of a private club composed of J.&nbsp;P. Morgan&nbsp;Sr.'s friends.<ref name="wsj19260903" /> Shorter marble railings replaced the screen in the early 1960s renovation.<ref name="NPS p. 5" />

The ground floor's outer walls had [[wainscoting]] {{Convert|11|ft||abbr=}} high. Above the wainscoting were large mosaic panels with marble frames.<ref name="Arch p. 275">{{harvnb|Architecture|1914|ps=.|p=275}}</ref> Along the hexagonal lobby's western and southern walls, to the right of the main entrance, there were conference rooms and partners' offices. The lobby's northern wall, to the left of the entrance, had two waiting rooms and the foreign exchange department. On the eastern wall of the hexagonal lobby, doors led to a rectangular banking space flanked by various offices. Two elevators and a set of stairs were in the southeast corner of the space.<ref name="AB p. 6" /><ref name="AR pp. 113-114">{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1915|ps=.|pp=113–114 (PDF pp. 21–22)}}</ref> The elevators and stairs, as well as a correspondence office at the rear, were not part of the ground-level main space.<ref name="AR p. 112">{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1915|ps=.|p=112 (PDF p. 20)}}</ref> A painting of Morgan's father [[J. P. Morgan]] was hung on the south wall above a marble fireplace.<ref name="Arch pp. 275-276">{{harvnb|Architecture|1914|pp=275–276}}; {{harvnb|National Park Service|1972|ps=.|p=2}}</ref><ref name="nyt19630731">{{Cite news|last=Vartan|first=Vartanig G.|date=July 31, 1963|title=Renovation Shatters the Calm Of a Famous Banking House; The House of Morgan at 23 Wall Street Is Getting a New Interior|language=en-US|pages=51, 53|work=The New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/07/31/89949441.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224803/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/07/31/89949441.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false}}</ref> An arch on the rear wall connected with 15 Broad Street.<ref name="NPS p. 2" />

==== Upper stories ====
[[File:Architecture and building v47 1915 p 13 (second story office).jpg|thumb|alt= Photograph of J.P. Morgan's wood-paneled office with a desk, several chairs and a sofa |J. P. Morgan Jr.'s office]]
The [[superstructure]] is made of a steel frame, but the beams were hidden within the walls because Morgan had requested that they not be visible.<ref>{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1915|p=112 (PDF p. 20)}}; {{harvnb|Architecture|1914|p=275}}; {{harvnb|National Park Service|1972|ps=.|pp=2–3}}</ref> Consequently, the upper floors are hung from a series of steel [[truss]]es {{convert|14|ft}} deep and {{convert|100|ft}} long; steel columns support the beams within the walls.<ref name="AB p. 5" /><ref name="sun19130223" />

The second floor contained the private offices of the partners and their secretaries.<ref name="wsj19140516" /><ref name="TL p. 18" /><ref name="AR pp. 113-115; Arch p. 276; AB p. 5">{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1915|pp=113–115 (PDF pp. 21–23)}}; {{harvnb|Architecture|1914|p=276}}; {{harvnb|Architecture and Building|1915|ps=.|p=5}}</ref> The second story has a hole at its center, surrounding the main ground-floor room.<ref name="TL p. 18" /> Each partner had their own offices;<ref name="Chernow p. 166" /> the second-floor offices were designed based on the preferences of their respective occupants.<ref name="nyt19630731" /><ref name="AR p. 115; Arch p. 276" />  An office for J. P. Morgan Jr. was directly above the building's main entrance<ref name="AR pp. 113-115; Arch p. 276; AB p. 5" /> and had a private stair leading down to ground level.<ref name="TL p. 18" /> Each room had fireplaces and generally contained English oak paneling.<ref name="nyt19630731" /><ref name="Chernow p. 166" /><ref name="AR p. 115; Arch p. 276">{{harvnb|Architectural Record|1915|p=115 (PDF p. 23)}}; {{harvnb|Architecture|1914|ps=.|p=276}}</ref> A central, oak-lined corridor connected the rooms.<ref name="Arch p. 276" />

The third floor contained private dining rooms, a kitchen, and bedrooms for executives.<ref name="wsj19140516" /><ref name="nyt19630731" /><ref name="AR pp. 113-115; Arch p. 276; AB p. 5" /> The fourth floor contained janitors' quarters, other minor divisions, and a [[roof garden]] facing the New York Stock Exchange.<ref name="sun19130223" /><ref name="nyt19630731" /><ref name="AR pp. 113-115; Arch p. 276; AB p. 5" /> The roof garden measured about {{convert|24|by|42|ft}} and could be covered by an awning, doubling as extra conference space during the summer.<ref name="AB p. 5" /><ref name="sun19130223" /> The fourth floor also contained a small barber shop.<ref name="nyt19630731" /> When 15 Broad Street was converted to condominiums in the 2000s, the roof of 23 Wall Street became a {{convert|5000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} garden with children's pool and dining area, accessible to the residents of the development.<ref name="nyt20040511" />

==History==
Drexel, Morgan & Co., headed by [[Anthony J. Drexel]] and J.&nbsp;P. Morgan&nbsp;Sr., was renamed J.P. Morgan and Company after Drexel's death in 1895.<ref name="Dilks 1994 p.">{{cite book|last=Dilks|first=Park|title=Morgan, Lewis & Bockius : a law firm and its times, 1873–1993|publisher=[[Morgan, Lewis & Bockius]]|year=1994|isbn=978-0-9641753-0-3|page=87|oclc=31198074}}</ref><ref name="Canfield 1974 p.">{{cite book|last=Canfield|first=Cass|title=The incredible Pierpont Morgan; financier and art collector|publisher=[[Harper & Row]]|year=1974|isbn=978-0-06-010599-0|page=81|oclc=858281}}</ref> During the late 19th century, the bank evolved into one of the most influential institutions in the United States, and the elder Morgan became one of the country's most powerful financiers.<ref name="nyt20030420" /><ref name="NPS p. 5" /> By the 20th century, many large corporations had opened investment accounts with J.P. Morgan & Co., and its members were directors of one-sixth of the United States' largest corporations.<ref name="TL p. 16" />

By the 1900s, the Drexel Building had become too small for the bank's needs, and Morgan wanted a larger structure, akin to the [[National City Bank of New York]]'s headquarters at [[55 Wall Street]] one block away.<ref name="rer19121109">{{cite magazine|date=November 9, 1912|title=Mr. Morgan's Move|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_050&page=ldpd_7031148_050_00001100&no=1|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide|volume=90|pages=850|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=2330|access-date=February 6, 2021|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224804/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_050&page=ldpd_7031148_050_00001100&no=1|url-status=live}}</ref> J.P. Morgan & Co. was also leasing the Drexel Building from Anthony Drexel's estate instead of owning it outright.<ref name="tribune19120220" /><ref name="TL pp. 16–17">{{harvnb|Tauranac|1985|ps=.|pages=16–17}}</ref> Morgan had long sought to acquire the building, but the Drexel estate had refused to sell.<ref name="TL pp. 16–17" /> The site was considered the most valuable lot in New York City by the early 1910s.<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 1, 1914|title=New Home Built for Morgan & Co.|pages=29|work=New-York Tribune|via=newspapers.com|issn=1941-0646|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69387248/new-home-built-for-morgan-co/|access-date=February 5, 2021|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224806/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69387248/new-home-built-for-morgan-co/|url-status=live}}</ref> There had been an unsuccessful proposal to replace the Drexel Building and the adjacent [[Mills Building (New York City)|Mills Building]] with a skyscraper.<ref name="sun19120220">{{Cite news|date=February 20, 1912|title=J. P. Morgan & Co. Buy It?|pages=5|work=The Sun|via=newspapers.com|issn=1940-7831|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69379719/j-p-morgan-co-buy-it/|access-date=February 4, 2021|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224834/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69379719/j-p-morgan-co-buy-it/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ultimately, J.P. Morgan & Co. decided to construct an edifice solely for its own use; the new structure was to be smaller than the Drexel Building.<ref name="Chernow p. 165">{{Harvnb|Chernow|2001|p=165|ps=.}}</ref>

