View source for 5.56×45mm NATO

{{short description|Service rifle cartridge}}
{{Redirect|NATO round|the larger cartridge|7.62×51mm NATO|the even larger 12.7×99mm NATO cartridge|.50 BMG}}
<noinclude>{{Requested move notice|1=5.56 × 45 mm NATO|2=Talk:5.56×45mm NATO#Requested move 29 October 2024}}
</noinclude>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox firearm cartridge
| name = 5.56×45mm NATO
| image = GP90.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = 5.56×45mm NATO with measurement, left to right: Bullet, case, and complete cartridge
| origin = [[Belgium]]
| type = [[Rifle]], [[carbine]], [[Designated marksman rifle|DMR]], and [[Light machine gun|LMG]]
| used_by = [[NATO]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Australia]], [[Israel]] other [[major non-NATO allies]]
| wars =
| design_date = late 1970s–1980
| designer = [[FN Herstal]]
| service = 1980–present
| is_SI_specs = yes
| parent = [[.223 Remington]] (M193)
| case_type = Rimless tapered, bottleneck
| bullet = 5.70
| land = 5.56
| neck = 6.43
| shoulder = 9.00
| base = 9.58
| rim_dia = 9.60
| rim_thick = 1.14
| case_length = 44.70
| length = 57.40
| case_capacity = 1.85
| rifling = 1 in {{convert|7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} or 1 in {{convert|9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| primer = Small rifle
| max_pressure = 430.00
| pressure_method = EPVAT
| max_pressure2 = 380.00
| pressure_method2 = SCATP 5.56
| max_cup =
| is_SI_ballistics = yes
| bwunit = gram
| bw1 = 3.56
| btype1 = XM193 FMJBT
| vel1 = 993
| en1 = 1755
| bw2 = 4
| btype2 = SS109 FMJBT
| vel2 = 948
| en2 = 1797
| bw3 = 4
| btype3 = M855A1 FMJBT
| vel3 = 961
| en3 = 1859
| bw4 = 4.1
| btype4 = DM11 FMJBT
| vel4 = 856
| en4 = 1796
| bw5 = 4.1
| btype5 = GP 90 FMJBT
| vel5 = 851
| en5 = 1679
| test_barrel_length = {{convert|508|mm|in|abbr=on}}
<!-- Ballistics data source -->
| balsrc = [[NATO EPVAT testing]], [[QuickLOAD]], [[SAAMI]], [[C.I.P.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cip-bp.org/index.php?id=tdcc-telechargement |title=Téléchargement |trans-title=Downloads |language=fr |website=[[C.I.P.]] |access-date=2008-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312232526/http://www.cip-bp.org/index.php?id=tdcc-telechargement |archive-date=2008-03-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web <!-- DUPLICATE |url=http://everyspec.com/MIL-SPECS/MIL-SPECS-MIL-C/MIL-C-9963F_25766/ --> |title=MIL-C-9963F, Military Specification: Cartridge, 5.56mm, Ball, M193 |date=1999|url=https://archive.org/details/mil-c-9963-f}}</ref><ref name="EPR2012">{{cite web |url=https://acc.dau.mil/adl/en-US/382846/file/68848/Public%20Release%20EPR%20Apr12.pdf |title=M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round (EPR) |first=Philip |last=Clark |date=April 2012 |website=Maneuver Ammunition Systems  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125120308/https://acc.dau.mil/adl/en-US/382846/file/68848/Public%20Release%20EPR%20Apr12.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="EPR-MediaDay">{{cite web |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a549416.pdf |title=M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round (EPR) Media Day |last=Woods |first=Jeffrey K. |date=4 May 2011 |website=Defense Technical Information Center |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225031800/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a549416.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

The '''5.56×45mm NATO''' (official [[NATO]] nomenclature '''5.56 NATO''', commonly pronounced {{respell|FYV|fyv|six}}) is a [[Rim (firearms)|rimless]] bottlenecked [[Centerfire ammunition|centerfire]] [[intermediate cartridge]] family developed in the late 1970s in Belgium by [[FN Herstal]].<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline" /> It consists of the SS109, L110, and SS111 cartridges. On 28 October 1980, under [[STANAG]] 4172, it was standardized as the second standard service rifle cartridge for NATO forces as well as many non-NATO countries.<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline" /><ref name="STANAG-4172">{{cite web |url=https://s3-mittlag-prod.cmd.as/production/uploads/attachment/file/16294/556x45NATO.pdf |title=STANAG 4172 5.56 mm Ammunition (Linked or Otherwise) |date=May 1993 |website=NATO Military Agency for Standardization |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112201249/https://s3-mittlag-prod.cmd.as/production/uploads/attachment/file/16294/556x45NATO.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2008Intl/Arvidsson.pdf |title=NATO Infantry Weapons Standardization |first=Per G. |last=Arvidsson |date=2008 |website=NATO Army Armaments Group  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201183951/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2008Intl/Arvidsson.pdf |archive-date=1 December 2012}}</ref> Though they are not identical, the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge family was derived from and is dimensionally similar to the [[.223 Remington]] cartridge designed by [[Remington Arms]] in the early 1960s.

==History==
[[File:7.62x51 and 5.56x45 bullet cartridges compared to AA battery.jpg|thumb|The [[7.62×51mm NATO]] and 5.56×45mm NATO cartridges compared to an [[AA battery]]]]
In 1954, the larger [[7.62×51mm NATO]] rifle cartridge<ref>{{cite book |last=Barnes |first=Frank C. |title=Cartridges of the World |year=1972 |publisher=DBI Books |location=Northfield, IL |isbn=978-0-695-80326-1 |page=37}}</ref> was selected as the first standard NATO rifle cartridge. At the time of selection there had been criticism that the recoil power of the 7.62×51mm NATO, when fired from a handheld lightweight modern [[service rifle]] in full automatic mode, did not allow for sufficient control, i.e. the automatic follow-on shots would not hit the intended target but scatter around it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chuckhawks.com/m14.htm |title=U.S. Rifle, cal. 7.62mm, M14 |first=David |last=Tong |date=2006 |website=Chuckhawks.com |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225044422/http://www.chuckhawks.com/m14.htm |archive-date=25 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The British had extensive evidence through their own experimentation with [[intermediate cartridge]]s since 1945, and were on the point of adopting the [[.280 British|.280]] (7&nbsp;mm) cartridge when the selection of 7.62×51mm (.308) as the NATO standard was made. The [[Fabrique Nationale de Herstal|FN]] company had also been involved in the development of the .280 round, including developing a version of the [[FN FAL]] in .280.<ref name="AGWilliams">{{cite web |url=http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/Assault.htm |title=Assault Rifles and Their Ammunition: History and Prospects |date=April 2014 |website=Anthony G. Williams  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602021550/http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/Assault.htm |archive-date=2 June 2014}}</ref> Concerns about the [[recoil]] and overall effectiveness of 7.62&nbsp;mm were overruled by the US, and the other NATO nations accepted that standardization was more important than the selection of a cartridge that was otherwise ideal.<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline">{{cite web |url=http://www.thegunzone.com/556dw.html |title=A 5.56 x 45mm "Timeline" |last=Watters |first=Daniel |website=The Gun Zone |access-date=6 March 2017  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040209030852/http://www.thegunzone.com/556dw.html |archive-date=9 February 2004}}</ref>
[[File:Modern-rifle-cartridges-case-5.56.jpg|thumb|Service rifle cartridge cases: (left to right) [[7.62×54mmR]], [[7.62×51mm NATO]], [[7.62×39mm]], 5.56×45mm NATO, [[5.45×39mm]]]]
The development of the cartridge that eventually became the .223 Remington (from which 5.56mm NATO would eventually be developed) would be intrinsically linked to the development of a new lightweight combat rifle. The cartridge and rifle were developed as one unit by Fairchild Industries, Remington Arms, and several engineers working toward a goal developed by U.S. [[Continental Army Command]] (CONARC). Early development work began in 1957. A project to create a small-calibre, high-velocity (SCHV) firearm was created. Eugene Stoner of Armalite was invited to scale down the AR-10 (7.62mm) design. [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company|Winchester]] was also invited to participate.<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline" /><ref name="COTW14" /> The parameters that were requested by CONARC:

{{bulleted list
|.22 caliber
|Bullet exceeding [[supersonic speed]] at {{convert|500|yd|m|0|abbr=off}}<ref name="COTW14">{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Frank C. |title=Cartridges of the World |date=2016 |publisher=Krause Publishing |location=Iola, WI |isbn=978-1-4402-4265-6 |page=88}}</ref>
|Rifle weight of {{convert|6|lbs|kg|2|abbr=off}}
|Magazine capacity of 20 rounds
|Select fire for both semi-automatic and fully automatic use
|Penetration of [[M1 helmet|US steel helmet]] through one side at {{convert|500|yd|m|0|abbr=on}}
|Penetration of {{convert|0.135|in|mm|2|abbr=off}} steel plate at {{convert|500|yd|m|0|abbr=on}}
|Accuracy and ballistics equal to M2 [[Full metal jacket bullet|ball ammunition]] ([[.30-06 Springfield]]) out to {{convert|500|yd|m|0|abbr=on}}
|Wounding ability equal to [[M1 carbine]]<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline" />
}}
[[Springfield Armory]]'s Earle Harvey lengthened the [[.222 Remington]] cartridge case to meet the requirements. It was then known as the .224 Springfield. Concurrently with the SCHV project, Springfield Armory was developing a 7.62mm rifle. Harvey was ordered to cease all work on the SCHV to avoid any competition for resources.

[[Eugene Stoner]] of Armalite (a division of Fairchild Industries) had been advised to produce a scaled-down version of the 7.62mm AR-10 design. In May 1957, Stoner gave a live-fire demonstration of the prototype of the AR-15 for General [[Willard G. Wyman]], Commander-in-Chief of CONARC. As a result, CONARC ordered rifles to test. Stoner and Sierra Bullet's Frank Snow began work on the .222 Remington cartridge. Using a ballistic calculator, they determined that a 55-grain bullet would have to be fired at {{convert|3300|ft/s|m/s|0|abbr=on}} to achieve the 500-yard performance necessary.<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline" />

Robert Hutton (technical editor of ''[[Guns & Ammo]]'' magazine{{clarify|reason=when?|date=October 2024}}) started development of a powder load to reach the {{convert|3300|ft/s|m/s|0|abbr=on}} goal. He used DuPont IMR4198, IMR3031, and an Olin powder to work up loads. Testing was done with a Remington 722 rifle with a 22-inch [[Apex barrel]]. During a public demonstration, the round successfully penetrated the U.S. steel helmet as required. But testing showed chamber pressures to be excessively high.<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline" /><ref name="COTW14" />

Stoner contacted both Winchester and Remington about increasing the case capacity. Remington created a larger cartridge called the ".222 Special", which was loaded with DuPont IMR4475 powder.<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline" />
During parallel testing of the T44E4 (future [[M14 rifle|M14]]) and the AR-15 in 1958, the T44E4 experienced 16 failures per 1,000 rounds fired compared to 6.1 for the AR-15.<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline" />

Due to several different .222 caliber cartridges being developed for the SCHV project, the 222 Special was renamed .223 Remington in 1959. In May of that year, a report was produced stating that five- to seven-man squads armed with AR-15 rifles had higher hit probabilities than 11-man squads armed with M-14 rifles. At a {{not a typo|4th of July}} picnic, Air Force General [[Curtis LeMay]] fired an AR-15 and was very impressed with it. He ordered a number of them to replace M2 carbines that were in use by the Air Force. By November, testing at Aberdeen Proving Ground showed that the AR-15 failure rate had declined to 2.5 failures per 1,000 rounds, resulting in the M-16 being approved for Air Force Trials.<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline" />

Marksmanship testing in 1961 comparing the M-16 to the M-14 indicated 43% of M-16 shooters achieved "expert" while only 22% of M-14 shooters did. General LeMay subsequently ordered 80,000 rifles.<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline" />

In the spring of 1962, Remington submitted the specifications of the .223 Remington to the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI). In July 1962, operational testing ended with a recommendation for adoption of the M-16 rifle chambered in .223 Remington.<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline" />

In September 1963, the .223 Remington cartridge was officially accepted and named "Cartridge, 5.56mm ball, M193". The specification includes a Remington-designed bullet and the use of IMR4475 powder which resulted in a muzzle velocity of {{convert|3250|ft/s|m/s|0|abbr=on}} and a chamber pressure of 52,000 psi.<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline" />

In 1970, NATO members signed an agreement to select a second, smaller caliber cartridge to replace the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge.<ref name="Jane's-p362">{{cite book |first=Ian V. |last=Hogg |author-link=Ian V. Hogg |title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 1986-87 |page=362}}</ref> Of the cartridges tendered, the .223 Remington (M193) was the basis for a new design created by FN Herstal. The FN-created cartridge was named "5.56×45mm NATO" with a military designation of ''SS109'' in NATO and ''M855'' in the U.S.<ref name="AmericanRifleman">{{cite web |url=https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2013/3/4/223-remington-vs-556-whats-in-a-name/ |title=.223 Remington Vs. 5.56: What's in a Name? |first=Bryce |last=Towsley |date=March 4, 2013 |website=[[American Rifleman]] |access-date=6 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202065139/https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2013/3/4/223-remington-vs-556-whats-in-a-name/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 }}</ref> These new SS109 ball cartridges required a 228&nbsp;mm (1-in-9 inch) twist rate while adequately stabilizing the longer L110 tracer projectile required an even faster, 178&nbsp;mm (1-in-7 inch), twist rate.<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline" />

The Belgian 62&nbsp;gr SS109 round was chosen for standardization as the second NATO standard rifle cartridge which led to the October 1980 STANAG 4172. The SS109 used a 62 gr full metal jacket bullet with a seven grain mild steel tip to move the center of gravity rearward, increasing flight stability and thereby the chances of striking the target tip-first at longer ranges, in part to meet a requirement that the bullet be able to penetrate through one side of a WWII U.S. [[M1 helmet]] at 500 yd (457 m) (which was also the requirement for the 7.62×51mm NATO). An actual helmet was not used for developmental testing, but an SAE 1010 or SAE 1020 mild steel plate, positioned to be struck at exactly 90 degrees. It had a slightly lower muzzle velocity but better long-range performance due to higher sectional density and a superior drag coefficient.

The .223 Remington cartridge inspired an international tendency toward relatively small-sized, lightweight, high-velocity military service cartridges that allow a soldier to carry more ammunition for the same weight compared to their larger and heavier predecessor cartridges, have favourable maximum [[point-blank range]] or "battle zero" characteristics, and produce relatively low [[bolt thrust]] and [[free recoil]] impulse, favouring lightweight arms design and automatic fire accuracy.<ref name="AGWilliams" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ar15.com/content/page.html?id=599 |title=An Improved Battlesight Zero for the M4 Carbine and M16A2 Rifle |date=1999 |website=AR15.com |access-date=2007-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025051753/http://www.ar15.com/content/page.html?id=599 |archive-date=2011-10-25 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ar15.com/content/webPDF/TM9-1005-319-10.pdf |title=TM 9-1005-319-10 (2010) - Operator's Manual for Rifle, 5.56 MM, M16A2/M16A3/M4 (Battlesight Zero pages 48-55) |website=AR15.com |access-date=2014-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208061346/http://www.ar15.com/content/webPDF/TM9-1005-319-10.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-08 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cartridge dimensions==
{{Technical|date=April 2024|section}}
The 5.56×45mm NATO has a 1.85 [[litre|mL]] (28.5 [[grain (mass)|gr]] H<sub>2</sub>O) cartridge case capacity.