=== Construction ===
<!--[[File:Service-pnp-det-4a10000-4a13000-4a13500-4a13508v.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the Drexel Building in New York before it was demolished |The Drexel Building, photographed between 1900 and 1906]]-->
In February 1912, several publications reported that J.P. Morgan & Co. had bought the Drexel Building from the Drexel estate,<ref name="tribune19120220" /><ref name="sun19120220" /><ref>{{cite news|date=February 20, 1912|title=Sale of Drexel Building: Report That J.P. Morgan & Co. Have Purchased Site to Make Room for a Larger Building.|page=7|work=The Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|id={{ProQuest|129318046}}}}</ref> though the purchase price was never revealed.<ref name="TL p. 17">{{harvnb|Tauranac|1985|ps=.|page=17}}</ref> Morgan founded a company to purchase the structure, although it was still unclear at the time whether the Drexel Building would be replaced.<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 5, 1912|title=Morgan & Co. May Build: Drexel Corporation Formed to Take Over Wall Street Site|pages=11|work=New-York Tribune|via=newspapers.com|issn=1941-0646|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69381690/morgan-co-may-build-drexel/|access-date=February 4, 2021|archive-date=February 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213100033/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69381690/morgan-co-may-build-drexel/|url-status=live}}</ref> That September, the company finalized its purchase of the neighboring Mechanics and Metals National Bank building at 29–33 Wall Street.<ref name="rer19120921" /><ref name="wsj19120920">{{cite news|date=September 20, 1912|title=Morgan Buys Wall Street Plot.: Firm Has Purchased Property at 29, 31 and 33 Wall Street—to Erect Their Own Building.|page=8|work=The Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|id={{ProQuest|129354864}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=September 20, 1912|title=The Real Estate Field; New Building for J.P. Morgan & Co. – Residence Purchase Near Fifth Avenue – Harlem Apartment Deals – Big Seventh Avenue Lease – Active Suburban Market.|language=en-US|page=17|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/09/20/104907926.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 4, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224836/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/09/20/104907926.pdf}}</ref> By that time, J.P. Morgan & Co. had decided to demolish and replace the structure. The Mechanics Bank lot, covering {{Convert|6000|ft2||abbr=}}, was valued at $1.62&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|index=US|value=1.62|start_year=1912|fmt=c}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|index=US}}{{Inflation/fn|US|group=lower-alpha}}), and the {{Convert|10000|ft2||abbr=|adj=on}} Drexel Building lot was valued at $2.7&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|index=US|value=2.7|start_year=1912|fmt=c}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|index=US}}{{Inflation/fn|US|group=lower-alpha}}).<ref name="rer19121109" /><ref name="wsj19120920" /> The replacement building would be among the many ongoing redevelopment projects in the neighborhood.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=December 1, 1912|title=Wall Street Relic to Be Torn Down; Little Hope That the Ancient Assay Office Will Be Preserved on Another Site|language=en-US|page=XX1|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/12/01/100599637.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 5, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224820/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/12/01/100599637.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=November 9, 1912|title=Wall Street Ready for Building Movement|url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_050&page=ldpd_7031148_050_00001099&no=2|journal=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide|volume=90|pages=849|via=[[Columbia University|columbia.edu]]|number=2330|access-date=February 6, 2021|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224813/https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/document.php?vol=ldpd_7031148_050&page=ldpd_7031148_050_00001099&no=2|url-status=live}}</ref>

The senior Morgan leased a temporary office on the 31st floor of 14 Wall Street, where he was able to observe work on his new building.<ref name="TL p. 17" /> By early 1913, Trowbridge & Livingston were chosen as architects for the new structure. Although the means of their selection was not mentioned in published literature, an unpublished memoir by one of the firm's principals, [[Goodhue Livingston]], indicated that they had won an [[architectural design competition]].<ref name="nyt20030420" /> Trowbridge & Livingston submitted their plans for the structure to the [[New York City Department of Buildings]] in February 1913.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=February 18, 1913|title=New Morgan Building|pages=7|work=The Wall Street Journal|via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69386117/new-morgan-building/|url-status=live|access-date=February 5, 2021|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=February 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209093718/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69386117/new-morgan-building/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=February 18, 1913|title=The Real Estate Field; High Two-story Building for New Morgan Banking House – Downtown Deals – West Side Apartments Sold – Park Avenue Purchase – Active Leasing Market – Bronx Buyers.|language=en-US|page=20|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/02/18/100608956.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 5, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224831/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/02/18/100608956.pdf}}</ref> Morgan died the next month, shortly before work began on the new headquarters.<ref name="NPS p. 3" /><ref name="nyt20030420" /> All occupants of the two buildings were ordered to vacate by May 1, 1913.<ref>{{cite news|date=March 25, 1912|title=Demolition of 33 Wall Street.: All Offices to Be Cleared by May 1 When Construction on New Morgan Bank Will Start.|page=7|work=The Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|id={{ProQuest|129450400}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=March 23, 1913|title=Morgan Tenants Go; Occupants of the Old Drexel Building Depart Regretfully for Other Quarters|language=en-US|page=15|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/03/23/100257886.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 5, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224818/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/03/23/100257886.pdf}}</ref> The demolition of the Drexel and National Bank buildings began on that date.<ref name="rer19130510" /><ref name="nyt19130501" /> Two heroic statues from the Drexel Building were taken for storage to the Morgan Library, and a family member took six columns.<ref name="nyt19130501">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=May 1, 1913|title=Morgan Building Going.; Famous Banking House Now in the Hands of Wreckers|language=en-US|page=6|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/05/01/100395735.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 5, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224821/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/05/01/100395735.pdf}}</ref>

The site was cleared completely by late July 1913 and foundation installation began. The foundation work required underpinning the Mills Building with nineteen pneumatic cylinders, excavating the site's perimeter using caissons, and excavating the lot's interior.<ref name="rer19130726" /><ref name="nyt19130727" /> By that November, the foundation was completed, and the superstructure had reached the first floor.<ref name="wsj19131121">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=November 21, 1913|title=Morgan Building Construction Advancing Rapidly for 1914|page=5|work=The Wall Street Journal|via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69385019/|url-status=live|access-date=February 6, 2021|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224848/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69385019/morgan-building-construction-advancing/}}</ref> A ceremonial [[cornerstone]] was laid in December 1913 by J. P. Morgan Jr., who had succeeded his father as head of J.P. Morgan & Co.<ref name="wsj19140516" /><ref name="Chernow p. 165" /> The facade of 23 Wall Street was substantially completed in June 1914, when protective scaffolding surrounding the site was removed.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=June 6, 1914|title=Topics in Wall Street|language=en-US|page=12|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/06/06/101919584.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 5, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224831/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/06/06/101919584.pdf}}</ref>