[[File:5.56×45mm NATO cross section (3D model).png|thumb|right|150px|5.56×45mm NATO cross section]]
[[File:5.56x45mm NATO.svg|400px]]

'''5.56×45mm NATO maximum NATO cartridge dimensions''', all sizes in millimeters (mm)<ref>[[NATO EPVAT testing]]</ref><ref>[[QuickLOAD]]</ref>

The [[rifling]] twist rate for this cartridge is 177.8&nbsp;mm (1 in 7 in), 6 grooves right hand twist, Ø lands = {{convert|5.56|mm|in|3}}, Ø grooves = {{convert|5.69|mm|in|3}}.<ref name="STANAG-4172"/>

According to STANAG 4172 and the official [[NATO EPVAT testing#Proofing|NATO proofing]] guidelines the 5.56×45mm NATO case can handle up to {{convert|420.0|MPa|psi|0|abbr=on}} piezo service pressure. In NATO regulated organizations every rifle cartridge combination has to be [[proof test|proofed]] at {{convert|537.5|MPa|psi|0|abbr=on}} to certify for service issue.<ref name="MoD05-101">{{cite web |url=http://www.dstan.mod.uk/standards/defstans/05/101/01000100.pdf |title=Proof of Ordnance, Munitions, Armour and Explosives, Ministry of Defence Defence Standard 05-101 Part 1 |date=20 May 2005 |website=UK Ministry of Defence  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716024825/http://www.dstan.mod.uk/standards/defstans/05/101/01000100.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-16}}</ref>
STANAG 4172 defines the Belgian ball cartridge SS109 as the NATO reference cartridge and adds a considerable number of technical requirements like a minimum pressure of {{convert|88.0|MPa|psi|0|abbr=on}} at the gas port {{convert|280|mm|in|1}} down the {{convert|508|mm|in|1}} long standard proof barrel and primer sensitivity that are not defined by civilian [[C.I.P.]] and [[Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute|SAAMI]] ammunition rulings and recommendations.<ref name="STANAG-4172"/>

The [[NATO]] [[military alliance]] uses a NATO-specific recognized class of procedures to control the safety and quality of firearms ammunition called [[NATO EPVAT testing]]. The civilian organisations C.I.P. and SAAMI use less comprehensive test procedures than NATO.
The ''NATO Manual of Proof and Inspection AC/225 (LG/3-SG/1) D/8'' stipulates each weapon and component considered vulnerable to the effects of a rapid change in pressure, for example barrels, breech blocks and bolts, will be tested by firing one dry round at a corrected minimum of 25% over pressure and one oiled round at a corrected minimum of 25% over pressure. Over pressure of 25% means 25% in excess of the service pressure resulting for the 5.56×45mm NATO up to {{convert|430.0|MPa|psi|0|abbr=on}} (P<sub>max</sub>) piezo service pressure. The service pressure is defined as the mean pressure generated by the service cartridge at a temperature of {{convert|21|°C|°F}}. Such a high pressure proof is conducted with both the weapon and ammunition conditioned to an ambient temperature of {{convert|21|°C|°F}}. Each weapon will be individually tested, from an ammunition lot that produces a minimum corrected mean chamber pressure. The corrected proof pressure requirement (service pressure (P<sub>max</sub>) + 25%) for the 5.56×45mm NATO like the STANAG 4172 is {{convert|537.3|MPa|psi|0|abbr=on}} (PE) piezo pressure. This pressure has to be recorded in a NATO-design EPVAT barrel with [[Kistler Group|Kistler]] 6215 transducer,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kistler.com/mediaaccess/20.308e-06.00.pdf |title=Defining Parameters for Ballistic High Pressure Sensors |website=Kistler Group |access-date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=23 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223224949/http://www.kistler.com/mediaaccess/20.308e-06.00.pdf }}</ref><ref name="kistler">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ien.eu/uploads/tx_etim/Page_37_Kistler_39706.pdf |title=Type 6215 Quartz High-Pressure Sensor for Ballistic Pressure Measurement to 6,000 bar |website=Kistler Group |via=[[Industrial Engineering News Europe]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421052956/http://www.ien.eu/uploads/tx_etim/Page_37_Kistler_39706.pdf|archive-date=April 21, 2023}}</ref> HPI GP6 Transducer<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hpi-gmbh.com/components/com_jshopping/files/demo_products/HPI_GP-Series_incl_NATO_Approval_03-2018EN.pdf |title=HPI Piezoelectric High Pressure Transducers – GP Series including NATO Approval |website=HPI GmbH |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.hpi-gmbh.com/components/com_jshopping/files/demo_products/HPI_GP-Series_incl_NATO_Approval_03-2018EN.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> or by equipment to C.I.P. requirements.<ref name="MoD05-101"/>

The US [[Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute|SAAMI]] lists maximum average pressure (MAP) for the .223 Remington cartridge as {{convert|55000|psi|MPa|1|abbr=on}} piezo pressure with deviation of up to {{convert|58000|psi|MPa|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="saami_pressures">{{cite web |url=http://www.leverguns.com/articles/saami_pressures.htm |title=SAAMI Pressures |website=Leverguns.com |access-date=2007-11-29 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071014041459/http://leverguns.com/articles/saami_pressures.htm |archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref>

==Rifle barrel configurations==
When 5.56×45mm NATO was adopted as standard in 1980, NATO chose a 178&nbsp;mm (1:7) rifling twist rate for the 5.56×45mm NATO chambering to adequately stabilize the relatively long NATO L110/M856 5.56×45mm NATO tracer projectile.<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline" /><ref name="ModernFirearms-M16">{{cite web |url=http://modernfirearms.net/assault/usa/m16-m16a1-m16a2-m16a3-e.html |title=Armalite / Colt AR-15 / M16 M16A1 M16A2 M16A3 M16A4 assault rifle (USA) |date=2010-10-27 |website=Modern Firearms.net |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307204212/http://modernfirearms.net/assault/usa/m16-m16a1-m16a2-m16a3-e.html |archive-date=7 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://laissezfirearm.info/tracer.htm |title=Some Skinny on the NATO 5.56mm L110/M856 Tracer Round |date=May 1998 |website=LaissezFirearm.info |access-date=2022-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417101814/http://laissezfirearm.info/tracer.htm|archive-date=April 17, 2023}}</ref> The US at that time converted all rifles in inventory by replacing the barrels and all new US military rifles since have been manufactured with this ratio.<ref name="Guns&Ammo-Rifling">{{cite web |url=http://www.gunsandammo.com/ammo/pair-barrel-twist-rates-ammo/ |last1=Wood |first1=Keith |title=How to Pair Barrel Twist Rates with Bullets |date=2016-11-17 |website=Guns & Ammo |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425224602/http://www.gunsandammo.com/ammo/pair-barrel-twist-rates-ammo/ |archive-date=25 April 2017 }}</ref>

In the US builders of AR type rifles can specify barrels with either .223 Remington, .223 Wylde, [[223 Noveske]], or 5.56×45mm NATO chambers in lengths from pistol (7.5") to long rifle (24"). These barrels are also available with rifling ranging from 356&nbsp;mm (1-in-14") to 178&nbsp;mm (1-in-7"). US makers are moving toward 5.56×45mm NATO and 178&nbsp;mm (1-in-7"), which will ensure the least liability.<ref name=" Guns&Ammo-Rifling"/> Those chambered for .223 Remington may not have a fast enough rifling to stabilize the longer 5.56×45mm NATO bullets which range up to 77 gr. Some hunting loads of .223 Remington go to 90 grains.<ref name="Guns&Ammo-Rifling" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sierrabullets.com/store/product.cfm/sn/9290/224-dia-90-gr-HPBT-MatchKing |title=.22 Caliber (.224) 90 GR. HPBT Match |website=Sierra Bullets.com |language=EN |access-date=2017-08-04  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427093856/https://www.sierrabullets.com/store/product.cfm/sn/9290/224-dia-90-gr-HPBT-MatchKing |archive-date=2015-04-27}}</ref>

==Performance==
[[File:Rifle cartridge comparison w scale.png|thumb|5.56mm NATO shown alongside other cartridges and a [[United States one-dollar bill|United States $1 bill]]]]
[[File:5.56 x 45 mm NATO.jpg|thumb|5.56×45mm NATO cartridges in a STANAG magazine]]

The 5.56×45mm NATO SS109/M855 cartridge (NATO: SS109; U.S.: M855) with standard 62 gr. lead core bullets with steel penetrator will penetrate about {{convert|38|to|51|cm|in|abbr=on}} into soft tissue in ideal circumstances. As with all [[Spitzer (bullet)|spitzer]] shaped projectiles, it is prone to yaw in soft tissue. However, at impact velocities above roughly {{convert|762|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}, it may [[Flight dynamics|yaw]] and then fragment at the [[cannelure]] (the crimping groove around the cylinder of the bullet).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Wound Ballistics: Basics and Applications |editor-first=Beat P. |editor-last=Kneubuehl |page=128 |date=2011}}</ref> These fragments can disperse through flesh and bone, inflicting additional internal injuries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/galleries/technologies/patterns_image_5.html |title=Reading Gunshot Patterns |date=16 February 2006 |website=[[National Institute of Health]] |access-date=14 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824053701/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/galleries/technologies/patterns_image_5.html |archive-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Fragmentation (weaponry)|Fragmentation]], if and when it occurs, imparts much greater damage to human tissue than bullet dimensions and velocities would suggest. This fragmentation effect is highly dependent on velocity, and therefore [[Gun barrel|barrel]] length: short-barreled carbines generate less [[muzzle velocity]] and therefore lose wounding effectiveness at much shorter ranges than longer-barreled rifles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ciar.org/~ttk/mbt/papers/misc/paper.x.small-arms.wounding-ballistics.patterns_of_military_rifle_bullets.fackler.unk.html |title=Patterns of Military Rifle Bullets |first=Martin L. |last=Fackler |date=2015-05-19 |website=TTK Ciar's MBT Resources |access-date=2013-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221611/http://ciar.org/~ttk/mbt/papers/misc/paper.x.small-arms.wounding-ballistics.patterns_of_military_rifle_bullets.fackler.unk.html |archive-date=2013-12-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Proponents of the [[hydrostatic shock]] theory contend that the shockwave from a high-velocity bullet results in wounding effects beyond the tissue directly crushed and torn by the bullet and fragments.<ref name="ChamberlinFT1966">{{Cite book |last=Chamberlin |first=F. T. |chapter=Gun Shot Wounds |title=Handbook for Shooters and Reloaders, Vol. II |editor-last=Ackley |editor-first=Parker O. |publisher=Plaza Publishing |location=Salt Lake City, Utah |date=1966}}</ref><ref name="SturtevantB1998">{{cite journal |last=Sturtevant |first=B. |title=Shock Wave Effects in Biomechanics |journal=[[Sādhanā (journal)|Sādhanā]] |volume=23 |pages=579–596 |date=1998 |issue=5–6 |doi=10.1007/BF02744581 |s2cid=120104102 |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/104621/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602210514/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/104621/  }}</ref><ref name="Rose375-376">{{Cite book |title=American Rifle: A Biography |first=Alexander |last=Rose |date=2009 |pages=375–376}}</ref> However, others argue that tissue damage from hydrostatic shock is a myth. Critics argue that sonic pressure waves do not cause tissue disruption and that temporary cavity formation is the actual cause of tissue disruption mistakenly attributed to sonic pressure waves.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.btammolabs.com/fackler/shock_wave_myth.pdf |title=The Shockwave Myth |last=Fackler |first=Martin |journal=Wound Ballistics Review |date=Winter 1991 |page=38  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528021652/http://www.btammolabs.com/fackler/shock_wave_myth.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008}}</ref>

SS109/M855 NATO ball can penetrate up to {{convert|3|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} of steel at 600 meters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.igman.co.ba/ammunition.htm |title=Ammunition |website=Pd Igman D.D. Konjic Bosnia & Herzegovina |access-date=8 January 2011  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325084040/http://www.igman.co.ba/ammunition.htm |archive-date=25 March 2008}}</ref> According to Nammo, a Finnish-Norwegian ammunition producer, the 5.56×45mm NATO M995 armour piercing cartridge can penetrate up to {{convert|12|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} of [[Rolled homogeneous armour|RHA]] steel at 100 meters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nammo.com/templates/Product.aspx?id=206 |title=5.56mm (.22 Cal) |website=[[Nammo]] AS  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111054712/http://www.nammo.com/templates/Product.aspx?id=206 |archive-date=2007-11-11}}</ref>

The US Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory measured a [[ballistic coefficient]] (G7 BC) of 0.151 and form factor (G7 ''i'') of 1.172 for the SS109/M855 ball projectile.<ref name="gpc">{{cite web |url=http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/TNG.pdf |title=The Case for a General-Purpose Rifle and Machine Gun Cartridge (GPC) |first=Anthony G. |last=Williams |website=Military Guns & Ammunition |access-date=2015-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106031533/http://quarryhs.co.uk/TNG.pdf |archive-date=2015-11-06 }}</ref>

The Swedish military has measured the bullet velocities of SS109/M855 military cartridges at {{convert|4|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} from the muzzle fired from differing barrel lengths.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Barrel length
! style="text-align: left;"|SS109/M855 V<sub>4</sub> bullet velocity
! style="text-align: left;"|V<sub>4</sub> velocity loss
|-
| {{convert|210|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} || {{convert|723|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|41|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| {{convert|240|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} || {{convert|764|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|32|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| {{convert|270|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} || {{convert|796|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|29|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| {{convert|300|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} || {{convert|825|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|18|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| {{convert|330|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} || {{convert|843|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|23|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| {{convert|360|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} || {{convert|866|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|12|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| {{convert|390|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} || {{convert|878|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|14|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| {{convert|420|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} || {{convert|892|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|14|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| {{convert|450|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} || {{convert|906|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|9|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| {{convert|480|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} || {{convert|915|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|7|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| {{convert|508|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} || {{convert|922|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}} || -
|}

===Criticism===
There has been much debate of the allegedly poor performance of the bullet on target in regard to [[stopping power]], lethality, and range. Some of this criticism has been used to advocate an intermediate-sized cartridge between the 5.56 and 7.62 NATO sizes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20120831_art004.pdf |title=An Army Outgunned: Physics Demands A New Basic Combat Weapon |last=Avery |first=Joseph P. |date=July–August 2012 |website=Military Review |access-date=29 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229233616/http://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20120831_art004.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2017}}</ref> while criticisms of poor barrier penetration and accuracy have been used to support the M855A1 EPR round.<ref name="EPR-MediaDay" /> Arguably, the criticisms about range, accuracy, and lethality are related to the change in barrel length and twist between the [[M16 rifle|M16]] and [[M4 carbine|M4]]. The earlier 5.56 rounds (the original M193) were optimized for a {{convert|20|in|cm|adj=on}} barrel with a 1:12 twist. In 1980 [[STANAG|STANAG 4172]] defined the 5.56×45mm NATO chambering and its accompanying 1:7 twist rifling.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://diweb.hq.nato.int/naag/Public%20Release%20Documents/AEP-97%20EDA%20V1%20E.pdf| title = STANAG 4172|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525142240/https://diweb.hq.nato.int/naag/Public%20Release%20Documents/AEP-97%20EDA%20V1%20E.pdf|archive-date=May 25, 2023}}</ref> The shorter {{convert|14.5|in|cm|adj=on}} barrel of the [[M4 carbine]] (with a STANAG 4172 conform 1:7 twist and M855/SS109 5.56 rounds^) generates significantly lower muzzle velocity, reducing the likelihood that the bullet will upset (yaw, fragment, or expand) in the target and resulting in less significant wounds.

{{blockquote|Combat operations the past few months have again highlighted terminal performance deficiencies with 5.56x45mm 62 gr. M855 FMJ. These problems have primarily been manifested as inadequate incapacitation of enemy forces despite their being hit multiple times by M855 bullets. These failures appear to be associated with the bullets exiting the body of the enemy soldier without yawing or fragmenting. This failure to yaw and fragment can be caused by reduced impact velocities as when fired from short barrel weapons or when the range increases. It can also occur when the bullets pass through only minimal tissue, such as a limb or the chest of a thin, malnourished individual, as the bullet may exit the body before it has a chance to yaw and fragment. In addition, bullets of the SS109/M855 type are manufactured by many countries in numerous production plants. Although all SS109/M855 types must be 62 gr. FMJ bullets constructed with a steel penetrator in the nose, the composition, thickness, and relative weights of the jackets, penetrators, and cores are quite variable, as are the types and position of the cannelures. Because of the significant differences in construction between bullets within the SS109/M855 category, terminal performance is quite variable—with differences noted in yaw, fragmentation, and penetration depths.<ref name="woundinginfo">{{cite web |url=http://ammo.ar15.com/ammo/project/term_m855yaw.html |title=Performance of .223 and 5.56 Ammunition |website=AR15.com  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528115209/http://ammo.ar15.com/ammo/project/term_m855yaw.html |archive-date=28 May 2009}}</ref>
}}

{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 300
| header = Wound profiles in ballistic gelatin<br /><small>Note: images are not to same scale</small>
| image1 = M16 5.56x45mm wound ballistics.gif
| alt1 = M16 5.56×45mm wound ballistics
| caption1 = M16 M193 5.56×45mm
| image2 = M16A2 M855 5.56X45mm NATO wound ballistics.gif
| alt2 = M16A2 M855 5.56×45mm wound ballistics
| caption2 = M16A2 SS109/M855 5.56×45mm NATO
}}

{{blockquote|If 5.56&nbsp;mm bullets fail to upset (yaw, fragment, or deform) within tissue, the results are less significant wounds that may not cause adequate blood loss or damage to immediately stop the target's attack or advances. This is true for some 5.56×45mm FMJ bullets at extended ranges. As expected, with decreased wounding effects, rapid incapacitation is unlikely: enemy soldiers may continue to pose a threat to friendly forces and violent suspects can remain a danger to law enforcement personnel and the public.

 Two other yaw issues: Angle-of-Attack (AOA) variations between different projectiles, even within the same lot of ammo, as well as Fleet Yaw variations between different rifles, were elucidated in 2006 by the Joint Service Wound Ballistic Integrated Product Team (JSWB-IPT), which included experts from the military law enforcement user community, trauma surgeons, aero ballisticians, weapon and munitions engineers, and other scientific specialists. These yaw issues were most noticeable at close ranges and were more prevalent with certain calibers and bullet styles—the most susceptible being 5.56×45mm NATO FMJ ammunition like SS109/M855 and M193.|[[Martin Fackler]]<ref name="sadj">{{cite magazine |url=http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=778 |title=Do We Need a New Service Rifle Cartridge? |first=Damon |last=Bolding |date=6 January 2012 |magazine=Small Arms Defense Journal |volume=3 |number=1  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055302/http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=778 |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref>}}

The 5.56×45mm NATO standard SS109/M855 cartridge was designed for maximum performance when fired from a {{convert|508|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} long barrel, as was the original 5.56&nbsp;mm M193 cartridge. Experiments with longer length barrels up to {{convert|610|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} resulted in no improvement or a decrease in muzzle velocities for the SS109/M855 cartridge. Shorter barrels produce a greater flash and noise signature, and the addition of a suppressor to a short barreled AR family rifle can make it unreliable, as the reduced time for the propellant to burn in the barrel and higher muzzle pressure levels at the suppressor entrance can cause faster cycling and feeding issues. Unless the gas port can be regulated or adjusted for higher pressures, suppressors for short barreled 5.56×45mm NATO firearms must be larger and heavier than models for standard length rifles to function reliably. SS109/M855 cartridges fired from barrels under about {{convert|254|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length do not have enough muzzle velocity energy to cause extreme damage that occurs only at terminal velocities of over {{convert|750|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}} on impact, reducing the wounding capacity.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=1093 |title=Barrel Length Studies in 5.56mm NATO Weapons |first1=Philip H. |last1=Dater |first2=Jason |last2=Wong |name-list-style=amp |date=8 February 2012 |magazine=Small Arms Defense Journal |volume=4 |number=1  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002809/http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=1093 |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2010armament/WednesdayCumberlandPhilipDater.pdf |title=Effects of Barrel Length on Bore Pressure, Projectile Velocity and Sound Measurement |first1=Philip H. |last1=Dater |first2=Jason M. |last2=Wong |name-list-style=amp |website=US Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) |access-date=2014-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002914/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2010armament/WednesdayCumberlandPhilipDater.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>

Compared to larger calibers, proponents of the 5.56×45mm NATO round contend that animal studies of the wounding effects of the 5.56×45mm NATO round versus the 7.62×39mm have found that the 5.56×45mm NATO round is more damaging, due to the post-impact behavior of the 5.56&nbsp;mm projectile resulting in greater cavitation of soft tissues.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=6952680 |volume=508 |title=Wounding effects of two types of bullets on soft tissue of dogs |journal=[[Journal of Internal Medicine|Acta Chir. Scand. Suppl.]] |pages=211–221 |last1=Liu |first1=YQ |last2=Wu |first2=BJ |last3=Xie |first3=GP |last4=Chen |first4=ZC |last5=Tang |first5=CG |last6=Wang |first6=ZG |year=1982}}</ref> The US Army contended in 2003 that the lack of close range lethality of the 5.56×45mm NATO was more a matter of perception than fact. With controlled pairs and good shot placement to the head and chest, the target was usually defeated without issue. The majority of failures were the result of hitting the target in non-vital areas such as extremities. However, a minority of failures occurred in spite of multiple hits to the chest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://militec1.com/swat.pdf |title=Soldier Weapons Assessment Team Report 6-03 |website=U.S. Army Infantry Center |access-date=2011-03-05  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714094113/http://militec1.com/swat.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-14}}</ref>

Some have contended that shot placement is the most important parameter in determining the lethality of a bullet. Difficulty with the 5.56×45mm NATO at long ranges has been attributed to training;<ref name="noproblem">{{cite journal |url=http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=769 |title=Is There a Problem with the Lethality of the 5.56 NATO Caliber? |first=Per |last=Arvidsson |date=6 January 2012 |journal=Small Arms Defense Journal  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012052014/http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=769 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |quote=The conclusion was that shot placement is the most important parameter, and that this is achieved through good and realistic training...Summary...To increase small arms lethality, nations must better train their soldiers...If nations want to engage targets at long range, then it is not about rifle caliber, projectile or barrel length, it is all about more training...}}</ref> Swedish [[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]] units relied on [[.50 BMG]] heavy machine guns for long-range shooting due to resilience to factors such as range and wind drift. Underperformance is thus attributed to errors in range and wind estimation, target lead, firing position, and stress under fire, factors that can be resolved through training.<ref name="ss109">{{cite web |first=Per G. |last=Arvidsson |website=NATO Armory Armaments Group, NATO Weapons and Sensors Working Group |url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2010armament/WednesdayLandmarkBPerArvidsson.pdf |title=Is there a problem with the lethality of the 5.56 NATO caliber? |access-date=2013-08-31  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220435/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2010armament/WednesdayLandmarkBPerArvidsson.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-04}} [Note: PowerPoint style briefing slides by Per G. Arvidsson. Archive.org does not back up the full document but only the first slide.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230417101815/https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2010/armament/WednesdayLandmarkBPerArvidsson.pdf This is another copy.]</ref><ref name="noproblem"/>

===Improvements===
Advances have been made in 5.56&nbsp;mm ammunition. The U.S. military had adopted for limited issue a 77-grain (5.0 g) "Match" bullet, type classified as the Mk 262. The heavy, lightly constructed bullet fragments more violently at short range and also has a longer fragmentation range.<ref>''The Small Arms Review'' vol.10, no.2 November 2006</ref> Originally designed for use in the [[Mk 12 Special Purpose Rifle|Mk 12 SPR]], the ammunition has found favor with special forces<ref>''Jane's International Defense Review'': IDR., Volume 39, Issues 1–6. p. 86. (2006).</ref> units who were seeking a more effective cartridge to fire from their M4A1 carbines. Commercially available loadings using these heavier (and longer) bullets can be prohibitively expensive and cost much more than military surplus ammunition. Additionally, these heavy-for-caliber loadings sacrifice some penetrative ability compared to the M855 round (which has a steel penetrator tip). Performance of 5.56×45mm military ammunition can generally be categorized as almost entirely dependent upon velocity in order to wound effectively. Heavy OTM bullets enhance soft tissue wounding ability at the expense of hard-target/barrier penetration.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

[[U.S. Special Forces]] had sought to create a round that had increased power out of carbine M4 barrels and compact [[FN SCAR|SCAR-L]] barrels, while increasing hard target performance. Developmental efforts led to the creation of the Mk318. The bullet uses an open-tip design to inflict damage on soft tissue, and has a brass rear to penetrate hard targets. The tip and lead core fragments consistently even when using short barrels, while the rear moves through once the front impacts.<ref name="mk3181">{{cite web |url=http://cheaperthandirt.com/blog/?p=14285 |title=Mk 318 Mod 0: A Better Bullet, No Matter What They Call It |date=27 November 2011 |website=Cheaper Than Dirt.com  |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130830225038/http://cheaperthandirt.com/blog/?p=14285 |archive-date=30 August 2013}}</ref> It has more consistent performance because it is not yaw-dependent like the M855; the nose fragments upon impact and solid rear penetrator continues to move relatively straight. This makes the Mk318 effective against personnel with or without body armor. The round also increases accuracy, from 3–5 [[minute of angle]] (MOA) with the M855 from an M4A1 barrel to 1.71 MOA at 300 yards and 1.67 MOA at 600 yards from a {{convert|14|in|mm|abbr=on}} SCAR-L barrel.<ref name="sost">{{cite magazine |url=http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=2109&page=2 |title=A Way Forward in Contemporary Understanding of the 1899 Hague Declaration on Expanding Bullets |first=W. Hays |last=Parks |date=7 October 2013 |magazine=Small Arms Defense Journal |volume=5 |number=3  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014184911/http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=2109&page=2 |archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref>

For general issue, the U.S. Army adopted the M855A1 round in 2010 to replace the M855. The primary reason was pressure to use non-lead bullets. The lead slug is replaced by a copper alloy slug in a reverse-drawn jacket, with a hardened steel penetrator extending beyond the jacket, reducing lead contamination to the environment. The M855A1 offers several improvements other than being lead-free. It is slightly more accurate, has better consistency of effect in regards to wounding ability, and has an increased penetrating capability. The 62 grain (4.0 g) projectile can better penetrate steel, brick, concrete, and masonry walls, as well as body armor and sheet metal. It penetrates {{convert|3/8|in|mm|abbr=on}} of mild steel at 350 meters, which the M855 can only do at 160 meters. The propellant burns faster, which decreases the muzzle flash and gives a higher muzzle velocity, an important feature when fired from a short barreled [[M4 carbine]]. Though the M855A1 is more expensive to produce, its performance is considered to compensate. One possible danger is that it generates much greater pressure in the chamber when fired, decreasing service life of parts and increasing the risk of [[catastrophic failure]] of the weapon (though this has yet to occur).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://strategypage.com/htmw/htweap/articles/20120810.aspx |title=Weapons: The Water Is Still Safe To Drink |date=10 August 2012 |website=StrategyPage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812010101/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htweap/articles/20120810.aspx |archive-date=12 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="yaw">{{cite web |url=http://usarmy.vo.llnwd.net/e2/c/downloads/215919.pdf |title=Dual Path Strategy Series: Part III – Soldier Battlefield Effectiveness |date=August 2011 |website=[[PEO Soldier]] |access-date=2013-10-26  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528190514/http://usarmy.vo.llnwd.net/e2/c/downloads/215919.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-28}}</ref>

The [[U.S. Marines]] adopted the Mk318 in early 2010 due to delays with the M855A1. This was a temporary measure until the M855A1 was available for them, which occurred in mid-2010 when the Army began to receive the rounds. Both the Mk318 and M855A1 weigh the same and have similar performance, and both have better performance than the M855 against all targets. SOCOM spent less money developing the Mk318 and it is marginally better than the M855A1 in some situations, but costs more per round. The Army spent more developing the M855A1 which performs as well or nearly as well as the Mk318, but is cheaper per round and has the advantage of being lead-free. While SOCOM constantly looks for better equipment, the Army and Marines have far more troops to supply and buy more ammunition than SOCOM.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htweap/20110513.aspx |title=Weapons: PC Bullets Survive Afghanistan |date=13 May 2011 |website=Strategy Page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215143813/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htweap/20110513.aspx |archive-date=15 December 2013}}</ref>

===Alternatives===
If the 5.56&nbsp;mm bullet is moving too slowly to reliably yaw, expand, or fragment on impact, the wound size and potential to incapacitate a person is greatly reduced. There have been numerous attempts to create an intermediate cartridge that addresses the complaints of 5.56 NATO's lack of stopping power along with lack of controllability seen in rifles firing 7.62 NATO in full auto. Some alternative cartridges like the [[300 AAC Blackout (7.62×35mm)]] focus on penetration and stopping power at short ranges by sacrificing long-distance performance. These calibers are designed to be interoperable with the 5.56 by maintaining similar dimensions, which allows them to be used in a 5.56-chambered rifle with a simple barrel change.

By late 2004, the [[6.8mm Remington SPC|6.8mm Remington SPC (6.8×43mm)]] was in limited use with U.S. Special Operators.{{citation needed |date=February 2023}} <ref name=":0" />However, it was not adopted for widespread use due to resistance from officials on changing calibers.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/Another-7.62mm-Bullet-For-M-16s-1-8-2012.asp |title=Another 7.62mm Bullet For M-16s |first=James |last=Dunnigan |date=January 8, 2012 |website=Strategy Page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911080536/http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/Another-7.62mm-Bullet-For-M-16s-1-8-2012.asp |archive-date=11 September 2013}}</ref> In 2007, both the [[U.S. SOCOM]] and the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] decided not to field weapons chambered in 6.8×43mm due to logistical and cost issues.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/09/marine-corps-passes-on-army-carbine-updates-091110w/ |title=Corps to pass on Army upgrades to M4 |first=Dan |last=Lamothe |newspaper=[[Marine Corps Times]] |access-date=13 September 2010  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925141339/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/09/marine-corps-passes-on-army-carbine-updates-091110w/ |archive-date=25 September 2010}}</ref>

In April 2022, the U.S. Army selected a new rifle and light machine gun as part of the [[Next Generation Squad Weapon Program]]. They will replace 5.56&nbsp;mm weapons, being chambered in [[.277 Fury|6.8×51mm Fury]] that has greater accuracy and range while being more lethal than 5.56×45mm NATO and 7.62×51mm NATO against emerging threats.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/255827/army_awards_next_generation_squad_weapon_contract |title=Army awards Next Generation Squad Weapon contract |date=April 19, 2022 |website=U.S. Army Public Affairs}}</ref>

==5.56mm NATO versus .223 Remington==
The exterior dimensions of the 5.56mm NATO and [[.223 Remington]] cartridges are identical.<ref name="AmericanRifleman" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://img136.imageshack.us/img136/945/223vs556ub9.jpg |title=.223 Remington and 5.56x45mm NATO Chamber dimensions differences |website=ImageShack  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315185302/http://img136.imageshack.us/img136/945/223vs556ub9.jpg |archive-date=15 March 2014}}</ref> While the cartridges are identical other than powder load, the chamber leade, i.e. the area where the rifling begins, is cut to a sharper angle on some .223 commercial chambers. Because of this, a cartridge loaded to generate 5.56mm pressures in a 5.56mm chamber may develop pressures that exceed SAAMI limits when fired from a short-leade .223 Remington chamber. As the chambers differ, the [[Headspace (firearms)#Gauges|head space gauges]] used for the two chamberings differ.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forsterproducts.com/pdf/brochures/hi-res-for-print/Forster-Products-NATO%20Chamber%20Headspace%20Gages%20Sales%20Sheet_NATO-001_Issue%204_July%202018_print.pdf |title=NATO Chamber Headspace Gages Available for 5.56 NATO and 7.62 NATO |website=Forster Products |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.forsterproducts.com/pdf/brochures/hi-res-for-print/Forster-Products-NATO%20Chamber%20Headspace%20Gages%20Sales%20Sheet_NATO-001_Issue%204_July%202018_print.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 }}</ref>

===Brass case===
The dimensional specifications of 5.56 NATO and .223 commercial brass cases are identical. The cases tend to have similar case capacity when measured, with variations chiefly due to brand, not 5.56 vs .223 designation. The result of this is that there is no such thing as "5.56 brass" or ".223 brass", the differences in the cartridges lie in pressure ratings and in chamber leade length, not in the shape or thickness of the brass.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.6mmbr.com/223rem.html |title=223 Rem + 223 AI Cartridge Guide |website=6mmBR |access-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826120620/http://www.6mmbr.com/223Rem.html |archive-date=2011-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luckygunner.com/labs/5-56-vs-223/ |title=5.56 vs .223 – What You Know May Be Wrong |date=2012-06-22 |website=LuckyGunner |access-date=13 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627042103/http://www.luckygunner.com/labs/5-56-vs-223/ |archive-date=27 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2012, the US Army made a request for vendors to supply alternative cartridge cases to reduce the weight of an M855A1 5.56&nbsp;mm round by at least 10 percent, as well as for the 7.62 NATO and [[.50 BMG]] rounds. The cartridge cases must maintain all performance requirements when fully assembled, be able to be used by the [[Lake City Army Ammunition Plant]], must be manufactured in quantities totaling approximately 45 million per year. [[Polymer-cased ammunition]] is expected as a likely lightweight case technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2012/07/20/army-wants-lightweight-cartridge-cases/ |title=Army wants lightweight cartridge cases |first=Steve |last=Johnson |date=July 20, 2012 |website=The Firearm Blog |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055732/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2012/07/20/army-wants-lightweight-cartridge-cases/ |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> A hybrid polymer/metal version of a conventional cartridge case would be thicker than regular cases and reduce the amount of space for the propellant,<ref name="sadefensejournal.com">{{cite magazine |url=http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=2148 |title=The Army's Individual Carbine Competition: What's Next? |first=Damon |last=Bolding |date=24 October 2013 |magazine=Small Arms Defense Journal |volume=5 |number=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193337/http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=2148 |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> although certain polymers could be thermodynamically more efficient and not lose energy to the case or chamber when fired.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=2414 |title=The 6.5×40 Cartridge: Longer Reach for the M4 & M16 |first=Damon |last=Bolding |date=26 March 2014 |magazine=Small Arms Defense Journal |volume=6 |number=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408230924/http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=2414 |archive-date=8 April 2014}}</ref>

===Pressure===
[[C.I.P.]] defines the maximum service and proof test pressures of the .223 Remington cartridge equal to the 5.56mm NATO, at {{convert|430|MPa|psi|0|abbr=on}}. This differs from the [[Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute|SAAMI]] maximum pressure specification for .223 Remington of {{convert|380|MPa|psi|0|abbr=on}}, due to CIP test protocols measuring pressure using a drilled case, rather than an intact case with a conformal piston, along with other differences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kwk.us/pressures.html |title=Cartridge Pressure Standards |website=K.W. Kleimenhagen |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808203103/http://kwk.us/pressures.html |archive-date=8 August 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> NATO uses [[NATO EPVAT testing|NATO EPVAT]] pressure test protocols for their small arms ammunition specifications.<ref name="kistler"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2007smallarms/5_9_07/Geddes_1120am.pdf |title=NATO Small Arms Ammunition Interchangeability via Direct Evidence Testing |date=9 May 2007 |website=DTIC |access-date=2008-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215073930/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2007smallarms/5_9_07/Geddes_1120am.pdf |archive-date=2010-02-15 }}</ref>
Differences in testing methodology have led to widespread confusion, however when measured with identical measuring equipment using identical methodologies, .223 Remington yields peak average pressures about 5,000 psi lower than 5.56 NATO.<ref name="AmericanRifleman"/>