=== Early 20th century ===
[[File:Wall Street bombing 1920 damage2.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of damage to a wall of 23 Wall Street from the 1920 Wall Street Bombing. |Exterior damage from the Wall Street bombing in 1920]]23 Wall Street officially opened on November 11, 1914, although the bank's departments had gradually moved to the building from temporary headquarters during that month.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=November 12, 1914|title=J.P. Morgan & Co. Occupy New Building on Former Site|pages=6|work=The Wall Street Journal|via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69387024/jp-morgan-co-occupy-new-building/|url-status=live|access-date=February 5, 2021|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224839/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69387024/jp-morgan-co-occupy-new-building/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=November 12, 1914|title=J. P. Morgan Co. In New Building: Move Overnight to Fine Quarters on Old Site—Friends Send Floral Pieces|page=11|work=New-York Tribune|issn=1941-0646|id={{ProQuest|575347367}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=November 12, 1914|title=Morgan Bank in New Home; All-day Stream of Congratulations Pours into Broad and Wall|language=en-US|page=14|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/11/12/100113559.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 5, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224836/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/11/12/100113559.pdf}}</ref> The total cost of construction was estimated at over $5&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|index=US|value=5|start_year=1914|fmt=c}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|index=US}}{{Inflation/fn|US|group=lower-alpha}}), of which $4&nbsp;million had been allocated to land acquisition (equivalent to ${{Inflation|index=US|value=4|start_year=1914|fmt=c}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|index=US}}{{Inflation/fn|US|group=lower-alpha}}).<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=October 2, 1914|title=J.P. Morgan & Co. To Occupy New Home First Week in November|pages=5|work=The Wall Street Journal|via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69435734/|url-status=live|access-date=February 5, 2021|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224828/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69435734/jp-morgan-co-to-occupy-new-home/}}</ref> The absence of a name plaque on 23 Wall Street's facade contrasted with the Drexel Building, where the company's name had been engraved above the doorway.<ref name="wsj19171004" /><ref name="Chernow pp. 165–166">{{Harvnb|Chernow|2001|pp=165–166|ps=.}}</ref> Chernow said "the new building was compact and mysterious, reflecting the bank's penchant for privacy".<ref name="Chernow pp. 165–166" /> Despite the lack of exterior name identification, the building quickly became associated with J.P. Morgan & Co.<ref name="wsj19171004" />

After J.&nbsp;P. Morgan&nbsp;Jr. helped fund the [[Allies of World War I]],{{Efn|For instance, following the war's outbreak, he lent $12&nbsp;million to Russia;<ref>{{cite journal |last=Horn |first=Martin |title=A Private Bank at War: J. P. Morgan & Co. and France, 1914–1918 |journal=Business History Review |year=2000 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=85–90 |doi=10.2307/3116353 |jstor=3116353 }}</ref> in 1915, he lent $500&nbsp;million to France and Britain following negotiations by the [[Anglo-French Financial Commission]].<ref>{{cite news|title=$500,000,000 Fixed as Allies' Credit – Lord Reading of Anglo-French Commission Meets Bankers in Morgan Library – Russia Finally Barred Out – Negotiations Progressing and Announcement of Terms of the Deal May Be Made by Sunday|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1915/09/24/archives/500000000-fixed-as-allies-credit-lord-reading-of-anglofrench.html|work=The New York Times|date=September 24, 1915|issn=0362-4331|access-date=October 14, 2018}}</ref>}} he received death threats<ref name="tribune19200917" /> and survived an assassination attempt.<ref name="Neiberg 2016 p. 83">{{cite book | last=Neiberg | first=Michael S. | title=The Path to War: How the First World War Created Modern America | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-19-046496-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni_KDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 | page=83}}</ref>{{Efn|In 1915, German national [[Eric Muenter]] entered Morgan's [[Long Island]] mansion and shot him, ostensibly to discourage Morgan from funding further industrial purchases for the Allies.<ref name="Neiberg 2016 p. 83"/>}} To protect him, detectives were stationed outside and around 23 Wall Street for several months. According to Livingston, a wire net across the roof would deflect any missile or bomb dropped onto the building, and the thick walls would prevent against damage from explosions.<ref name="tribune19200917">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=September 17, 1920|title=Morgan Building Constructed To Be Nearly Bombproof: Structure During War Was Constantly Guarded by Detectives; Walls 2 Feet Thick Made of Concrete|page=2|work=New-York Tribune|via=newspapers.com|issn=1941-0646|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69379153/|access-date=February 6, 2021}}</ref> On September 16, 1920, the [[Wall Street bombing]] occurred outside the building, killing 38 people and injuring hundreds more.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baily|first1=Thomas A|url=https://archive.org/details/americanpageant000bail|title=The American Pageant|edition=10th|last2=Kennedy|first2=David M.|publisher=[[D.C. Heath and Company]]|year=1994|isbn=0-669-33892-3}}</ref><ref name="barron">{{Cite news|last=Barron|first=James|date=September 17, 2003|title=After 1920 Blast, The Opposite Of 'Never Forget'; No Memorials on Wall St. For Attack That Killed 30|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/17/nyregion/after-1920-blast-opposite-never-forget-no-memorials-wall-st-for-attack-that.html|access-date=September 16, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322043058/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/17/nyregion/after-1920-blast-opposite-never-forget-no-memorials-wall-st-for-attack-that.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wsj19200917">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=September 17, 1920|title=Terrific Explosion Outside Morgan's Office|pages=3|work=The Wall Street Journal|via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69472018/terrific-explosion-outside-morgans/|url-status=live|access-date=February 6, 2021|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=August 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813150324/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69472018/terrific-explosion-outside-morgans/}}</ref> Most of the victims were outside the building, but the blast also killed one Morgan employee.<ref name="wsj19200917" /> The bomb damaged many of the Morgan building's interior spaces after shrapnel had entered through its large windows, causing between $500,000 and $600,000 in damage.<ref name="wsj19200917" /><ref name="nyt19200917" /> The exterior stonework received only superficial pockmarks from shrapnel.<ref name="nyt19200917">{{Cite news|date=September 17, 1920|title=Havoc Wrought in Morgan Offices|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1920/09/17/archives/havoc-wrought-in-morgan-offices-scene-of-the-fatal-explosion-in.html|access-date=May 6, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423121331/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/09/17/archives/havoc-wrought-in-morgan-offices-scene-of-the-fatal-explosion-in.html|url-status=live}}</ref> J.P. Morgan & Company said that, in defiance of those who committed the crime, it would not repair the exterior damage.<ref name="aia5" /> More than four decades later, ''[[The New York Times]]'' described the pockmarks as "a badge of honor".<ref name="nyt19630731" />