===Chamber===
The 5.56mm NATO chamber, known as a NATO or mil-spec chamber, has a longer leade, which is the distance between the mouth of the cartridge and the point at which the rifling engages the bullet. The .223 Remington chamber, known as SAAMI chamber, is allowed to have a shorter leade, and is only required to be [[proof test]]ed to the lower SAAMI chamber pressure. To address these issues, various proprietary chambers exist, such as the [[.223 Wylde|Wylde chamber]] (Rock River Arms)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rockriverarms.com/images/wylde.jpg |title=What is a Wylde Chamber? |website=[[Rock River Arms]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217065126/http://www.rockriverarms.com/images/wylde.jpg  |archive-date=17 February 2007}}</ref> or the [[ArmaLite]] chamber, which are designed to handle both 5.56×45mm NATO and .223 Remington equally well. The leade of the .223 Remington minimum [[C.I.P.]] chamber also differs from the 5.56mm NATO chamber specification. The casings and chambers .223 Remington and 5.56×45mm NATO are virtually the same dimensions, but due to the fact that .223 Remington is designed to handle much lower pressures than the 5.56×45mm NATO the rounds are not completely interchangeable. Firing a 5.56×45mm NATO round out of a rifle chambered in .223 Remington could be injurious or fatal to the user as well as the gun, however .223 Remington ammunition can be fired safely from almost any rifle chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO as the NATO specified rifles can handle much higher chamber pressures than the .223 Remington is capable of producing.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Using commercial .223 Remington cartridges in a 5.56mm NATO chambered rifle should work reliably, but until recently, it was believed this was less accurate than when fired from a .223 Remington chambered gun due to the longer leade.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.winchester.com/lawenforcement/news/newsview.aspx?storyid=11 |title=.223 Rem VS 5.56mm |first=Paul |last=Nowak |date=4 May 2001 |website=Winchester Ammunition  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505215048/http://www.winchester.com/lawenforcement/news/newsview.aspx?storyid=11 |archive-date=2008-05-05}}</ref> Although that may have been true in the early 1960s when the two rounds were developed, recent testing has shown that rifles chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO can also fire .223 ammunition every bit as accurately as rifles chambered in .223 Remington, and the 5.56×45mm NATO chamber has the additional advantage of being able to safely fire both calibers.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Chamber Reality Check |first=Patrick |last=Sweeney |date=March–April 2013 |magazine=Peterson's Rifle Shooter |volume=16 |number=2 |pages=32–36}}</ref> Using 5.56×45mm NATO mil-spec cartridges (such as the M855) in a .223 Remington chambered rifle can lead to excessive wear and stress on the rifle and even be unsafe, and SAAMI recommends against the practice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saami.org/Unsafe_Combinations.cfm |title=Unsafe Arms and Ammunition Combinations |date=1998 |website=SAAMI  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305155124/http://www.saami.org/Unsafe_Combinations.cfm |archive-date=5 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thegunzone.com/556v223.html |title=SAAMI on 5.56 v. .223 Remington |first=Dean |last=Speir |date=August 25, 2005 |website=The Gun Zone |access-date=8 January 2011  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613200607/http://thegunzone.com/556v223.html |archive-date=13 June 2006}}</ref> Some commercial rifles marked as ".223 Remington" are in fact suited for 5.56×45mm NATO, such as many commercial AR-15 variants and the [[Ruger Mini-14]] (marked ".223 cal", except the Mini-14 "Target" model, which only fires .223), but the manufacturer should always be consulted to verify that this is acceptable before attempting it, and signs of excessive pressure (such as flattening or gas staining of the primers) should be looked for in the initial testing with 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armalite.com/library/techNotes/tnote45.htm |title=Technical Note 45: 5.56 NATO vs SAAMI .223 Remington Chambers |date=4 December 2002 |website=Armalite Inc.  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817152158/http://www.armalite.com/library/techNotes/tnote45.htm |archive-date=2007-08-17}}</ref>

The upper receiver (to which the barrel with its chamber are attached) and the lower receiver are entirely separate parts in AR-15 style rifles. If the lower receiver has either .223 or 5.56 stamped on it, it does not guarantee the upper assembly is rated for the same caliber, because the upper and the lower receiver in the same rifle can, and frequently do, come from different manufacturers – particularly with rifles sold to civilians or second-hand rifles that have been repaired with spare parts. Since all parts are interchangeable, a shooter ''must'' take great caution to check for markings of 5.56×45mm on the barrel before attempting to fire 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition out of it.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

In more practical terms, {{as of|2010|lc=y}} most AR-15 parts suppliers engineer their complete upper assemblies (not to be confused with stripped uppers where the barrel is not included) to support both calibers in order to satisfy market demand and prevent any potential problems. Some manufacturers have begun offering a hybrid [[.223 Wylde chamber]] designed to optimally support both cartridges.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Ammunition capacity for weight comparison==
The first confrontations between the [[AK-47]] and the [[M14 rifle]] came in the early part of the [[Vietnam War]]. Battlefield reports indicated that the M14 was uncontrollable in full-auto and that soldiers could not carry enough ammo to maintain fire superiority over the AK-47.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imageseek.com/m1a/M14_RHAD_Online_Edition_061010.pdf |title=M14 Rifle History and Development |first=Lee |last=Emerson |date=10 October 2006 |website=imageseek.com  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215062553/http://www.imageseek.com/m1a/M14_RHAD_Online_Edition_061010.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> A replacement was needed, as a result, the Army was forced to reconsider a 1957 request by General [[Willard G. Wyman]], commander of the U.S. Continental Army Command (CONARC) to develop a .223 caliber (5.56&nbsp;mm) select-fire rifle weighing 6&nbsp;lbs (2.7&nbsp;kg) when loaded with a 20-round magazine.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

[[File:Colt ArmaLite AR-15 Model 01 SPAR1372 DEC. 22. 2004.jpg|thumb|Colt ArmaLite AR-15 Model 01 with 20-round magazine]]
[[File:Sam16a1.jpg|thumb|An M16A1 with 30-round magazine]]

This request ultimately resulted in the development of a scaled-down version of the [[Armalite AR-10]], called [[ArmaLite AR-15]] rifle.<ref name="m-14parts.com">{{cite thesis |url=http://www.m-14parts.com/M14toM16.pdf |last=Kern |first=Danford Allan |date=2006 |title=The influence of organizational culture on the acquisition of the M16 rifle |type=MMAS |location=Fort Leavenworth, Kansas |publisher=US Army Command and General Staff College |via=m-14parts.com  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105215841/http://www.m-14parts.com/M14toM16.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="nodakspud.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.nodakspud.com/RetroAR15.pdf |title=Retro AR-15 |first=Peter G. |last=Kokalis |website=NoDak Spud |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202308/http://www.nodakspud.com/RetroAR15.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ezell |first=Edward Clinton |title=Small Arms of the World |year=1983 |publisher=Stackpole Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-88029-601-4 |pages=46–47}}</ref> During testing it was found that a 5- to 7-man team armed with the ArmaLite AR-15s had the same firepower as 11-man team armed with M14s.<ref name="forgottenweapons.com">{{cite report |url=http://www.forgottenweapons.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/1959-Rifle-Squad-Armed-with-a-Light-Weight-High-Velocity-Rifle.pdf |title=Rifle Squad Armed with a Light Weight High Velocity Rifle (Final Report) |date=24 June 1959 |publisher=U.S. Army Combat Experimentation Center |location=Fort Ord, California |via=[[Forgotten Weapons]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508033959/http://www.forgottenweapons.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/1959-Rifle-Squad-Armed-with-a-Light-Weight-High-Velocity-Rifle.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> Also, soldiers armed with ArmaLite AR-15s could carry nearly three times more ammunition as those armed with M14s (649 rounds vs 220 rounds).<ref name="forgottenweapons.com"/> The ArmaLite AR-15, officially designated ''Rifle, caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, M16'', was later adopted by U.S. infantry forces as the standard-issue rifle.<ref name="Gunzone-Timeline" /><ref name="AGWilliams"/>

Here is a table comparing rifles based on a maximum ammunition load in box magazines of {{convert|10|kg|lbs|abbr=on}}.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Rifle
! style="background:#efefef;" | Cartridge
! style="background:#efefef;" | Cartridge weight
! style="background:#efefef;" | Weight of loaded magazine
! style="background:#efefef;" | Max. 10 kilogram ammo load
|-
| AK-47 <small>(1949)</small>
| [[7.62×39mm]]
| {{convert|252|gr|g|abbr=on}}
| 30 rd mag at {{convert|819|g|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref name="scribd2">{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/38483061/Ak-47-Technical-Description-Manual |title=AK 47 Technical Description - Manual |via=Scribd |date=2010-09-30 |access-date=2012-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328103151/http://www.scribd.com/doc/38483061/Ak-47-Technical-Description-Manual |archive-date=2012-03-28 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dockery, Kevin 2007 p. 102">{{Cite book |last=Dockery |first=Kevin |date=2007 |title=Future Weapons |page=102}}</ref>
| 12 mags at {{convert|9.83|kg|lbs|abbr=on}} for 360 rds<ref name="Future Weapons" />
|-
| M14 <small>(1959)</small>
| [[7.62×51mm NATO]]
| {{convert|393|gr|g|abbr=on}}
| 20 rd mag at {{convert|750|g|lbs|abbr=on}}
| 13 mags at {{convert|9.75|kg|lbs|abbr=on}} for 280 rds<ref name="Future Weapons">{{cite book |last1=Dockery |first1=Kevin |title=Future Weapons |date=2007 |publisher=Berkley Publishing Group |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-425-21215-8}}</ref>
|-
| M16 <small>(1962)</small>
| [[.223 Remington]]
| {{convert|183|gr|g|abbr=on}}
| 20 rd mag at {{convert|320|g|lbs|abbr=on}}
| 31 mags at {{convert|9.92|kg|lbs|abbr=on}} for 620 rds<ref name="Future Weapons" />
|-
| [[AK-74]] <small>(1974)</small>
| [[5.45×39mm]]
| {{convert|162|gr|g|abbr=on}}
| 30 rd mag at {{convert|545|g|lbs|abbr=on}}<ref name="Dockery, Kevin 2007 p. 102"/><ref name="izhmash1">{{cite web |url=http://www.izhmash.ru/eng/product/akm.shtml |title=AKM (AK-47) Kalashnikov modernized assault rifle, caliber 7.62mm |website=[[Izhmash]] |date=2001-09-02 |access-date=2012-08-23  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092719/http://www.izhmash.ru/eng/product/akm.shtml |archive-date=2014-10-06}}</ref>
| 18 mags at {{convert|9.81|kg|lbs|abbr=on}} for 540 rds<ref name="Future Weapons" />
|-
|M16A2 <small>(1982)</small>
|5.56×45mm NATO
|190 gr (12.3&nbsp;g)
|30 rd mag at {{convert|490|g|lbs|abbr=on}}
|20 mags at {{convert|9.80|kg|lbs|abbr=on}} for 600 rds<ref name="Future Weapons" />
|}

==5.56mm NATO versus 7.62mm NATO==
[[File:Cartridges comparison.jpg|thumb|Comparison of [[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62mm NATO]], 5.56mm NATO and [[9×19mm Parabellum|9mm Parabellum]]]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Cartridge
! style="background:#efefef;" | Model
! style="background:#efefef;" | Cartridge size
! style="background:#efefef;" | Cartridge weight
! style="background:#efefef;" | Bullet weight
! style="background:#efefef;" | Velocity
! style="background:#efefef;" | Energy
|-
| 5.56mm NATO
| M855 5.56mm (5.56 × 45&nbsp;mm) Ammunition
| 5.56×45mm
| {{convert|12.31|g|gr|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|4.02|g|gr|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|922|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}
| 1,709&nbsp;J<ref>KE = 1/2mv<sup>2</sup>, where m is in kilograms and v is in metres per second.</ref>
|-
| [[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62mm NATO]]
| M80 7.62mm (7.62×51mm) Ammunition
| 7.62×51mm
| {{convert|25.40|g|gr|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|9.33|g|gr|0|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|838|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}
| 3,275&nbsp;J
|}

Hit probability refers to the ability of a soldier to concentrate on firing in spite of their weapon's recoil and noise, which is noticeably different between the two cartridges. The 7.62 NATO has twice the impact energy of the 5.56 NATO, preferable if a target is protected by higher level armor, especially at "medium" range. If not, both rounds normally penetrate satisfactorily through enemies up to 600 meters, approximately. A 5.56 NATO round fired from a {{convert|20|in|mm|abbr=on}} barrel has a flatter trajectory than a 7.62 NATO round fired from a barrel of equal length, while the 5.56 NATO fired from a {{convert|14.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} barrel has the same trajectory as the 7.62 NATO from a 20 in barrel, as well as the same time of flight. A 7.62 NATO round reaches 50 percent of its velocity within {{convert|80|mm|in|abbr=on}} of the barrel when fired, so decreasing the barrel length for close quarters combat results in increased muzzle pressure and greater noise and muzzle flash.<ref name="noproblem"/><ref name="ss109"/>

==Military cartridges==
{{More citations needed section |date=January 2021}}
[[File:5.56mm-military-rounds.jpg|thumb|right|Images of U.S. 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition]]

===Australia===
Packaging configurations for M2A1-type ammunition boxes include 1,080 loose rounds, 900 rounds divided across eighteen plastic film packs containing fifty rounds each, 600 rounds in [[bandolier]]s containing 15-round [[Stripper clip|charger clips]], and 800 [[Belt (firearms)|linked]] rounds divided across four 200-round belts each which can contain either a single ammunition nature or a mix of ammunition natures (e.g. four ball rounds followed by one tracer round).<ref name=amf1brochure12>{{cite web |title=5.56 MM F1 BALL AMMUNITION (August 2012) |url=http://www.australian-munitions.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ARM_AM_5.56-F1-A6-brochure.pdf |publisher=[[Thales Australia|Australian Munitions]] |access-date=24 July 2023 |date=August 2012}}</ref><ref name=amf1brochure19>{{cite web |title=5.56 MM F1 BALL AMMUNITION (August 2019) |url=http://www.australian-munitions.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ARM_AM_5.56-F1-A4-2pp_web.pdf |publisher=[[Thales Australia|Australian Munitions]] |access-date=24 July 2023 |date=August 2019}}</ref><ref name=amoverallbrochure19>{{cite web |title=AUSTRALIAN MUNITIONS PRODUCT RANGE AND SPECIFICS (August 2019) |url=http://www.australian-munitions.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Armaments-AM_Product-spec-brocure_web.pdf |publisher=[[Thales Australia|Australian Munitions]] |access-date=24 July 2023 |date=August 2019}}</ref>

Unless stated otherwise, all ammunition listed below is produced by Thales Australia. Since 2012, Thales Australia's ammunition production has been conducted via its Australian Munitions subsidiary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thales Australia creates munitions group |url=https://www.upi.com/Thales-Australia-creates-munitions-group/68561346927400/ |publisher=[[United Press International]] |access-date=31 October 2018 |date=6 September 2012}}</ref>
*'''Cartridge, Ball, F1''' (1985–present):<ref name=amoverallbrochure19 /> FN SS109 equivalent produced by Australian Defence Industries (ADI) and then by Thales Australia.
*'''Cartridge, Ball, F1A1 [Green tip]''' (2010–present):<ref name=amoverallbrochure19 /> FN SS109 equivalent with optimized projectile having a modified boat tail length and [[meplat]] diameter, redesigned case thickness, new primer cup design, and AR2210V01 propellant. The cartridge offers improved interoperability in foreign weapons (e.g. the AR-15 family) compared to the original F1 whilst retaining performance in the [[Steyr AUG#F88 Austeyr|F88]] rifle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2011smallarms/WednesdayInter12397Evenden.pdf |title=Improving In-Service Small Arms Systems – An Australian Experience |date=1 June 2011 |website=Thales Australia |via=DTIC |access-date=2012-01-13  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020204550/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2011smallarms/WednesdayInter12397Evenden.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=1702 |title=Testing & Evaluating the EF88 Assault Rifle |first=Damon |last=Bolding |date=4 March 2013 |magazine=Small Arms Defense Journal |volume=5 |number=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001033/http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=1702 |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> Unlike the F1 cartridge, the F1A1 headstamp has a dimple at 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock. This is a hallmark of the automated SCAMP loading machinery used to make the new cartridges.
*'''Cartridge, Ball, F193''':<ref name=amoverallbrochure19 /> M193 equivalent.
*'''Close Target Round''':<ref name=amoverallbrochure19 /> Modified F1 ammunition allowing for indoor training to be conducted with unmodified weaponry and for outdoor CQB training to be conducted with reduced safety templates and more realistic stand-off ranges to targets up to 100m. The ammunition is trajectory-matched to standard 5.56mm ball and uses a lead-free copper-polymer frangible projectile.
*'''Reduced Range Training Ammunition''':<ref name=amoverallbrochure19 /> Similar to the Close Target Round but trajectory-matching to standard 5.56mm ball extends to 300 metres.
*'''Cartridge, Tracer, M856''':<ref name=amf1brochure12 /><ref name=amoverallbrochure19 /> FN L110/US M856 equivalent.
*'''Cartridge, Blank, F3 [Crimped tip]''' (1985-1994; 1998–Present):<ref name=amoverallbrochure19 /> Blank cartridge produced by ADI and then by Thales Australia. Due to low demand, lots are only made every three years. The cartridge uses a single base propellant consisting of nitrocellulose with added stabiliser and ballistic moderants.
*'''Cartridge, Blank, F3A1''':<ref name=amoverallbrochure19 /> A version of the F3 cartridge with chemically blackened brass to aid in distinguishing the cartridge from live rounds.