During the late 1920s, Trowbridge & Livingston designed 15 Broad Street, an L-shaped skyscraper that wrapped around 23 Wall Street to the south and east.<ref name="nyt19270329" /> The skyscraper contained a truss above the Morgan building.<ref name="nyt19270626">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=June 26, 1927|title=A New Tower Rises Above "the Street"; Its Site Was Once a Pasture for the Sheep of Old Manhattan|language=en-US|page=SM13|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/06/26/101504080.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224851/http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/06/26/101504080.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false}}</ref> To allow the inclusion of this truss, J.P. Morgan & Co. leased the [[air rights]] above 23 Wall Street to the [[Equitable Trust Company]], for which 15 Broad Street was being constructed. Heavy timbers were placed on 23 Wall Street's roof to protect it while the skyscraper was being built.<ref name="nyt19270329">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=March 29, 1927|title=Build High in Air Over Morgan Bank; 30 Stories of Equitable Trust Addition on Truss Atop Present Structure|language=en-US|page=1|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/03/29/101685292.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 5, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224853/http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/03/29/101685292.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false}}</ref> By then, 23 Wall Street did not have sufficient space for J.P. Morgan & Co.'s needs, so the bank leased some space at 15 Broad Street in 1929.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 26, 1928|title=J. P. Morgan & Co. Lease Additional Space|page=40|work=[[New York Herald Tribune]]|issn=1941-0646|id={{ProQuest|1113415737}}}}</ref> Trowbridge & Livingston prepared plans in 1930 for an addition to the Morgan building. The plans called for four rooms to be built above a small court on the southeast corner of the building at a cost of $74,000.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=May 16, 1930|title=Morgan Building Addition: Four Rooms to Be Placed in Court of Wall Street Structure.|language=en-US|page=47|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/05/16/96123895.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 5, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224830/http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/05/16/96123895.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false}}</ref> As built, 23 Wall Street's top two floors had wrapped around that court and did not occupy the whole lot area.<ref name="AR pp. 113-115; Arch p. 276; AB p. 5" /> When the Broad Street subway station opened the next year, J.P. Morgan & Co. paid for the installation of bronze stanchions and railings at the subway entrances just outside 23 Wall Street.<ref name="p1114183895">{{cite news |last=Harrington |first=John Walker |date=17 May 1931 |title=Nassau St. Loop In Subway Opens Memorial Day: Link for 3 Divisions, Costing 11 Millions a Mile, to Speed Service 40 P. C. Task Debated 18 Years 4-Track System in Broad St. Part of Switching Plan Scenes and Charts in Forging of City's New Underground Railway Link |page=A12 |work=New York Herald Tribune |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1114183895}}}}</ref>

=== Mid- and late 20th century ===
Even after the 1930 expansion was completed, J.P. Morgan & Co. still did not have space to fit all of its facilities at its Wall and Broad Street location. More space was rented elsewhere, such as the employees' cafeteria, which was placed several blocks away at [[120 Wall Street]].<ref name="nyt19570624" /><ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|date=December 8, 1955|title=J.P. Morgan to Buy 38-Story Building From Chase Manhattan|page=6|work=The Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|id={{ProQuest|132192946}}}}</ref> J.P. Morgan & Co. indicated in late 1955 that it would purchase 15 Broad Street from the [[Chase Manhattan Bank]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=December 8, 1955|title=J. P. Morgan to Buy Building From Chase Bank; 38-Story Structure Adjoins Offices of the Former|language=en-US|page=57|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/12/08/81985415.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224845/http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/12/08/81985415.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false}}</ref> In 1957, J.P. Morgan & Co. built connections between both buildings on several stories.<ref name="nyt19570624">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=June 24, 1957|title=J.P.Morgan Realizes an Old Goal: A Modern Building|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/06/24/archives/jpmorgan-realizes-an-old-goal-a-modern-building.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314012452/https://www.nytimes.com/1957/06/24/archives/jpmorgan-realizes-an-old-goal-a-modern-building.html}}</ref>

[[File:Broad Street P.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of 23 Wall Street, with 15 Broad Street behind it |Wider view of 23 Wall Street, with 15 Broad Street behind it]]

J.P. Morgan & Co. became the [[Morgan Guaranty Trust|Morgan Guaranty Trust Company]] in 1959 following a merger with the Guaranty Trust Company.<ref>{{cite news |title=Slip in Earnings is Notes by Bank |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/07/06/89219264.html?pageNumber=35 |access-date=May 7, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=July 6, 1959 |url-status=live |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224836/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/07/06/89219264.html?pageNumber=35 }}</ref> As part of the consolidation of the two companies, the bank sought to have its headquarters in one building.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=December 17, 1959|title=New Look Possible at Morgan Corner, Wall St. Landmark|language=en-US|page=59|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/12/17/89311528.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224854/http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/12/17/89311528.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false}}</ref> Morgan Guaranty considered constructing additional stories atop 23 Wall Street as well as replacing both structures with one headquarters.<ref name="NPS p. 5" /> A major renovation commenced in the two buildings in 1962, to prepare for their conversion into a headquarters for Morgan Guaranty, and the interior spaces of 23 Wall Street were reconfigured. The Guaranty Trust Company's old headquarters at 140 Broadway was being demolished to make way for the [[140 Broadway|Marine Midland Bank Building]], and some artifacts from the old headquarters were transported to 23 Wall Street.<ref name="NPS p. 5" /><ref name="nyt19630731" /> Morgan Guaranty officially moved to 23 Wall Street and 15 Broad Street in February 1964. Some of the 4,200 employees had moved into both buildings several months earlier, but the address change had not been finalized until that date.<ref name="wsj19640224">{{cite news|date=February 24, 1964|title=Morgan Guaranty Returns To Famous 'Morgan Corner'|page=4|work=The Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|id={{ProQuest|132979826}}}}</ref>

Morgan Guaranty, which later became a subsidiary of holding company J. P. Morgan & Co.,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1986-09-11 |title=Business People; Shift in Presidency for Morgan Bank |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/11/business/business-people-shift-in-presidency-for-morgan-bank.html |access-date=2022-12-11 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> announced in 1985 that it would purchase and fully occupy a proposed tower at [[60 Wall Street]], a larger and more modern building two blocks to the east.<ref>{{cite news|last=Barbanel|first=Josh|date=September 10, 1985|title=Instead Of Leaving, Morgan Bank To Buy a Tower on Wall St.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/10/nyregion/instead-of-leaving-morgan-bank-to-buy-a-tower-on-wall-st.html|access-date=April 11, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101035622/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/09/10/nyregion/instead-of-leaving-morgan-bank-to-buy-a-tower-on-wall-st.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Three years later, the company's operations were moved from 23 to 60 Wall Street.<ref name="Platt2003">{{cite news|last=Platt|first=Gordon|date=June 2003|title=United States: J.P. Morgan landmark sold|volume=17|page=4|journal=[[Global Finance (magazine)|Global Finance]]|issue=6|url=http://www.gfmag.com/magazine/june-2003/newsmakers-jpmorgan-landmark-sold|url-status=live|access-date=February 6, 2021|archive-date=February 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205224652/https://www.gfmag.com/magazine/june-2003/newsmakers-jpmorgan-landmark-sold}}</ref> 23 Wall Street was renovated extensively in the 1990s as a training and conference facility for J.P. Morgan & Co.<ref name="Arch pp. 275-276" /><ref name="Gambee">{{cite book|last=Gambee|first=Robert|url=https://archive.org/details/wallstreetfinanc00gamb|title=Wall Street: Financial Capital|date=1999|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|isbn=9780393047677|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wallstreetfinanc00gamb/page/18 18]–20|url-access=registration}}</ref> The [[New York Stock Exchange]] (NYSE), [[NYSE American|American Stock Exchange]] (AMEX), and J.P. Morgan & Co. considered a plan to create a financial "supercenter" on the block containing 23 Wall Street in 1992.<ref>{{cite news|last=Trachtenberg|first=Jeffrey A.|date=October 28, 1996|title=New York Stock Exchange Proposal Would Double Size of Trading Area|page=13|work=The Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|id={{ProQuest|308243730}}}}</ref> The supercenter, to be developed by [[Olympia and York]] and designed by [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] (SOM), would have consisted of a 50-story tower above two {{Convert|50000|ft2|adj=on}} trading floors. All the buildings on the block would have been demolished except for 23 Wall Street. After Olympia and York withdrew from the proposed supercenter because of its own financial difficulties, a team composed of J.P. Morgan & Co., [[Lewis Rudin]], [[Gerald D. Hines]], and [[Fred Wilpon]] took up the project. The NYSE withdrew from the project in 1993.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 258">{{harvnb|ps=.|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|p=258}}</ref>

By the late 1990s, the NYSE proposed constructing a trading floor across from their existing building, in or next to 23 Wall Street. The NYSE proposed expanding its existing building eastward above Broad Street, closing it to vehicular traffic, and creating a glass-covered atrium above the street.<ref>{{cite news|last=Trachtenberg|first=Jeffrey A.|date=October 28, 1996|title=Big Board Ponders a Radical Redesign|page=C1|work=The Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|id={{ProQuest|1441169097}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Grant|first=Peter|date=October 29, 1996|title=Hard sell for NYSE plan|pages=238|work=[[New York Daily News]]|issn=2692-1251|via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69474753/hard-sell-for-nyse-plan/|url-status=live|access-date=February 6, 2021|archive-date=December 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202210439/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69474753/hard-sell-for-nyse-plan/}}</ref><ref name="Labate2001">{{Cite news|last=Labate|first=John|date=November 27, 2001|title=Decentralised exchange the hot topic of debate|page=03|work=[[Financial Times]]|issn=0307-1766|id={{ProQuest|249306315}}}}</ref> The plan would have demolished several adjacent buildings for a new facility while retaining 23 Wall Street as a visitor center.<ref name="Verini 2001">{{cite web|last=Verini|first=James|date=May 7, 2001|title=Where's Wall Street? J.P. Morgan Once Defined It-Now It's Tourists, Delis and Condos|url=https://observer.com/2001/05/wheres-wall-street-jp-morgan-once-defined-itnow-its-tourists-delis-and-condos/|access-date=February 7, 2021|website=[[The New York Observer|Observer]]|archive-date=January 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109061054/http://observer.com/2001/05/wheres-wall-street-jp-morgan-once-defined-itnow-its-tourists-delis-and-condos/|url-status=live}}</ref> The initial plan for the atrium by [[HLW International]] was widely criticized, as was a modification by [[Hugh Hardy]], and the NYSE ultimately dropped the atrium proposal.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 259">{{harvnb|ps=.|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|p=259}}</ref> During 2000, the NYSE signed an agreement with the New York City and New York state governments to acquire the block to the east,<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 260">{{harvnb|ps=.|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|p=260}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Bagli|first=Charles V.|date=December 21, 2000|title=Stock Exchange Signs Deal for New Site in Financial District|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/21/nyregion/stock-exchange-signs-deal-for-new-site-in-financial-district.html|url-status=live|url-access=limited|access-date=March 7, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=December 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202210441/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/21/nyregion/stock-exchange-signs-deal-for-new-site-in-financial-district.html}}</ref> demolishing all structures except for 23 Wall Street to make way for a 50-story skyscraper designed by SOM.<ref name="Stern (2006) p. 260" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Denny|date=September 10, 2000|title=Neighborhood Report: Financial District; Residents Wish Stock Exchange Was Bearish About a New Office|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/10/nyregion/neighborhood-report-financial-district-residents-wish-stock-exchange-was-bearish.html|url-status=live|access-date=March 7, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=December 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202210454/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/10/nyregion/neighborhood-report-financial-district-residents-wish-stock-exchange-was-bearish.html}}</ref> After the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001 resulted in the [[collapse of the World Trade Center]] nearby, the NYSE maintained its intention to build a trading floor at 23 Wall Street.<ref name="Labate2001" /><ref>{{cite news|date=November 23, 2001|title=From Landmark to Landmark / NYSE retains plans to move trading floor into old J.P. Morgan building|page=A59|work=[[Newsday]]|issn=0278-5587|id={{ProQuest|279510335}}}}</ref> The NYSE ultimately decided against the proposal.<ref name="Platt2003" /><ref name="ft20030513">{{cite news |last=Silverman |first=Gary |date=May 13, 2003 |title=Morgan's Wall St landmark to be sold |page=40 |work=Financial Times |issn=0307-1766 |id={{proQuest|228778216}}}}</ref> After Chase Manhattan Bank and J.P. Morgan & Co. merged, [[JPMorgan Chase]] also considered buying 23 Wall Street, but it decided instead to move its headquarters to [[Midtown Manhattan]] in 2001.<ref name="Saeedy 2024 o727">{{cite web | last=Saeedy | first=Alexander | title=Wall Street Has Abandoned Wall Street |work=The Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660 | date=April 20, 2024 | url=https://www.wsj.com/finance/banking/wall-street-has-abandoned-wall-street-4b4696c1 | access-date=May 3, 2024}}</ref>
=== 21st century ===
[[File:23 Wall Street New York.jpg|thumb|alt= Photograph of the entrance to 23 Wall Street |Main entrance to 23 Wall Street seen in 2007]]
23 Wall Street and the adjacent 15 Broad Street were sold in 2003 for $100&nbsp;million to [[Africa Israel Investments|Africa Israel]] and [[Shaya Boymelgreen|Boymelgreen]].<ref name="Platt2003" /><ref name="ft20030513" /> Later that year, nonprofit group Wall Street Rising convinced the owners of 23 Wall and 15 Broad Streets to light the buildings during the night.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dunlap |first=David W. |date=December 8, 2003 |title=Keeping Canyons Lighted After Bulls and Bears Leave |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/08/nyregion/keeping-canyons-lighted-after-bulls-and-bears-leave.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226131609/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/08/nyregion/keeping-canyons-lighted-after-bulls-and-bears-leave.html |archive-date=December 26, 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The two buildings were slated to become a [[Condominium (living space)|condominium]] development, "Downtown by Philippe Starck", named for its designer, [[Philippe Starck]].<ref name="lower_manhattan_info">{{cite web|title=Project Updates: 15 Broad Street|url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/15_broad_street_31950.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219042138/http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/15_broad_street_31950.aspx|archive-date=February 19, 2007|access-date=January 25, 2007|publisher=LowerManhattan.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tarquinio|first=J. Alex|date=February 28, 2007|title=The Intersection of Retail and High Finance|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/28/business/28convert.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213095922/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/28/business/28convert.html}}</ref> Starck made the roof of 23 Wall Street into a garden and pool, accessible to the residents at 15 Broad Street.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dunlap|first=David W.|date=May 11, 2004|title=Condos, Not Roll-Tops, on Finance's Holiest Corner|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/11/nyregion/condos-not-roll-tops-on-finance-s-holiest-corner.html|access-date=February 3, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128012846/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/11/nyregion/condos-not-roll-tops-on-finance-s-holiest-corner.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="p249453603" /> The [[New York Law School]] had planned to move into 23 Wall Street.<ref name="p249453603" /><ref name="p219146796">{{cite magazine |last=Messina |first=Judith |date=2 Aug 2004 |title=Universities upgrade as enrollment grows |magazine=Crain's New York Business |volume=20 |issue=31 |page=19 |id={{ProQuest|219146796}}}}</ref> but the proposal was canceled in September 2004 after over a year of negotiations.<ref name="p305910759">{{cite news |last=Croghan |first=Lore |date=22 Sep 2004 |title=At 23 Wall, No Big Deal |page=66 |work=New York Daily News |issn=2692-1251 |id={{ProQuest|305910759}}}}</ref> Afterward, the developers began looking for retail tenants to move into 23 Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wilson|first=Eric|date=January 28, 2006|title=Hermès to Hang Its $400 Hats on Wall Street|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/28/nyregion/hermes-to-hang-its-400-hats-on-wall-street.html|access-date=February 4, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224901/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/28/nyregion/hermes-to-hang-its-400-hats-on-wall-street.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Africa Israel gained full control of the two buildings in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|author=Koblin|first=John|date=August 2, 2007|title=Leviev and Boymelgreen: The Thrill Is ''Officially'' Gone|newspaper=[[The New York Observer]]|url=http://www.observer.com/2007/leviev-and-boymelgreen-dissolving-partnership|url-status=dead|access-date=October 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209025108/http://www.observer.com/2007/leviev-and-boymelgreen-dissolving-partnership|archive-date=December 9, 2009}}</ref> Subsequently, they used 23 Wall Street for film shoots and broker events.<ref name="Real Estate Weekly 2016">{{cite web|last=Dutton|first=Holly|date=September 7, 2016|title=All eyes on 23 Wall as retail fixer Jack Terzi buys building|url=https://rew-online.com/all-eyes-on-23-wall-as-retail-fixer-jack-terzi-buys-building/|access-date=February 3, 2021|website=[[Real Estate Weekly]]|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224845/https://rew-online.com/all-eyes-on-23-wall-as-retail-fixer-jack-terzi-buys-building/|url-status=live}}</ref>