===Austria===
*'''Round, 5.56mm Ball, M193''': M193 equivalent produced by Hirtenberger Patronen<ref name=hirtenbergerm193>{{cite hansard |title=Written Answers: Defence, Ammunition |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1986-02-13/debates/b4f2e4d9-fbb2-4eba-82a1-b061e08877d6/WrittenAnswers#contribution-f4f616a1-774c-42f0-ac18-9b9a0195c9c8 |house=House of Commons |date=13 February 1986 |column=549}}</ref>

===Belgium===
*'''Cartridge, Ball, SS109''': 5.56×45mm 61-grain [3.95 g]<ref>{{cite book |first=Ian V. |last=Hogg |author-link=Ian V. Hogg |title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 1986-87 |page=363}}</ref> Semi-Armor-Piercing cartridge w/. steel penetrator produced by [[Fabrique Nationale]]. Adopted in 1979 as the NATO standard.<ref name="Jane's-p362"/>

===Canada===
*'''Cartridge, Ball, C77''': 5.56×45mm FN SS109 equivalent used in the [[Colt Canada C7 rifle|C7]], C8 and [[FN Minimi|C9]] type weapons. Made by General Dynamics Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gd-otscanada.com/product/small_caliber_ammunition/ |title=Small Caliber Ammunition |website=General Dynamics Canada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605140240/https://www.gd-otscanada.com/product/small_caliber_ammunition/|archive-date=June 5, 2023}}</ref>
*'''Cartridge, Tracer, C78''': 5.56×45mm FN SS110 equivalent used in the [[Colt Canada C7 rifle|C7]], C8 and [[FN Minimi|C9]] type weapons. Made by General Dynamics Canada.
*'''Cartridge, Blank, C79 [Crimped tip]''': 5.56×45mm blank cartridge used in the C7, C8 and C9 type weapons. Also made by General Dynamics Canada.

===France===
Ammunition made by GIAT.
*'''Type O (''Ordinaire'', "Standard" or "Ball"):''' A Full-Metal-Jacketed lead-core bullet similar to the US M193. It was used with the [[FAMAS]].
*'''Type T (''Traçant'', "Tracer"):''' A tracer bullet similar to the US M196.

===Germany===
*'''Patrone AA59, 5.56×45mm, DM11, ''Weichkern'' ("Soft-core", or Ball) [Green tip]''': 5.56×45mm 4.1 g dual core ball cartridge w/steel core, similar to M855/SS109, produced by [[RUAG]] Ammotec.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bundzone.tk/images//dokumente/Zentralrichtlinie_GewehrG36.pdf |title=Das Gewehr G36 |language=de |author=Bundeswehr Ausbildungskommando |via=Instandsetzungsbataillon 141|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417101815/http://bundzone.tk/images//dokumente/Zentralrichtlinie_GewehrG36.pdf|archive-date=April 17, 2023}} (DM11 trajectory tables at page 92 assuming V0 = 920 m/s, V800 = 301 m/s)</ref>
*'''Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM11 A1, ''Weichkern'' [Green tip]''': 5.56×45mm 4.0 g (62gr) dual core ball cartridge w/steel core, similar to M855/SS109, designed for and used by the German [[Bundeswehr]] with NATO approval (AC/225-125A), produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH.<ref name=MENC2015>{{cite web |url=http://www.centrostudicerletti.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/products_05-2015_WEB.pdf |title=Product catalog of Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH |date=2015 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.centrostudicerletti.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/products_05-2015_WEB.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM18, ''Manöver'' ("Maneuver")''': Blanks with brass base, produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH.<ref name="MENC2015"/>
*'''Patrone AA63, 5.56×45mm, DM21, ''Leuchtspur'' (Tracer) [Orange tip]''': 5.56×45mm tracer complement to DM11, also produced by [[RUAG]] Ammotec.
*'''Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM31, ''Hartkern'' ("Hard-core", or Armor Piercing)''': 5.56×45mm 4.0 g (62gr) armor piercing cartridge w/tungsten carbide core, produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH.<ref name="MENC2015"/>
*'''Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM38, ''Übung'' ("Practice")''': 5.56×45mm 0.5 g (7.70gr) plastic training cartridge, plastic case cartridge colored light blue with a light 7.7-grain plastic bullet designed for short ranges with a dangerous space under 400-metre, produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH.<ref name="MENC2015"/>
*'''Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM41 A1, ''Weichkern''''': 5.56×45mm 4.0 g (62gr) [[Full metal jacket bullet|FMJ]] cartridge, similar to M855/SS109 but without the steel penetrator tip, produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH.<ref name="MENC2015"/>
*'''Patrone, 5.56×45mm, DM51''': 5.56×45mm 3.6 g (55gr) deformation pure copper cartridge designed for high energy transfer to soft targets, produced by Metallwerk Elisenhütte GmbH.<ref name="MENC2015"/>

===Japan===
* '''Cartridge, Ball, Type 89'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howa.co.jp/products/firer/defense/product02.html|title=89式5.56mm小銃|access-date=Apr 27, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://judgit.net/payees/7180001079431|title=旭精機工業株式会社|access-date=Apr 27, 2024}}</ref>
* '''Cartridge, Ball, Type 89(C)'''<ref>{{cite web|url= https://nsearch.jp/nyusatsu_ankens/639368471a8b9811a9477017|title= 89式5.56mm普通弾(C)|access-date=April 27, 2024}}</ref>
* '''Cartridge, Ball, Type 89(C), Linked'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nsearch.jp/nyusatsu_ankens/61a9f2cd02e2e34f3c8f5001|title=89式5.56mm普通弾(C),リンク |access-date=April 27, 2024}}</ref>
* '''J3''' : 5.56×45mm bullet weights 12 grams, made from steel and red brass, and uses a double-base powder, specifically made for Japan’s new [[Howa Type 20|Type 20]] rifle, which will replace the [[Howa Type 89|Type 89]] rifle in Japan Ground Self Defence Force service. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://euro-sd.com/2023/03/news/30540/dsei-japan-2023-japanese-mod-unveils-new-5-56-mm-high-power-ammunition/|title= DSEI Japan 2023: Japanese MoD Unveils New 5.56 mm High-Power Ammunition|date=Mar 22, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.overtdefense.com/2023/03/24/dsei-japan-2023-jgsdfs-new-type-20-howa-rifle-on-display/|title=DSEI Japan 2023: JGSDF's New Howa Type 20 Rifle on Display|date=Mar 24, 2023}}</ref>

===South Africa===
Packaging configurations for all ammunition natures {{circa|2010}} consisted of a plastic 8217 box containing 2,700 rounds divided across nine PVC bags of ten thirty-round cartons each and a conventional M2A1 box containing 800 rounds divided across forty twenty-round cartons each. For linked ammunition, configurations consisted of a plastic 7716 box containing 2,000 linked rounds divided across five plastic 7815 cases of two 200-round belts each and a conventional M2A1 box containing 800 linked rounds divided across four 200-round belts each.<ref name="denelpmp">{{cite book |author1=Denel PMP |author1-link=Denel |title=DENEL PMP Products Brochure |date=c. 2010 |pages=4–5}}</ref>
Unless stated otherwise, all ammunition listed is or was produced by [[Pretoria Metal Pressings]] which is a division of [[Denel]].
*'''Round, 5.56×45mm, Ball, R1M1/M2''': M193 equivalent with Boxer (R1M1) or Berdan (R1M2) primers produced from 1977 to 1983.<ref name="cartcollectorammo">{{cite web |title=5.56 X 45 (.223 Remington) - RSA |url=https://www.cartridgecollector.net/556-x-45-223-remington-rsa |website=Cartridge Collector.net |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Round, 5.56×45mm, Tracer, R1M1/M2''': M196 equivalent produced from 1979 to 1983.<ref name="cartcollectorammo"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Round, 5.56×45mm, Drill, R1M1/M2''': Drill round produced from 1978 to 1983.<ref name="cartcollectorammo"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Cartridge, 5.56×45mm, Blank, R1M1/M2''': M200 equivalent produced from 1978 to 1983.<ref name="cartcollectorammo"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Cartridge, 5.56×45mm, Rifle Grenade Launching, R1M1''': Grenade-launching cartridge produced from 1979 to 1983.<ref name="cartcollectorammo"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Round, 5.56×45mm, Proof, R1M1/M2''': Proof round produced from 1979 to 1983, identifiable by honey colouring on the tip and base until 1982 when this was switched to yellow. A warmer round variation exists which is identifiable by purple colouring on the tip, base, or both.<ref name="cartcollectorammo"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Round, 5.56×45mm, Ball, M1A2/A3/A4''': M193 equivalent with Berdan primers from 1983 onwards.<ref name="cartcollectorammo"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2021}}<ref name="denelpmp" /><ref name=defencewebammo>{{cite web |title=SANDF replenishes ammunition |url=https://www.defenceweb.co.za/joint/logistics/sandf-replenishes-ammunition/ |website=DefenceWeb.co.za |access-date=20 July 2021 |date=28 March 2011}}</ref>
*'''Round, 5.56×45mm, Tracer, M2A2/A3/A4''': M196 equivalent produced from 1983 onwards.<ref name="cartcollectorammo"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Cartridge, 5.56×45mm, Blank, M4A2-A7''': M200 equivalent produced from 1983 onwards.<ref name="cartcollectorammo"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2021}}<ref name="denelpmp" />
*'''Cartridge, 5.56×45mm, Rifle Grenade Launching, M5A1/A2/A3''': Grenade-launching cartridge produced from 1983 onwards.<ref name="cartcollectorammo"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Round, 5.56×45mm, High Pressure Proof, M13A2/A3/A4''': Proof round produced from 1983 onwards, identifiable by yellow colouring on the tip, base, or both. A warmer round variation exists with purple colouring.<ref name="cartcollectorammo"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Round, 5.56×45mm, Drill, M14A2/A3/A4''': Drill round produced from 1983 onwards.<ref name="cartcollectorammo"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Round, 5.56×45mm, Ball, Manna''': M1-type round with thin-walled jacket produced from 1986 onwards.<ref name="cartcollectorammo"/>{{better source needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Round, 5.56×45mm, Ball, M193''': M193 equivalent produced for export sales.<ref name="denelpmp" />
*'''Round, 5.56×45mm, Ball, SS109/M855''': FN SS109 equivalent produced for export sales.<ref name="denelpmp" />
*'''Round, 5.56×45mm, Tracer, M196''': M196 equivalent produced for export sales.<ref name="denelpmp" />
*'''Cartridge, 5.56×45mm, Blank, M200''': M200 equivalent produced for export sales.<ref name="denelpmp" />

===Switzerland===
*'''5,6mm Gw Pat 90''': The 63-grain 5.56×45mm ''Gewehrpatrone 90'' / ''5,6mm Gw Pat 90'' ("5.6-mm Rifle Cartridge 90") is the Swiss Army's standard 5.56mm Ball round. It is optimized for use with the [[SIG 550|Sturmgewehr 90]] service rifle, both which were adopted in 1987. The Sturmgewehr 90 rifled barrel has 6 right-hand grooves and a Swiss Army specification 254&nbsp;mm (1:10 in) rifling twist rate. The original cupronickel-plated steel-jacketed bullet and Berdan primer was replaced by a tombac-jacketed bullet and lead-free Boxer primer. Since 1997 most components of the round are made in Switzerland.