23 Wall Street was sold to a partnership of the [[China International Fund]] and [[Sonangol Group]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Murray, Laura Rena|author2=Morrissey, Beth|author3=Ojha, Himanshu|author4=Martin-Menard, Patrick|date=October 17, 2011|title=African Safari: CIF's Grab for Oil and Minerals|newspaper=[[Caixin Media|Caixin]]|url=http://english.caixin.cn/2011-10-17/100314766.html|access-date=October 17, 2011|archive-date=October 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019161849/http://english.caixin.cn/2011-10-17/100314766.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The building remained unoccupied for several years, even though its brokers wished to lease the interior to a luxury retailer.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sederstrom|first=Jotham|date=August 24, 2011|title=J.P. Morgan's Fortress, Long Vacant, Looks For Upscale Tenants|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/24/realestate/commercial/retail-tenant-sought-for-former-jp-morgan-headquarters.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=June 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612081437/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/24/realestate/commercial/retail-tenant-sought-for-former-jp-morgan-headquarters.html}}</ref> In 2015, a [[Latitude 360]] entertainment center was proposed for the space,<ref>{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Matt|date=January 23, 2015|title=The most important building in American financial history may become a bowling alley|url=https://qz.com/329788/the-most-important-building-in-american-financial-history-may-become-a-bowling-alley/|access-date=February 3, 2021|website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|archive-date=February 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209141050/https://qz.com/329788/the-most-important-building-in-american-financial-history-may-become-a-bowling-alley/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Glassman Woods 2015">{{cite web|last1=Glassman|first1=Carl|last2=Woods|first2=Amanda|date=January 8, 2015|title=23 Wall Street: From House of Morgan to Hothouse for Entertainment|url=http://www.tribecatrib.com/content/23-wall-street-house-morgan-hothouse-entertainment|access-date=February 3, 2021|website=[[The Tribeca Trib|Tribeca Trib Online]]|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224921/http://www.tribecatrib.com/content/23-wall-street-house-morgan-hothouse-entertainment|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ferst|first=Devra|date=January 8, 2015|title=Bonkers 'Cruise Ship on Land' Plans Outposts on Wall Street, Midtown, and Brooklyn|url=https://ny.eater.com/2015/1/8/7513927/brace-for-latitude-360-a-cruise-ship-on-land-coming-to-wall-street|access-date=February 3, 2021|website=[[Eater (website)|Eater NY]]|archive-date=February 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209051416/https://ny.eater.com/2015/1/8/7513927/brace-for-latitude-360-a-cruise-ship-on-land-coming-to-wall-street|url-status=live}}</ref> though neighborhood residents strongly opposed the plan.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bindelglass|first=Evan|date=January 8, 2015|title=Neighbors Hate Nightlife Mecca Proposed for Wall St. Landmark|url=https://ny.curbed.com/2015/1/8/10004536/neighbors-hate-nightlife-mecca-proposed-for-wall-st-landmark|access-date=February 3, 2021|website=Curbed NY|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015044742/https://ny.curbed.com/2015/1/8/10004536/neighbors-hate-nightlife-mecca-proposed-for-wall-st-landmark|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sam Pa]], believed{{efn|Pa held no official position within either the China International Fund or the Sonangol Group, but ''[[The Real Deal (magazine)|The Real Deal New York]]'' magazine cites Pa as having been heavily involved with the companies.<ref name="The Real Deal New York 2018"/>}} to be a key leader of the China International Fund and the Sonangol Group, was arrested the same year.<ref name="The Real Deal New York 2018">{{cite web|last=Putzier|first=Konrad|date=April 4, 2018|title=Rough cut|url=https://therealdeal.com/issues_articles/rough-cut/|access-date=February 3, 2021|website=[[The Real Deal (magazine)|The Real Deal New York]]|archive-date=January 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118065726/https://therealdeal.com/issues_articles/rough-cut/|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2016, as part of a settlement over the 15 Broad Street apartments, Africa Israel was ordered to complete the renovation of 23 Wall Street.<ref name="nyt20160118">{{Cite news|last=Bagli|first=Charles V.|date=January 18, 2016|title=Developer Reaches Settlements Over Luxury Buildings That Were Left Unfinished|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/18/nyregion/developer-reaches-settlements-over-luxury-buildings-that-were-left-unfinished.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108142918/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/18/nyregion/developer-reaches-settlements-over-luxury-buildings-that-were-left-unfinished.html}}</ref> Shortly afterward, artist Simon Birch planned to run a temporary art exhibition in the unused space,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saltzstein|first=Dan|date=April 14, 2016|title=Wall Street Art Show Postponed|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/15/arts/design/wall-street-art-show-postponed.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207220249/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/15/arts/design/wall-street-art-show-postponed.html}}</ref> but the show was postponed and ultimately canceled because of a lack of funding.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saltzstein|first=Dan|date=April 22, 2016|title=Wall Street Art Show Canceled|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/23/arts/design/wall-street-art-show-canceled.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208035244/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/23/arts/design/wall-street-art-show-canceled.html}}</ref>