===United Kingdom===
Military ammunition is generally provided in H83 [[ammunition box]]es containing 800<ref name=l2a2h83>{{cite book |author1=Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) |author1-link=Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) |title=Joint Service Publication 482, Ministry of Defence Explosives Regulations |date=2013 |page=1 |edition=4 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/198313/C29_Edt4_FINAL.pdf#page=19 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/198313/C29_Edt4_FINAL.pdf#page=19 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-07-26 |chapter=Chapter 29, Storage Regulations for Cadet Units Holding SAA Only, Annex A, Identification of SAA from its Package Markings}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=5.56mm Ball |url=https://www.baesystems.com/en/product/556mm-ball |publisher=[[BAE Systems]] |access-date=8 July 2023 |date=21 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709065345/https://www.baesystems.com/en/product/556mm-ball|archive-date=July 9, 2023}}</ref> or 900 rounds, with these containing either cardboard cartons of twenty rounds each, cardboard cartons of thirty rounds each (900-round H83s only), or nylon bandoliers with five pockets containing three ten-round charger clips each for a total of 150 rounds per bandolier (900-round H83s only). In addition to these H83 configurations, blank rounds can come in wire-bound wooden boxes containing 1,000 rounds in twenty-round cartons.<ref name=AC71807C>{{cite book |author=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)]] |title=Army Code No. 71807-C, Cadet Training, The L98A2 Cadet GP Rifle (5.56 mm), L86A2 Light Support Weapon and Associated Equipment |year=2014}}</ref> Linked ammunition is supplied in H83 boxes that contain belts of the desired quantity and link configuration (e.g. a 800-round box consisting of belts arranged in a sequence of four ball rounds followed by one tracer round).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chittock |first1=Andrew |title=5.56mm link 5ball 1 tracer the tracer have red tips |url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-556mm-link-5ball-1-tracer-the-tracer-have-red-tips-35232873.html |publisher=[[Alamy]] |access-date=8 July 2023 |date=21 January 2011}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2023}}
*'''Round, 5.56mm Ball, M193''': M193 equivalent produced by [[ROF Radway Green|Radway Green]] (though some quantities of Hirtenberger Patronen-produced rounds were imported)<ref name=hirtenbergerm193 /><ref name=94mmlawandl2gren>{{cite hansard |title=Written Answers: Defence: Sennybridge Range |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199293/cmhansrd/1993-07-26/Writtens-23.html |house=House of Commons |date=26 July 1993 |column_start=737 |column_end=739 |access-date=27 July 2021 |archive-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720215611/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199293/cmhansrd/1993-07-26/Writtens-23.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baesystems.com/en/product/small-arms-ammunition |title=Small Arms Ammunition |website=BAE Systems|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211113454/https://www.baesystems.com/en/product/small-arms-ammunition|archive-date=December 11, 2021}}</ref>
*'''Round, 5.56mm Ball, L2A1/A2''': FN SS109 equivalent produced by Radway Green.<ref name=94mmlawandl2gren /><ref name=militarycartridges>{{cite web |url=http://militarycartridges.nl/uk/5_56x45mm.htm |title=British Military Cartridges: The 5.56x45mm |access-date=2012-05-01 |website=Military Cartridges |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826183421/http://militarycartridges.nl/uk/5_56x45mm.htm |archive-date=2012-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) |author1-link=Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) |title=Joint Service Publication 482, Ministry of Defence Explosives Regulations |date=2013 |page=9 |edition=4 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/198311/C27_Edt4_FINAL.pdf#page=9 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/198311/C27_Edt4_FINAL.pdf#page=9 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-01 |chapter=Chapter 27, Free From Explosives Regulations}}</ref><ref name=l2a2h83 /><ref name=jsp403fivefivesix>{{cite book |author1=Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) |author1-link=Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) |title=Joint Service Publication 403, Handbook of Defence Land Ranges Safety |date=2013 |page=3 |edition=3 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/138220/JSP403_Vol2_Chap02_DLRSC.pdf#page=3 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/138220/JSP403_Vol2_Chap02_DLRSC.pdf#page=3 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2021 |chapter=Chapter 2, Range design criteria and specifications}}</ref><ref name="CR561">{{cite web |title=The Cartridge Researcher No. 561 |url=https://munizioni.altervista.org/bollettini/CR561.pdf#page=12 |publisher=[[European Cartridge Research Association]] |access-date=12 April 2022 |date=January 2012  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020062139/https://munizioni.altervista.org/bollettini/CR561.pdf#page=12 |archive-date=20 October 2022 }}</ref>
*'''Round, 5.56mm Ball, L3A1''': M193 equivalent produced by Hirtenberger Patronen for use in [[AR-15]] weapons and the [[Heckler & Koch HK33|HK 53 (L101A1/A2) rifle]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://forum.cartridgecollectors.org/t/hirtenberger-5-56mm-l3a1-ball-box-for-uk/33836 |title=Hirtenberger 5.56mm L3A1 Ball box for UK |website=General Ammunition Discussion - International Ammunition Association Web Forum |date=June 21, 2019 |access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2021}}
*'''Round, 5.56mm Ball, L7A1''': Produced by Hirtenberger Patronen<ref name="CR561" />
*'''Round, 5.56mm Ball, L15A1/A2''': FN SS109 equivalent produced by Radway Green, optimised for use in AR-15 weapons such as the [[Diemaco C8SFW|L119A1/A2 rifle]].<ref name=militarycartridges /><ref name="homeofficebodyarmourstandard">{{cite web |author=[[Home Office]] |title=Body Armour Standard (2017) |year=2017 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/634517/Home_Office_Body_Armour_Standard.pdf#page=36 |access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="BAEammo16">{{cite web |url=http://quarryhs.co.uk/BAEammo16.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://quarryhs.co.uk/BAEammo16.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=BAE Systems develops improved small-calibre ammunition for UK military |last=Williams |first=Anthony G. |website=Aerospace, Defense & Security |date=March 8, 2016 |access-date=February 21, 2022}}</ref><ref name=carammo>{{cite web |author1=Conflict Armament Research |author1-link=Conflict Armament Research |title=Non-state Armed Groups in the Central African Republic - Types and sources of documented arms and ammunition |url=https://www.conflictarm.com/car_publications/NONSTATE_ARMED_GROUPS_IN_CENTRAL_AFRICAN_REPUBLIC.pdf#page=21 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.conflictarm.com/car_publications/NONSTATE_ARMED_GROUPS_IN_CENTRAL_AFRICAN_REPUBLIC.pdf#page=21 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2021 |date=2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.find-tender.service.gov.uk/Notice/017725-2021?origin=SearchResults&p=1 |title=701577419 - Army Special Operations Brigade Rifle Procurement and Support of an Armalite Rifle (AR) platform Alternative Individual Weapon (AIW) System |website=Find a Tender|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417103323/https://www.find-tender.service.gov.uk/Notice/017725-2021?origin=SearchResults&p=1|archive-date=April 17, 2023}}</ref><ref name="CR561" />
*'''Round, 5.56mm Ball, L17A1/A2''': FN SS109 equivalent produced by Radway Green, optimised for use with [[SA80]] weapons.<ref name="homeofficebodyarmourstandard"/><ref name="BAEammo16"/><ref>{{cite book |author1=Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) |author1-link=Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) |title=Joint Service Publication 482, Ministry of Defence Explosives Regulations |date=2013 |page=12 |edition=4 |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/198311/C27_Edt4_FINAL.pdf#page=12 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/198311/C27_Edt4_FINAL.pdf#page=12 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-04-01 |chapter=Chapter 27, Free From Explosives Regulations}}</ref><ref name=AC71807C /><ref name="CR561" />
*'''Round, 5.56mm Ball, L21A1''': FN SS109 equivalent produced by [[RUAG]].<ref name="CR561" />
*'''Round, 5.56mm Ball, L31A1''': New "Enhanced Performance" design produced by Radway Green since 2016, based on the FN SS109 round but featuring an all-steel bullet for improved penetration and giving similar performance in both AR-15 and SA80 weapons.<ref name="BAEammo16"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2016/08/23/new-ammo-british-troops-uk-develops-effective-5-56mm-7-62mm-ammunition/ |title=New Ammo for British Troops: UK Develops More Effective 5.56mm and 7.62mm Ammunition |date=23 August 2016 |website=The Firearm Blog|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408010215/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2016/08/23/new-ammo-british-troops-uk-develops-effective-5-56mm-7-62mm-ammunition/|archive-date=April 8, 2023}}</ref>
*'''Round, 5.56mm Tracer, L1A1/A2 [Red tip]''': Tracer round complement to L2A1/A2, produced by Radway Green.<ref name=94mmlawandl2gren /><ref name=militarycartridges /><ref name=jsp403fivefivesix /><ref name="CR561" />
*'''Round, 5.56mm Tracer, L16A1 [Red tip]''': Tracer round complement to L15A1/A2 and L17A1/A2, produced by Radway Green.<ref name=carammo /><ref name="CR561" />
*'''Round, 5.56mm Tracer, L22A1 [Red tip]''': Tracer round complement to L21A1, produced by RUAG.
*'''Round, 5.56mm Tracer, L26A1 [Red tip]'''<ref name="CR561" />
*'''Round, 5.56mm Armour Piercing, L23A1'''<ref name="CR561" />
*'''Round, 5.56mm Reduced Range Low Penetration, L24A1'''<ref name="CR561" />
*'''Round, 5.56mm Close Quarter Training, L25A1'''<ref name="CR561" />
*'''Round, 5.56mm Marker Blue, L28A1'''<ref name="CR561" />
*'''Round, 5.56mm Marker Red, L29A1'''<ref name="CR561" />
*'''Cartridge, 5.56mm Blank, L1A1/A2/A3 [crimped tip]''': Blank training round complement to L2A1/A2, produced by Radway Green.<ref name=94mmlawandl2gren /><ref name=militarycartridges /><ref name="CR561" />
*'''Cartridge, 5.56mm Blank, L8A1 [crimped tip]''': Blank training round produced by DAG.<ref name="CR561" />
*'''Cartridge, 5.56mm Blank, L18A1 [crimped tip]''': Blank training round complement to L17A1/A2, produced by Radway Green.<ref name=AC71807C/><ref name="CR561" />
*'''Cartridge, 5.56mm Blank, L27A1 [crimped tip]'''<ref name="CR561" />
*'''Round, Drill, L1A1 [chromed body]''': 5.56×45mm inert training round, produced by Radway Green.

===United States===
[[File:Ammunition Belt 5.56 mm.jpg|thumb|right|M855 and M856 cartridges in an ammunition belt using [[M27 link|M27 disintegrating links]]]]
Military ammunition was packed exclusively in 20-round cartons from 1963 to 1966. In late 1966, the 10-round stripper clip and magazine-charging adapter were introduced and ammunition began being packed in clips in bandoleers. Typical packaging configurations for M2A1-type ammunition boxes include 840 rounds of ball ammunition in ten-round stripper clips,<ref>{{cite web |author1=Cpl. Aneshea S. Yee |title=Alpha Co. Table Two |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/image/829046/alpha-co-table-two |publisher=[[DVIDS]] |access-date=8 July 2023 |date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708153523/https://www.dvidshub.net/image/829046/alpha-co-table-two|archive-date=July 8, 2023}}</ref> 1,140 rounds of blank ammunition in cartons,<ref>{{cite web |author1=Staff Sgt. Joy Dulen |title=Best Warrior Competition 2012 |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/image/746668/best-warrior-competition-2012 |publisher=[[DVIDS]] |access-date=8 July 2023 |date=17 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708153523/https://www.dvidshub.net/image/746668/best-warrior-competition-2012|archive-date=July 8, 2023}}</ref> and 800 [[M27 link|linked]] rounds irrespective of ammunition natures.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Lance Cpl. Aaron J. Rock |title=060927-M-1152R-033 |url=https://www.marines.mil/Photos/igphoto/169068/ |publisher=[[United States Marine Corps]] |access-date=8 July 2023 |date=27 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708162037/https://www.marines.mil/Photos/igphoto/169068/|archive-date=July 8, 2023}}</ref> Typical wire-bound wooden box capacities include 1,680 rounds<ref>{{cite web |last1=Strasser |first1=Ben |title=Ammo load |url=https://www.wpafb.af.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2000653020/ |publisher=[[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] |access-date=8 July 2023 |date=5 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708164552/https://www.wpafb.af.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2000653020/|archive-date=July 8, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Senior Airman Shandresha Mitchell |title=MacDill has munitions…? |url=https://www.macdill.af.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2001059056/ |publisher=[[MacDill Air Force Base]] |access-date=8 July 2023 |date=23 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708192703/https://www.macdill.af.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2001059056/|archive-date=July 8, 2023}}</ref> and 1,600 rounds.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Senior Airman Joao Marcus Costa |title=35th Munitions Flight conducts retrograde |url=https://www.5af.pacaf.af.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2003040061/ |publisher=[[5th Air Force]] |access-date=8 July 2023 |date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708164555/https://www.5af.pacaf.af.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2003040061/|archive-date=July 8, 2023}}</ref>

====US Army====
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Ball, M193''': 5.56×45mm 55-grain [3.56 g] ball cartridge. This was type-standardized and designated by the US Army in September, 1963.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Grenade, M195 [Crimped tip with Red lacquer seal]''': 5.56×45mm high-pressure grenade-launching blank.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Tracer, M196 [Red or Orange tip]''': 5.56×45mm 54-grain [3.43 g] tracer cartridge.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, High Pressure Test (HPT), M197''' [stannic-stained or nickel-plated case]: High-pressure Testing cartridge used when proofing weapons during manufacture, test, or repair.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Dummy, M199 [No primer, Fluted case]''': 5.56×45mm inert cartridge with fluted indentations in the case. Used for loading and unloading drills during basic training.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Blank, M200 [Crimped tip with Violet lacquer seal]''': 5.56×45mm training blank cartridge.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Ball, M202''': 5.56×45mm 58-grain FN SSX822 cartridge.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Dummy, M232 [No primer, Black-anodized case and bullet]''': 5.56×45mm inert cartridge. Used for testing rifle mechanisms.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Ball, XM287''': 5.56×45mm 68-grain ball cartridge produced by Industries Valcartier, Inc. An Improved version was also produced designated '''XM779'''.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Tracer, XM288''': 5.56×45mm 68-grain tracer cartridge produced by Industries Valcartier, Inc. An Improved version was also produced designated '''XM780'''.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Grenade, M755 [Crimped tip with Yellow lacquer seal]''': 5.56×45mm grenade launching blank specifically for the 64mm [[M234 launcher]]. The original white lacquer seal was discontinued due to excessive bore fouling. Its design is otherwise an exact duplicate of the M195 Grenade cartridge.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Ball, XM777''': 5.56×45mm ball cartridge. An attempt to create a 55-grain SS109-style Semi-Armor-Piercing round that weighed the same as the M193 and could use the same US-standard 1-in-12-inch rifling. It replaced the 6×45mm SAW round as the baseline cartridge for the Squad Automatic Weapon trials in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Tracer, XM778''': 5.56×45mm tracer cartridge mated with the XM777 Semi-Armor-Piercing cartridge.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Ball, M855 [Green tip]''': 5.56×45mm 62-grain FN SS109-equivalent ball cartridge with a steel penetrator tip over a lead core in a full copper jacket. It is designed to penetrate lightly armored targets, such as body armor or light vehicles, and has a steel core that provides increased penetration.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Ball, M855LF ''Lead Free'' [Green tip]''': 62-grain bullet with a steel penetrator tip over a tungsten-composite core in a full copper jacket. Primarily used during training in countries with strict lead disposal laws.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Ball, M855A1 ''Enhanced Performance Round'' [unpainted steel penetrator tip]''' (2010–Present): 62-grain bullet w/ a 19-grain steel penetrator tip over a copper alloy core in a partial copper jacket.<ref name="eprtip">{{cite web |url=http://www.aschq.army.mil/ac/aais/ioc/LCAAP/Industry_Day/634272332137343750.pdf |title=M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round (EPR) |website=U.S. Army Sustainment Command  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922062140/http://www.aschq.army.mil/ac/aais/ioc/LCAAP/Industry_Day/634272332137343750.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2013}}</ref>
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Tracer, M856 [Orange tip]''': 5.56×45mm 63.7-grain FN L110 tracer cartridge. Provides red visible light and lacks a steel penetrator.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Tracer, M856A1 [Red tip]''': 5.56×45mm 56-grain Lead Free slug (LF) Tracer with similar ballistic performance to the M855A1 and improved {{convert|70|to|900|m|yd|abbr=on}} visible trace to range consistency.<ref name="m856a1">{{cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2010armament/ThursdayLandmarkBJeffreyWoods.pdf |title=Small Caliber Ammunition Enhancing Capabilities |date=20 May 2010 |website=DTIC |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130074327/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2010armament/ThursdayLandmarkBJeffreyWoods.pdf |archive-date=30 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.northropgrumman.com/what-we-do/land/armament-systems-and-ammunition |title=Armament Systems and Ammunition |website=Northrop Grumman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327081108/https://www.northropgrumman.com/what-we-do/land/armament-systems-and-ammunition/|archive-date=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Plastic, Practice, M862 [Brass primer, Aluminum case and Blue plastic projectile]''': ''Short Range Training Ammo'' (SRTA) uses a light plastic bullet with a maximum range of just 250 meters. Because the M862 has less energy, the M2 training bolt must be used in the M16 Rifle / M4 Carbine for the weapon to cycle properly. The M2 training bolt and M862 cartridge case use a smaller-than-standard head diameter as a safety feature: this prevents standard ammunition from being able to be chambered or fired. The M862 SRTA is typically used for training on shooting ranges that are limited in size, such as near built-up or populated areas.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Armor Piercing, M995 [Black tip]''': 5.56×45mm 52-grain AP cartridge with a tungsten core.
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Tracer, XM996 [Crimson tip]''': So-called "Dim Tracer" with reduced effect primarily for use with night vision devices.

====US Air Force====
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.64&nbsp;mm, Ball, MLU-26/P''' '''(''Munition, Live, Unit #26 / Personnel use'')'''<ref>{{cite book |title=USAF Technical Manual TO-11W3-5-5-1, Rifle, 5,56mm, M16 |date=31 August 1963 |publisher=Office of the Secretary of the Air Force}}</ref> ([[National Stock Number|Federal Stock Number (FSN)]]: 1305-968-5892, DOD Identification Code (DODIC): A066; assigned 1 January 1962): Early USAF designation for a 55-grain 5.56×45mm FMJ Boat-Tailed ball cartridge produced by Remington-Union Metallic Cartridge Company. It was their designation for the commercial 55-grain .223 Remington M.C. ("Metallic-Cased", or Full Metal Jacketed) cartridge, which the Air Force initially designated "5.64&nbsp;mm" ([[.222 Remington|.222 caliber]]) rather than 5.56&nbsp;mm (.218 caliber). The first order in 1963 (headstamped RA 63 or REM-UMC 63) consisted of 8.5 million rounds and was procured for testing, training and [[unconventional warfare]] use with the XM16 rifle. The cartridges came packed unclipped in white 20-round commercial ammunition cartons, packed 35 cartons (700 rounds) per M2A1 ammo can, and shipped two M2A1 cans (1400 rounds in total) per wire-bound plywood crate. Until the Army's adoption of the M193 Ball round, this was the only type of military 5.56mm ammunition available in the South-East Asia theater.

====US Navy & US Marine Corps====
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Frangible, MK 255 MOD 0 [White Tip]''': 5.56×45mm 62-grain ''Reduced Ricochet Limited Penetration'' (RRLP) round with copper/polymer composite core for training and operational use.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2006smallarms/kim.pdf |title=5.56MM Reduced Ricochet Limited Penetration (RRLP), MK 255 Mod 0 |website=DTIC |access-date=2013-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719123401/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2006smallarms/kim.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-19 }}</ref>
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm, Special Ball, Long Range, Mk 262 MOD 0/1''': 5.56×45mm 77-grain Open-Tipped Match/Hollow-Point Boat-Tail cartridge. MOD 0 features Sierra Matchking bullet, while MOD 1 features either Nosler or Sierra bullet.
*'''Cartridge, 5.56×45mm, semi-jacketed Frangible, MK 311 MOD 0 ''': ''Reduced Ricochet Limited Penetration (R2LP)'' round, 50-grain frangible bullet intended for training. Produced by Western Cartridge Company (headstamp: WCC).
*'''Cartridge, Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm Ball, Enhanced 5.56&nbsp;mm Carbine, MK318 MOD 0''': 5.56×45mm 62-grain Open-Tipped Match Boat-Tail cartridge. Optimized for use with 14-inch barreled weapons like the M4A1 Carbine and [[FN SCAR|MK16 SCAR]] and designed to penetrate light barriers like windshields or car doors with no loss of accuracy or damage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/02/marine_SOST_ammo_021510w/ |title=Corps to use more lethal ammo in Afghanistan |first=Dan |last=Lamothe |date=February 16, 2010 |website=Marine Corps Times  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422075830/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/02/marine_SOST_ammo_021510w/ |archive-date=2010-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2009infantrysmallarms/tuesdaysessioniii8524.pdf |title=U.S. Navy Small Arms Ammunition Advancements |date=2009 |website=DTIC  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011094032/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2009infantrysmallarms/tuesdaysessioniii8524.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2010}}</ref> Since designated as ''Caliber 5.56&nbsp;mm Ball, Carbine, Barrier''.

===SS109/M855===
In 1970, NATO decided to standardize a second rifle caliber. Tests were conducted from 1977 to 1980 using U.S. XM777 5.56&nbsp;mm, Belgian SS109 5.56&nbsp;mm, British [[4.85×49mm]], and German [[4.73×33mm|4.7×33mm]] [[caseless]]. No weapon could be agreed upon, as many were prototypes, but the SS109 was found to be the best round and standardized on 28 October 1980. The '''SS109''' was developed in the 1970s for the [[FN FNC]] rifle and the [[FN Minimi]] machine gun. To increase the range of the Minimi, the round was created to penetrate 3.5&nbsp;mm of steel at 600 meters. The SS109 had a steel tip and lead rear and was not required to penetrate body armor. Barrels required at least a 1:9 in rifle twist, but needed a 1:7 in rifle twist to fire tracer ammunition.<ref name="noproblem" /><ref name="ss109" /><ref name="sost" /> The U.S. designated the SS109 cartridge the '''M855''' and first used it in the M16A2 rifle. The 62-grain round was heavier than the previous 55-grain M193. While the M855 had better armor penetrating ability, it is less likely to fragment after hitting a soft target. This lessens kinetic energy transfer to the target and reduces wounding capability.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/02/how-reliable-is-the-m-16-rifle/ |title=How Reliable Is the M-16 Rifle? |first=C.J. |last=Chivers |date=November 2, 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722171947/http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/02/how-reliable-is-the-m-16-rifle/ |archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> The M855 is yaw dependent, meaning it depends on the angle upon which it hits the target. If at a good angle, the round turns as it enters soft tissue, breaking apart and transferring its energy to what it hits. If impacting at a bad angle, it could pass through and fail to transfer its full energy.<ref name="yaw" /> The SS109 was made to pierce steel helmets at long range from the Minimi, not improve terminal performance on soft tissue from rifles or carbines.<ref name="sadj" /> In Iraq, troops that engaged insurgents at less than 150 yards found that M855 rounds did not provide enough stopping power. In addition to not causing lethal effects with two or more rounds, they did not effectively penetrate vehicle windshields, even with many rounds fired at extremely close range.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.armytimes.com/article/20100402/NEWS/4020308/Army-won-t-field-deadlier-Corps-round |title=Army won't field deadlier Corps round |first=Matthew |last=Cox |date=2 April 2010 |newspaper=Army Times|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130905012146/http://www.armytimes.com/article/20100402/NEWS/4020308/Army-won-t-field-deadlier-Corps-round|archive-date= September 5, 2013}}</ref> In Afghanistan, troops found that M855 rounds also suffered at long ranges. Although 5.56&nbsp;mm rifles have an effective range of 450–600 meters, the M855 bullet's performance falls off sharply beyond 300 meters. The ranges are even shorter for short-barreled carbines. Half of small-arms attacks were launched from 300 to 900 meter ranges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/future%20small%20arms.htm |title=Future Infantry Small Arms |date=September 2012 |website=Anthony G. Williams  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226190633/http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/future%20small%20arms.htm |archive-date=26 December 2012}}</ref> An M855 fired from an M4 Carbine has severely degraded performance beyond 150 meters.<ref name="sadj" />

The maximum effective point target range of an M4 carbine with M855 rounds is {{convert|500|m|yd|0|abbr=on}}, with a maximum effective area target range of {{convert|600|m|yd|0|abbr=on}}. These mark the greatest distances the rounds can be expected to accurately hit the target, not the ranges that they have terminal effectiveness against them. Because the M855 is yaw dependent it requires instability in flight to deform upon hitting the target. It is the most stable in flight between {{convert|150|-|350|m|yd|0|abbr=on}}, potentially lessening its effectiveness if it strikes an enemy between those distances. In addition to this, tests have shown that 5.56&nbsp;mm bullets fragment most reliably when traveling faster than {{convert|2500|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}. From full-length {{convert|20|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} rifle and machine gun barrels, rounds exhibit velocities above {{convert|2500|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} out to {{convert|200|m|yd|0|abbr=on}}. An M855 fired from a shorter barreled M4 carbine exhibits a bullet velocity of {{convert|2522|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} at {{convert|150|m|yd|0|abbr=on}} range. Even if it impacts at optimum speeds, 70 percent of 5.56&nbsp;mm bullets will not begin to yaw until {{convert|4.7|in|mm|abbr=on}} of tissue penetration. 15 percent more begin to yaw after that distance, so up to 85 percent of rounds that hit do not start to fragment until nearly 5&nbsp;in of penetration. Against small statured or thin combatants, the M855 has little chance of yawing before passing through cleanly and leaving a wound cavity no bigger than the bullet itself. The factors of impact angle and velocity, instability distance, and penetration before yaw reduce the round's predictable effectiveness considerably in combat situations.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA512331.pdf |last=Ehrhart |first=Thomas P. |title=Increasing Small Arms Lethality in Afghanistan: Taking Back the Infantry Half Kilometer |pages=25–28 |date=2009-05-21 |location=Fort Leavenworth, Kansas |publisher=School of Advanced Military Studies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517192433/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA512331.pdf|archive-date=May 17, 2023}}</ref>

===M855A1===
[[File:5.56 M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round.jpg|thumb|M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round and its environmentally friendly (lead-free) projectile]]
The '''M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round''' (EPR) was introduced in June 2010. It features a lead-free 62 grain (4.0 g) projectile with a solid copper core, and is tailored for use in rifles with shorter barrels such as the M4 carbine. It provides more consistent performance compared to the M855.<ref name="m856a1"/>

====Deployment====
On 24 June 2010, the United States Army announced it began shipping its new 5.56&nbsp;mm cartridge, the '''M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round''' (EPR), to active combat zones. During testing, the M855A1 performed better than [[7.62×51mm NATO|M80 7.62×51mm NATO]] ball ammunition against certain types of targets (particularly hardened steel). However, this was due to the addition of the steel penetrator to the M855A1 projectile compared to the standard lead-alloy core of the M80 projectile and is not an accurate comparison between the two cartridges. The US Army [[Picatinny Arsenal]] stated that the new M855A1 offers improved hard target capability, more consistent performance at all distances, enhanced dependability, improved accuracy, reduced muzzle flash, and higher velocity compared to the SS109/M855 round. Further, the Army stated the new M855A1 ammunition is tailored for use in [[M4 carbine]]s, but should also give enhanced performance in [[M16 rifle]]s and [[M249 light machine gun]]s. The new 62-grain (4 g) projectile used in the M855A1 round has a copper core with a 19-grain (1.2&nbsp;g) steel "stacked-cone" penetrating tip. The M855A1 cartridge is sometimes referred to as "[[green ammo]]" because it fires a lead free projectile.<ref name="eprtip"/><ref name="m856a1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pica.army.mil/PicatinnyPublic/highlights/archive/2010/06-24-10.asp |title=Army begins shipping improved 5.56mm cartridge |date=June 24, 2010 |website=Picatinny Arsenal  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601185932/http://www.pica.army.mil/PicatinnyPublic/highlights/archive/2010/06-24-10.asp |archive-date=1 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military.com/news/article/army-news/green-ammo-heads-to-afghanistan-.html |title='Green Ammo' Heads to Afghanistan |date=June 24, 2010 |website=Military Daily News |access-date=2010-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823134022/http://www.military.com/news/article/army-news/green-ammo-heads-to-afghanistan-.html |archive-date=2010-08-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2010/06/u-s-army-issues-new-m855a1-ammo-to-troops-in-afghanistan/ |title=U.S. Army Issues New M855A1 Ammo to Troops in Afghanistan |date=June 29, 2010 |website=Accurate Shooter |access-date=2010-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812230956/http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2010/06/u-s-army-issues-new-m855a1-ammo-to-troops-in-afghanistan/ |archive-date=2011-08-12 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dailyrecord.com/article/20100627/COMMUNITIES/100624079/-Green-bullets-from-Picatinny-Arsenal-in-NJ-to-be-used-in-Afghanistan |title="Green" bullets from Picatinny Arsenal in NJ to be used in Afghanistan |date=2010-06-27 |newspaper=[[Daily Record (New Jersey)|Daily Record]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It is not necessarily more lethal than the SS109/M855, but performs more consistently every time it hits a soft target and retains its performance at longer distances. The EPR can penetrate a {{convert|3/8|in|mm|abbr=on}} thick mild steel barrier from an M4 at {{convert|350|m|yd|abbr=on}} and from an M16 at {{convert|400|m|yd|abbr=on}}. Compared to the SS109/M855 the M855A1 muzzle velocities are somewhat increased to {{convert|3150|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} (+{{convert|37|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}) for the [[M16 rifle|M16]] and {{convert|2970|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}} (+{{convert|54|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}) for the [[M4 carbine]].<ref name="EPR2012"/> Ballistics for both rounds are similar and do not require weapons to be re-zeroed, but if they are the EPR can be slightly more accurate. The steel-tip penetrator of the M855A1 is noticeably separated from the jacket of the bullet and can spin, but this is part of the design and does not affect performance. The M855A1 costs only 5 cents more per round than the M855.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=808 |title=Infantry Weapons Conference Report |first=Damon |last=Bolding |date=9 January 2012 |magazine=Small Arms Defense Journal |volume=3 |number=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108232630/http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=808 |archive-date=8 November 2014}}</ref> The M855A1 bullet has a {{convert|1/8|in|mm|abbr=on}} greater length than the SS109/M855.<ref name="americanrifleman21may14">{{cite web |url=http://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/testing-army-m855a1-standard-ball-cartridge |title=Testing The Army's M855A1 Standard Ball Cartridge |first=John L. |last=Plaster |date=May 21, 2014 |website=American Rifleman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011033446/http://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/testing-army-m855a1-standard-ball-cartridge |archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> Because steel and copper are less dense than lead, the bullet is lengthened inside the case to achieve the same weight as its predecessor.<ref name="AGWilliams"/> The longer bullet and reverse-drawn jacket make it more stable and accurate in-flight. Its steel tip is exposed from the jacket and bronzed for corrosion resistance. The tip is serrated and larger than the M855's steel tip. The M855A1's bullet composition, better aerodynamics, and higher proof pressures give it an extended effective range for penetration and terminal performance.<ref name="guns6sep12">{{cite web |url=http://www.guns.com/2012/09/06/new-m855a1-epr-enhanced-performance-round-camp-perry-101-abn-video/ |title=New M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round smashing expectations |first=Max |last=Slowik |date=6 September 2012 |website=Guns.com  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022449/http://www.guns.com/2012/09/06/new-m855a1-epr-enhanced-performance-round-camp-perry-101-abn-video/ |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> While effectiveness at different ranges is increased, the M855A1 does not increase the effective ranges at which weapons are expected to hit their targets. The Enhanced Performance Round was made to nearly match the trajectory of the M855 to aid in training consistency—the SS109/M855 [[ballistic coefficient]] (G7 BC) of 0.151 was improved to 0.152 for the M855A1<ref name="sadf">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=2414 |title=The 6.5×40 Cartridge: Longer Reach for the M4 & M16 |first=Damon |last=Bolding |date=26 March 2014 |magazine=Small Arms Defense Journal |volume=6 |number=1 |access-date=2015-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123095232/http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=2414 |archive-date=2015-01-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>—but the ranges to get desired effects are greatly extended.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/article/48657/ |title=Evolution of the M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round |first=Jeffrey K. |last=Woods |date=November 26, 2010 |website=U.S. Army |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420171100/http://www.army.mil/article/48657 |archive-date=20 April 2014}}</ref>

The [[United States Marine Corps]] purchased 1.8 million rounds in 2010, with plans to adopt the round to replace the interim MK318 SOST rounds used in Afghanistan when the M855A1 project was delayed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/07/marine_ammo_071110w/ |title=Corps takes a new look at green bullet |last1=Lamothe |first1=Dan |last2=Cox |first2=Matthew |date=12 July 2010 |newspaper=[[Marine Corps Times]] |access-date=12 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716220810/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/07/marine_ammo_071110w/ |archive-date=16 July 2010 }}</ref> The Marine Corps plans to adopt the M855A1 round in 2018; although testing revealed it caused "some durability issues" with the Marines' [[M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle]], the weapon is still "operationally suitable" when firing the round.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2017/12/11/new-in-2018-corps-adopts-m855a1-round/ |title=New in 2018: Corps adopts M855A1 round |first=Jeff |last=Schogol |date=December 11, 2017 |newspaper=Marine Corps Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211233651/https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2017/12/11/new-in-2018-corps-adopts-m855a1-round/ |archive-date=11 December 2017}}</ref>

On a media day at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]] on 4 May 2011, reports were given about the M855A1's performance in the field since it was issued 11 months earlier. One primary advantage given by the round is its consistent performance against soft targets. While the older SS109/M855 was yaw-dependent, which means its effectiveness depends on its yaw angle when it hits a target, the M855A1 delivers the same effectiveness in a soft target no matter its yaw angle. The new SMP-842 propellant in the round burns quicker in the shorter [[M4 carbine]] barrel, ensuring less muzzle flash and greater muzzle velocity. The M855A1 was able to penetrate {{convert|3/8|in|mm}} of mild steel plate at {{convert|300|m|yd|abbr=on}}. The round even penetrated concrete masonry units, similar to cinder blocks, at {{convert|75|m|yd|abbr=on}} from an [[M16 rifle|M16]] and at {{convert|50|m|yd|abbr=on}} from an M4, which the M855 could not do at those ranges. Its accuracy is maintained and sometimes increased, as it was able to shoot a group 2 inches better at {{convert|600|m|yd|abbr=on}}. February 2011 was the first time the M855A1 was used more than the M855, and approximately 30 million M855A1 rounds have been fielded from June 2010 to May 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pica.army.mil/PicatinnyPublic/news/archive/2011/05-09-11.asp |title=Picatinny's Enhanced Performance Round as effective as M855 round – consistently |first=Todd C. |last=Lopez |date=9 May 2011 |website=Picatinny Arsenal  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913080013/http://www.pica.army.mil/PicatinnyPublic/news/archive/2011/05-09-11.asp |archive-date=13 September 2012}}</ref>

The M855A1 was put to the test at the 2012 National Rifle Association's National High-Power Rifle Championship at Camp Perry, Ohio in August 2012. The shooter for the Army was Rob Harbison, a contractor supporting small caliber ammunition capability development at [[Fort Benning]] [[Georgia (U.S. State)|Georgia]]. This was a special event for the Project Manager for Maneuver Ammunition Systems and the Army's Maneuver Center of Excellence as it was an opportunity to showcase the capabilities of the Enhanced Performance Round. With an M16 loaded with M855A1 ammo, Harbison fired a perfect 200 points in the Coast Guard Trophy Match, which is 20 shots fired from the sitting position at 200 yards, finishing 17th out of 365 competitors. He also scored a perfect 100 on the final string of ten shots during the Air Force Cup Trophy Match, fired at 600 yards from the prone position, which is 10 shots in a row within the 12-inch, 10-point ring at 600 yards with combat ammunition. Harbison was happy with the performance of the EPR, with his scores showing that the Army's newest general purpose round is accurate enough to go toe-to-toe in the competition with the best ammo that can be bought or hand-loaded. Harbison even said, "I don't think I could have scored any higher if I was using match-grade competition ammunition."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/article/86321/ |title=Army's newest general purpose round shows accuracy in rifle competition |first=Eric |last=Kowal |date=August 28, 2012 |website=U.S. Army |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922012920/http://www.army.mil/article/86321/ |archive-date=22 September 2013}}</ref> The M855A1 was not fired from 1:7 rifled barrels used in standard Army rifles, but special Army Marksmanship Unit (AMU) match-grade 1:8 rifled barrels, which produce more accurate results when firing 62-grain rounds.<ref name="americanrifleman21may14"/>

From fielding in June 2010 to September 2012, [[Alliant Techsystems]] delivered over 350 million M855A1 Enhanced Performance Rounds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://atk.mediaroom.com/2012-09-13-ATK-Delivers-2-Billion-7.62mm-Rounds-to-the-U.S.-Army-from-the-Lake-City-Army-Ammunition-Plant-LCAAP |title=ATK Delivers More than 350 Million 5.56mm Enhanced Performance Rounds |date=13 September 2012 |website=[[Alliant Techsystems]]  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005032407/http://atk.mediaroom.com/2012-09-13-ATK-Delivers-2-Billion-7.62mm-Rounds-to-the-U.S.-Army-from-the-Lake-City-Army-Ammunition-Plant-LCAAP |archive-date=5 October 2012}}</ref>

Since its introduction, the M855A1 has been criticized for its St. Mark's SMP842 (former WC842) [[ball propellant]] causing increased fouling of the gun barrel. Post-combat surveys have reported no issues with the EPR in combat. A series of tests found no significant difference in fouling between the old M855 and the M855A1. However, manufacturers have reported "severe degradation" to barrels of their rifles using the M855A1 in tests.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://breakingdefense.com/2013/06/14/army-killed-new-carbine-because-it-wasnt-twice-as-good-as-current-m4/ |title=Army Killed New Carbine Because It Wasn't Twice As Reliable As Current M4 |first=Sydney J. Jr. |last=Freedberg |date=June 14, 2013 |website=Breaking Defense |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619035926/http://breakingdefense.com/2013/06/14/army-killed-new-carbine-because-it-wasnt-twice-as-good-as-current-m4/ |archive-date=19 June 2013}}</ref> The Army attributes pressure and wear issues with the M855A1 to problems with the primer, which they claim to have addressed with a newly designed primer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kitup.military.com/2011/05/data-dump-army-black-tip-ammo.html |title=Data Dump: Army 'Black Tip' Ammo |date=5 May 2011 |website=Military.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060040/http://kitup.military.com/2011/05/data-dump-army-black-tip-ammo.html |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> It uses a modified four-pronged primer anvil for more reliable powder ignition,<ref name="guns6sep12"/> with a stab crimp rather than a circumferential crimp to better withstand the new load's higher chamber pressure,<ref name="americanrifleman21may14"/> increased from {{convert|55000|psi|MPa|1|abbr=on}} to {{convert|62000|psi|MPa|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="sadefensejournal.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://smallarmssolutions.com/1/post/2017/11/the-m855a1.html |title=The M855A1 |date=November 12, 2017 |website=Small Arms Solutions, LLC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421061123/http://smallarmssolutions.com/1/post/2017/11/the-m855a1.html|archive-date=April 21, 2023}}</ref> During Army carbine testing, the round caused "accelerated bolt wear" from higher chamber pressure and increased bore temperatures. Special Operator testing saw cracks appear on locking lugs and bolts at cam pin holes on average at 6,000 rounds, but sometimes as few as 3,000 rounds during intense automatic firing. Firing several thousand rounds with such high chamber pressures can lead to degraded accuracy over time as parts wear out; these effects can be mitigated through a round counter to keep track of part service life. Weapons with barrel lengths shorter than the M4 firing the M855A1 also experience 50 percent higher pressures than a full-length M16 rifle barrel, which can cause port erosion that can boost the automatic fire rate, increasing the likelihood of jams.<ref name="americanrifleman21may14"/>

From June 2010 to June 2013, issuing of the M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round removed 1,994 metric tons of lead from the waste stream. {{convert|32|gr|1|order=flip}} of lead are eliminated from each M855A1 projectile.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/article/106710/Picatinny_ammo_goes_from_regular_to_unleaded/ |title=Picatinny ammo goes from regular to unleaded |first=Audra |last=Calloway |date=July 1, 2013 |website=U.S. Army |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706011639/http://www.army.mil/article/106710/Picatinny_ammo_goes_from_regular_to_unleaded |archive-date=6 July 2013}}</ref>

===Mk 262===
The '''Mk 262''' is a match-quality round manufactured by [[Black Hills Ammunition]] made originally for the [[Mk 12 Special Purpose Rifle|Special Purpose Rifle (SPR)]]. It uses a {{convert|77|gr|adj=on}} Sierra MatchKing bullet that is more effective at longer ranges than the standard issue M855 round.