Jack Terzi of JTRE Holdings contracted to purchase 23 Wall Street in August 2016<ref name="Real Estate Weekly 2016" /> for $140&nbsp;million.<ref name="Bockmann Bautista 20172">{{cite web|last1=Bockmann|first1=Rich|last2=Bautista|first2=Christian|date=December 22, 2017|title=Jack Terzi's JTRE sues Chinese firm Sonangol over 23 Wall deal|url=https://therealdeal.com/2017/12/22/jack-terzis-jtre-sues-chinese-firm-sonangol-over-23-wall/|access-date=February 3, 2021|website=The Real Deal New York|archive-date=December 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203092203/https://therealdeal.com/2017/12/22/jack-terzis-jtre-sues-chinese-firm-sonangol-over-23-wall/|url-status=live}}</ref> That December, Terzi began negotiating with clothing retailer [[Uniqlo]], which wanted to lease {{Convert|100000|ft2||abbr=}} in the building.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Maurer|first1=Mark|last2=Bockmann|first2=Rich|date=December 13, 2016|title=Uniqlo in talks for 100K sf store at 23 Wall|url=https://therealdeal.com/2016/12/13/uniqlo-in-talks-for-100k-sf-store-at-23-wall/|access-date=February 3, 2021|website=The Real Deal New York|archive-date=December 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214175916/https://therealdeal.com/2016/12/13/uniqlo-in-talks-for-100k-sf-store-at-23-wall/|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- though the lease negotiations stalled several months later.<ref name="nypost.com 2018">{{cite web|last=Cuozzo|first=Steve|date=January 29, 2018|title=Deal to rescue long-vacant Wall Street landmark stalls|url=https://nypost.com/2018/01/29/deal-to-rescue-long-vacant-wall-street-landmark-stalls/|access-date=February 3, 2021|website=New York Post|archive-date=February 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209034206/https://nypost.com/2018/01/29/deal-to-rescue-long-vacant-wall-street-landmark-stalls/|url-status=live}}</ref>--> After several months, the building's sale had still not been finalized, leading Terzi to sue Sonangol in late 2017. Terzi had refused to place a down payment for the building because Sonangol would not guarantee that none of the money would be given to Pa.<ref name="Bockmann Bautista 20172" /> In 2018, Sonangol's request to dismiss the lawsuit was denied, and fitness chain [[Blink Fitness]] signed a lease for {{Convert|20000|ft2||abbr=}} in the basement.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Samtani|first1=Hiten|last2=Putzier|first2=Konrad|date=May 4, 2018|title=Jack Terzi lands court victory, new tenant in battle for 23 Wall Street|url=https://therealdeal.com/2018/05/04/jack-terzi-lands-court-victory-new-tenant-in-battle-for-23-wall-street-2/|access-date=February 3, 2021|website=The Real Deal New York|archive-date=February 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209001736/https://therealdeal.com/2018/05/04/jack-terzi-lands-court-victory-new-tenant-in-battle-for-23-wall-street-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of a court settlement in January 2020, Terzi signed a 99-year lease for the building instead of buying it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Small|first=Eddie|date=January 16, 2020|title=Jack Terzi finalizes 99-year lease option at 23 Wall Street|url=https://therealdeal.com/2020/01/16/jack-terzi-planning-to-exercise-99-year-lease-option-at-23-wall-street/|access-date=February 3, 2021|website=The Real Deal New York|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122163108/https://therealdeal.com/2020/01/16/jack-terzi-planning-to-exercise-99-year-lease-option-at-23-wall-street/|url-status=live}}</ref> Terzi had been given a period of free rent. By September 2021, Sonangol claimed that Terzi had [[default (finance)|defaulted]] on his lease.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-10|title=Jack Terzi, Landlord China Sonangol Back in Court Over 23 Wall Street|first=Keith|last=Larsen|url=https://therealdeal.com/2021/09/10/jack-terzi-china-sonangol-back-in-court-over-over-23-wall-street/|access-date=2021-09-13|website=The Real Deal New York|language=en-US|archive-date=September 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913013330/https://therealdeal.com/2021/09/10/jack-terzi-china-sonangol-back-in-court-over-over-23-wall-street/|url-status=live}}</ref> The building was still empty {{As of|2024|lc=y}}.<ref name="Saeedy 2024 o727" />

==Impact==
[[File:Wall_Street_by_Paul_Strand,_1915.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=23 Wall Street in the 1915 photograph "Wall Street" by Paul Strand|23 Wall Street in ''[[Wall Street (photograph)|Wall Street]]'' (1915) by [[Paul Strand]]]]
===Reception===
Upon 23 Wall Street's completion, its design was generally praised. ''Architecture'' magazine wrote, "so now in the Morgan Banking House, they have established a new and high standard of artistic and practical excellence for private banks".<ref name="Arch p. 275" /> The ''Real Estate Record and Guide'' compared 23 Wall Street to the [[Parthenon]] in Athens,<ref name="rer19140718" /> and ''The Wall Street Journal'' stated that the design "gives an impressive of massiveness, strength and of beauty to the building".<ref name="wsj19260903" /> Architect and writer [[Robert A.&nbsp;M. Stern]] stated in 1983 that "its simplified Classicism was a perfect expression of the public persona" of J.&nbsp;P. Morgan.<ref name="NY1900" /> A history and archives consultant for J.P. Morgan & Co. considered in 2001 that the design was a "complete reflection of the personality of Pierpont Morgan".<ref name="Verini 2001" /> The [[Skyscraper Museum]] said in 2003 that the building "could be termed the anti-skyscraper".<ref name="Skyscraper Museum Webwalk">{{Cite web|title=The Skyscraper Museum Presents The Downtown New York Webwalk|url=https://old.skyscraper.org/webwalk/printable/WallStreetTour.pdf|date=August 12, 2003|publisher=[[Skyscraper Museum]]|access-date=2023-01-03}}</ref> A reporter for the ''[[Financial Times]]'' wrote in 2004: "There is plenty of architecture with a capital A on the exterior."<ref name="p249453603" />