In 1999, SOCOM requested Black Hills Ammunition to develop ammunition for the Mk 12 SPR that SOCOM was designing. For the rifle to be accurate out to 700 yards, Black Hills "militarized" a cartridge that used the Sierra 77 grain OTM (Open Tip Match) projectile; it switched from a .223 Remington to 5.56&nbsp;mm case, increased pressure loading, crimped and sealed the primer, and added a flash retardant to the powder. The Mk 262 MOD 0 was adopted in 2002. Issues came up in development including reliability problems in different temperatures and when the weapon got dirty, and cycling issues in cold weather due to the slightly shorter barrel of the SPR compared to the full-length M16A2 barrel. The problems were addressed with a slower burning powder with a different pressure for use in the barrel, creating the Mk 262 MOD 1 in 2003. During the product improvement stage, the new propellant was found to be more sensitive to heat in weapon chambers during rapid firings, resulting in increased pressures and failure to extract. This was addressed with another powder blend with higher heat tolerance and improved brass. Also during the stage, Black Hills wanted the bullet to be given a cannelure, which had been previously rejected for fear it would affect accuracy. It was eventually added for effective crimping to ensure that the projectile would not move back into the case and cause a malfunction during auto-load feeding. Although the temperature sensitive powder and new bullet changed specifications, the designation remained as the MOD 1.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=2387 |title=Black Hills Ammunition |first=Damon |last=Bolding |date=5 March 2014 |magazine=Small Arms Defense Journal |volume=6 |number=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025014437/http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=2387 |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref>

According to US DoD sources, the Mk 262 round is capable of making kills at 700 meters. Ballistics tests found that the round caused "consistent initial yaw in soft tissue" between 3 and 4 in at ranges from 15 feet to 300 meters. Apparently it is superior to the standard M855 round when fired from an M4 or M16 rifle, increasing accuracy from 3–5 minutes of angle to 2 minute of angle. It possesses superior stopping power, and can allow for engagements to be extended to up to 700 meters when fired from an 18-inch barrel. It appears that this round can drastically improve the performance of any AR-15 weapon chambered to .223/5.56&nbsp;mm. Superior accuracy, wounding capacity, stopping power and range have made this the preferred round of many special forces operators, and highly desirable as a replacement for the older, Belgian-designed 5.56×45mm SS109/M855 NATO round. In one engagement, a two-man special forces team reported 75 kills with 77 rounds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.gunsandammo.com/content/evolution-ar |title=Evolution of an AR - A look where the M16/AR-15 platform is headed |first=David |last=Fortier |date=July 2005 |website=Guns & Ammo  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915075030/http://archives.gunsandammo.com/content/evolution-ar |archive-date=2011-09-15}}</ref> The Mk 262 has a higher ballistic coefficient than the M855 of (G1)0.362 / (G7)0.181, meaning it loses less velocity at long-range.<ref name="sadf"/>

Black Hills also produces the MK262 Mod-1C for sale in the US civilian market under Product Code D556N9.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bulkmunitions.com/gun-store/5-56x45mm-77-gr-otm-black-hills-d556n9-500-rounds/ |title=5.56x45mm - 77 gr OTM - Black Hills (D556N9 - MK262 Mod 1-C) - 500 Rounds |website=Black Hills Ammunition|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206214940/https://bulkmunitions.com/gun-store/5-56x45mm-77-gr-otm-black-hills-d556n9-500-rounds/|archive-date=February 6, 2023}}</ref>

===Mk318===
Following early engagements in Afghanistan and Iraq, [[U.S. Special Operations Forces]] reported that M855 ammunition used in [[M4 Carbine|M4A1]] rifles was ineffective. In 2005, [[the Pentagon]] issued a formal request to the ammunition industry for "enhanced" ammunition. The only business that responded was the [[Federal Cartridge Company]], owned by [[Alliant Techsystems]]. Working with the [[Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division]], the team created performance objectives for the new ammo: increased consistency from shot to shot regardless of temperature changes, accuracy out of an M4A1 better than 2 [[minute of angle]] (2 inches at 100 yards, 6.3 inches at 300 yards), increased stopping power after passing through "intermediate barriers" like walls and car windshields, increased performance and decreased muzzle flash out of shorter barrel [[FN SCAR]] rifles, and costs close to the M855. The first prototypes were delivered to the government in August 2007. Increased velocity and decreased muzzle flash were accomplished by the type of powder used. The design of the bullet was called the Open Tip Match Rear Penetrator (OTMRP). The front of it is an open tip backed up by a lead core, while the rear half is solid brass. When the bullet hits a hard barrier, the front half of the bullet crushes against the barrier, breaking it so the penetrating half of the bullet can go through and hit the target. With the lead section penetrating the target and the brass section following, it was referred to as a "barrier blind" bullet.<ref name="mk3181"/><ref name="mk3182">{{cite web |url=http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2010/02/17/usmc-adopt-new-5-56mm-mk318-mod-0-ammunition/ |title=USMC adopt new 5.56mm MK318 MOD 0 ammunition |first=Steve |last=Johnson |date=February 17, 2010 |website=The Firearm Blog |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110003658/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2010/02/17/usmc-adopt-new-5-56mm-mk318-mod-0-ammunition/ |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref>

Officially designated the '''Mk318 MOD 0 "Cartridge, Caliber 5.56mm Ball, Carbine, Barrier"''', and called ''SOST (Special Operations Science and Technology)'' ammunition, the 62-grain bullet fragments consistently, even out of a 10.5 in barrel. The lead portion fragments in the first few inches of soft tissue, then the solid copper rear penetrates 18 in of tissue (shown though [[ballistic gelatin]]) while tumbling. Out of a 14" in barrel, the Mk318 has a muzzle velocity of {{convert|2925|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="mk3181"/><ref name="mk3182"/>

In February 2010, the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] adopted the Mk318 for use by infantry. To be fielded by an entire branch of the military, the round is classified as having an "open-tip" bullet, similar to the [[7.62 NATO|M118LR 7.62 NATO]] round. The SOST bullet uses a "reverse drawn" forming process. The base of the bullet is made first, the lead core is placed on top of it, and then the jacketing is pulled up around the lead core from bottom to tip. Conventional, and cheaper, bullets are made with the method of the jacket drawn from the nose to an exposed lead base. The reverse drawn technique leaves an open tip as a byproduct of the manufacturing process, and is not specifically designed for expansion or to affect terminal ballistics. The Pentagon legally cleared the rounds for Marine use in late January. The Marines fielded the Mk318 gradually and in small numbers. Initial studies showed that insurgents hit by it suffered larger exit wounds, although information was limited. SOST rounds were used alongside M855 rounds in situations where the SOST would be more effective.<ref name="mk3181"/><ref name="mk3182"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2010/05/27/marines-slow-to-field-new-ammo/ |title=Marines slow to field new ammo |first=Steve |last=Johnson |date=May 27, 2010 |website=The Firearm Blog |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114092301/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2010/05/27/marines-slow-to-field-new-ammo/ |archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> In July 2010, the Marines purchased 1.8 million M855A1 Enhanced Performance Rounds, in addition to millions of Mk318 rounds in service, as part of its effort to replace its M855 ammo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2010/07/14/marines-take-a-look-at-the-new-m855a1-round/ |title=Marines take a look at the new M855A1 round |first=Steve |last=Johnson |date=July 14, 2010 |website=The Firearm Blog |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114083537/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2010/07/14/marines-take-a-look-at-the-new-m855a1-round/ |archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> As of May 2015, Marine combat units still deployed with a mixture of both SOST and M855 rounds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.militarytimes.com/story/military/tech/2015/05/04/army-marines-face-new-pressure-to-use-same-ammunition/26657177/ |title=Army, Marines face new pressure to use same ammunition |first=James K. |last=Sanborn |date=4 May 2015 |website=Military Times  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506213627/http://www.militarytimes.com/story/military/tech/2015/05/04/army-marines-face-new-pressure-to-use-same-ammunition/26657177/ |archive-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>

As the issue of environmentally friendly ammo grew, the Marines looked to see if the Mk318's lead could be replaced while still meeting specifications. They found that by replacing the lead with copper and slightly stretching the jacket around to crimp the nose even more, the bullet's ballistic coefficient increased. To avoid visual confusion with the Mk 262 round, the bullet was entirely nickel-plated for a silver color; the enhanced silver-colored copper jacketed, open tip match, 62-grain projectile was named the '''Mk318 MOD 1'''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=2879 |title=Sal Fanelli: The Interview |first=Damon |last=Bolding |date=30 January 2015 |magazine=Small Arms Defense Journal |volume=6 |number=4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207185903/http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=2879 |archive-date=7 February 2015}}</ref>

===5.6mm ''Gewehr Patrone'' 90===
[[File:Cartouches-Fass90-p1000785.jpg|thumb|right|Ready ammunition of the Swiss Army. Soldiers equipped with the [[SIG 550]] assault rifle used to be issued 50 rounds of ammunition in a sealed can, to be opened only upon alert and for use while en route to join their unit. This practice was stopped in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Specials/Gun_debate/Background/Archives/Soldiers_can_keep_guns_at_home_but_not_ammo.html?cid=970614 |title=Soldiers can keep guns at home but not ammo |date=27 September 2007 |website=Swissinfo.ch |access-date=2015-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002064014/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Specials/Gun_debate/Background/Archives/Soldiers_can_keep_guns_at_home_but_not_ammo.html?cid=970614 |archive-date=2 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:GP 90 Lum.JPG|thumb|right|Swiss Army Gw Lsp Pat 90 [[Tracer ammunition|tracer rounds]]]]

The '''5.6mm ''Gewehr Patrone'' 90''' or '''5,6mm Gw Pat 90''' (5.6&nbsp;mm Rifle Cartridge 90), is the standard round used by the [[Military of Switzerland|Swiss military]] in its rifle, the [[SIG SG 550]]. The cartridge is also known as the '''Cart 5,6mm 90 F''' (French: ''Cartouche pour Fusil'' / Italian: ''Cartuccia per Fucile'') to the French- and Italian-speaking Swiss militiamen. The Swiss refer to the round as the 5.6&nbsp;mm Gw Pat 90, although it is interchangeable with the 5.56×45mm NATO and [[.223 Remington]] round. <!-- Potential problem with the statement "it is interchangeable with the 5.56×45mm NATO and .223 Remington round" - as noted above in the section titled "5.56mm NATO versus .223 Remington", the 5.56×45 and .223 rounds are not precisely interchangeable due to differences in chamber dimensions and case pressures. The statement made about the supposed compatibility of the GP 90 round is unclear about where it fits into this scheme. What are the dimensions of a Gw Pat 90 chamber? What pressures are a Gw Pat 90 round loaded to? Specifically, is a GP 90 round safe to shoot repeatedly in a .223 chambered firearm? --> The Gw Pat 90 round firing a 4.1&nbsp;g (63&nbsp;gr) FMJ bullet is optimized for use in 5.56&nbsp;mm (.223 in) caliber barrels with a 254&nbsp;mm (1:10 in) twist rate.

The Gw Pat 90 was designed for the [[SIG SG 550]] when it came into production in 1987, replacing the [[SIG SG 510]]. Previous experience of a change in standard rifle had proved that changing the distance of fire for the training ranges was more expensive than the design of a new ammunition; this prompted the design of a cartridge nominally capable at 300 meters. The cartridge was also designed to reduce pollution by controlling lead emissions.<ref name="cybershooters">{{cite web |url=http://www.cybershooters.org/?p=309 |title=Swiss Ammunition Enterprise |date=October 11, 2003 |website=Cybershooters |access-date=2015-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829050935/https://www.cybershooters.org/?p=309 |archive-date=2016-08-29 |url-status=live}}</ref> The bullet was originally clad with a nickel alloy jacket, however, this was found to cause excessive barrel wear, so in 1998 the nickel jackets were replaced with [[tombac]] jackets. In addition, in 1999 a [[copper]] plug was added to the base of the bullet to address environmental concerns.<ref name="cybershooters" />

{{asof|2009}} the ammunition was produced by [[RUAG Ammotec]], a [[subsidiary]] of the [[RUAG|RUAG group]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swissmun.com/ |title=Swiss Ammunition Enterprise |website=Swissmun.com |access-date=2009-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512091800/http://www.swissmun.com/ |archive-date=2008-05-12 }}</ref> It is manufactured in three variations: the standard FMJ round, the tracer round, and a blank round.

The FMJ cartridge has a Copper-Zinc alloy case and uses a double base propellant. The bullet is a 4.1&nbsp;g (63&nbsp;gr) [[tombac]] jacketed [[Full metal jacket bullet|FMJ]] projectile with a G1 [[ballistic coefficient]] of 0.331 (ICAO) / 0.337 (Army Metro). The projectile contains approximately 95% Pb, 2% Sb, 3% Cu, and was designed for terminal ballistic instability. The required accuracy for Gw Pat 90 ammunition out of factory test barrels is 63&nbsp;mm (0.72&nbsp;[[Minute of arc|MOA]]) for 10 rounds (100% radius measurement method) out to 300 m. The Gw Pat 90 cartridge dimensions are in accordance with the civilian C.I.P. standards for the .223 Remington C.I.P. chambering.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruag.com/de/Defence_Security/Amunition/PDF_Munition/5.56mmx45_Sintox_SWISS_ORDNANCE.pdf |title=5.56 mm x 45 SINTOX® SWISS ORDNANCE cartridge fact sheet |website=RUAG Ammotec  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617085229/http://www.ruag.com/de/Defence_Security/Amunition/PDF_Munition/5.56mmx45_Sintox_SWISS_ORDNANCE.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2009}}</ref>

The Gw Pat 90 is used both in the Swiss military and in sport shooting. The very high level of individual training in the Swiss militia (every single soldier bearing a weapon has to shoot in order to maintain his ability once a year; see [[Gun laws in Switzerland]]) and the overall use of the Gw Pat 90 by the many Swiss citizens who shoot in competitions and for amusement has resulted in significant input on its usage. Over 1 billion cartridges had been produced {{as of|2005|lc=y}}.

==See also==
*[[6mm ARC]]
*[[5 mm caliber]]
*[[Express (weaponry)]]
*[[List of 5.56×45mm NATO firearms]]
*[[List of rifle cartridges]]
*[[Table of handgun and rifle cartridges]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite magazine |first=Stan |last=Christ |title=5.56mm NATO Alternatives |magazine=Special Weapons Magazine |number=50 |date=2007 |pages=52–59}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.thalesgroup.com.au/pdfs/556_Ball_Ammo.pdf |title=Brochure on 5.56mm F1 ball ammunition to NATO STANAG 4172 |website=[[Thales Australia|ADI Thales]]  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721072147/http://www.thalesgroup.com.au/pdfs/556_Ball_Ammo.pdf |archive-date=2008-07-21}}
* {{cite web |url=https://jpeoaa.army.mil/Portals/94/MAS/Documents/MASHandbook_2021.pdf |title=Direct Fire Ammunition Handbook |date=2021 |website=Project Manager Maneuver Ammunition Systems}}

{{222remderivatives}}


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