23 Wall Street's plain design became a defining feature of its architecture. During the building's construction, consulting engineer W.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;S. Strong had predicted that it would be a "plain, massive structure which will be of very imposing aspect".<ref name="wsj19131121" /> [[The Sun (New York City)|''The Sun'']] said that "no attempt has been made in the planning of the new building to produce an elaborate or ornate structure".<ref name="sun19130223" /> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine wrote in 1923 that, even as structures like the New York Stock Exchange and the [[Chamber of Commerce Building (New York City)|Chamber of Commerce]] "feel it necessary to label themselves quite plainly for the benefit of the man in the street", 23 Wall Street was not labeled with any name sign, only its address.<ref name="TIME.com 1923" /> A writer for ''The New York Times'' in 1930 wrote that 23 Wall Street "is impressive in its dignity, simplicity, and low height", characterizing it as one of "the big little buildings of Wall Street" along with the New York Stock Exchange Building, Federal Hall, and [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Puckette|first=Charles Mcd|date=August 24, 1930|title=Wall Street's "Big Little Buildings"; Overtopped on All Sides by Towers of Steel and Stone, They Retain an Impressiveness Beyond Their Height|language=en-US|page=SM3|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/08/24/118186824.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 5, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224857/http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/08/24/118186824.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false}}</ref> The ''Times'' subsequently described 23 Wall Street as an "unimpressive, gray five-story building".<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=February 18, 1940|title=New York; Morgan, Inc. Spenders vs. Savers Legislative Dilemma|language=en-US|page=E2|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/02/18/132768272.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224923/http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/02/18/132768272.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false}}</ref> [[John Tauranac]] and Christopher Little wrote in their 1985 book ''Elegant New York'' that the plain design was "an act of conspicuous consumption on the grandest scale", considering the site's high price.<ref name="TL pp. 17–18" />

===Landmark designations===
The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC) designated the building's exterior as a landmark on December 21, 1965. In its report about 23 Wall Street, the LPC wrote: "It is a fine marble building in perfect scale with its neighbors, at the north end of Broad Street, which widens at this point to create the illusion of a small square."<ref name="NYCL-0039" /> It was one of the first landmarks to be designated by the LPC in Manhattan.<ref name="Rosenberg 2015">{{cite web|last=Rosenberg|first=Zoe|date=January 15, 2015|title=Mapping New York City's First 38 Landmarks|url=https://ny.curbed.com/maps/mapping-new-york-citys-first-38-landmarks|access-date=May 22, 2020|website=Curbed NY|archive-date=September 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915122852/https://ny.curbed.com/maps/mapping-new-york-citys-first-38-landmarks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=December 28, 1965|title=Pick 7 More Landmarks|pages=299|work=New York Daily News|issn=2692-1251|via=newspapers.com |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69475177/pick-7-more-landmarks/|url-status=live|access-date=February 6, 2021|archive-date=February 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213095306/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69475177/pick-7-more-landmarks/}}</ref> Subsequently, 23 Wall Street was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1972.<ref name="nris">{{cite web|date=February 6, 1979|title=Federal Register: 44 Fed. Reg. 7107 (Feb. 6, 1979)|url=http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/fedreg/fr044/fr044026/fr044026.pdf#page=338|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230122005/http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/fedreg/fr044/fr044026/fr044026.pdf|archive-date=December 30, 2016|access-date=March 8, 2020|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|page=7538<!--(PDF p. 338)-->}}</ref> In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the [[Wall Street Historic District (Manhattan)|Wall Street Historic District]],<ref name="Howe" /> a NRHP district.<ref name="nris_2007">{{cite web|date=2007|title=National Register of Historic Places 2007 Weekly Lists|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2007-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf#page=65|access-date=July 20, 2020|publisher=National Park Service|page=65|archive-date=December 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228214611/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2007-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Media depictions===
23 Wall Street has been depicted in several media works. Shortly after its completion, the building was pictured in the photograph ''[[Wall Street (photograph)|Wall Street]]'' (1915) by [[Paul Strand]].<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Robert|last=Silberman|title=Paul Strand Retrospective. Saint Louis Art Museum|journal=[[The Burlington Magazine]]|volume=133|issue=1061|date=August 1991|pages=571–572}}</ref> The [[Whitney Museum of American Art]] described the photograph, taken from Federal Hall, as notable for "abstract formal patterns and structures".<ref>{{cite web | title=Paul Strand – Wall Street, New York | website=[[Whitney Museum of American Art]] | url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/7841 | access-date=February 7, 2021 | archive-date=February 13, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213173620/https://whitney.org/collection/works/7841 | url-status=live }}</ref> The building has been used for film shoots, such as for the 2012 film ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'', where it depicted the fictional Gotham City Stock Exchange.<ref name="The Real Deal New York 2018" /><ref name="Vice2012">{{cite news|last=Liu|first=Jonathan|date=December 6, 2012|title=The Problem with Christopher Nolan? He's Fundamentally Uninterested in Cities|work=[[Vice Media|Vice]]|issn=1077-6788|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/pgga3b/the-problem-with-christopher-nolan-hes-fundamentally-uninterested-in-cities|url-status=live|access-date=September 16, 2020|archive-date=July 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709211306/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/pgga3b/the-problem-with-christopher-nolan-hes-fundamentally-uninterested-in-cities}}</ref> Part of the 2014 film ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' was also filmed at 23 Wall Street.<ref>{{cite web | last=Reynolds | first=Aline | title=Out of the Sewer and Onto Wall Street: Ninja Turtles Coming Downtown | website=Tribeca Trib Online | date=June 7, 2013 | url=http://tribecatrib.com/content/out-sewer-and-wall-street-ninja-turtles-coming-downtown | access-date=February 7, 2021 | archive-date=February 14, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214081823/http://tribecatrib.com/content/out-sewer-and-wall-street-ninja-turtles-coming-downtown | url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Architecture|New York City|NRHP}}
* [[List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street]]

==References==

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite magazine|last=|first=|date=December 1914|title=Banking House, J. Р. Morgan & Co., New York Trowbridge & Livingston, Architects|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101082993534&view=1up&seq=277|journal=Architecture|volume=30|pages=275–276|ref={{harvid|Architecture|1914}}}} {{PD-notice}}
* {{cite magazine|last=|first=|date=January 1915|title=Banking House of J. Р. Morgan & Co., Trowbridge & Livingston, Architects|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015059445117&view=1up&seq=17|journal=Architecture and Building|volume=47|pages=5–14|ref={{harvid|Architecture and Building|1915}}}} {{PD-notice}}
* {{cite book |last=Chernow |first=Ron |url=https://archive.org/details/houseofmorgan00ronc |title=The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance |year=2001 |isbn=0-8021-3829-2 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite report|date=June 19, 1972|title=J.P. Morgan & Co. Building|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/NARAprodstorage/lz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_NY/72000874.pdf|publisher=[[National Register of Historic Places]], [[National Park Service]]|ref={{harvid|National Park Service|1972}}}}
* {{cite magazine|last=|first=|date=February 1915|title=Some Recent Bank Plans: The Work of Thomas Bruce Boyd|url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/ext/resources/archives/backissues/1915-02.pdf|journal=Architectural Record|volume=37|pages=96–115|ref={{harvid|Architectural Record|1915}}}} {{PD-notice}}
* {{Cite New York 2000}}
* {{Sfn whitelist|CITEREFTauranac1985}}{{Cite Elegant New York}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category inline}}
* {{Oweb|https://23wallretail.com}}

{{National Register of Historic Places in New York|state=collapsed}}
{{New York City Historic Sites}}
{{Financial District, Manhattan|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1914 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:Bank buildings in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Bank buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City]]
[[Category:Broad Street (Manhattan)]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Financial District, Manhattan]]
[[Category:Historic district contributing properties in Manhattan]]
[[Category:House of Morgan]]
[[Category:Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in New York (state)]]
[[Category:JPMorgan Chase buildings]]
[[Category:New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan]]
[[Category:New York State Register of Historic Places in New York County]]
[[Category:Office buildings completed in 1914]]
[[Category:Wall Street]]