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5th Hussar Regiment (France)

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5th Hussar Regiment
File:Etendard du 5e régiment de hussards (verso).jpg
The regimental standard, photographed in 1918
Active1783-1992
CountryFrance
BranchFrench Army
TypeRegiment of Hussars
RoleLight cavalry
Garrison/HQLaon 1980.
Couvron 1984.
Nickname(s)Légion de Lauzun (1780)
de Lauzun (1783)
Motto(s)Perit sed in armis (they die arms in hand)
MarchEugènie
Anniversaries24 June 1859 (Solférino)
Saint George
EngagementsAmerican Revolutionary War, the French Revolutionary Wars, Napoleonic Wars, Mexico Expedition, First World War
DecorationsCroix de guerre 1914-1918 with palm
Médaille d'or de la Ville de Milan
Battle honoursValmy 1792
Iéna 1806
La Moskova 1812
Solferino 1859
Puebla 1863
Lorraine 1914
Champagne 1915
La Marne 1918
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Duc de Lauzun

The 5th Hussar Regiment (5e régiment de hussards or 5e RH) was a French Hussar regiment.

Formation under the Ancien Régime

It was formed under the Ancien Régime. It was the last regiment created under the monarchy. It particularly distinguished itself during the American Revolutionary War.

  • 1 September 1778: Creation of the Navy's foreign volunteer corps, mainly composed of eight mixed legions to participate in the war against Great Britain.[1] It was created by the naval minister Gabriel de Sartine, and 'propriétaire' status had been granted to Armand Louis de Gontaut, duc de Lauzun. The corps comprised three legions, each consisting of four companies of grenadiers, chasseurs and fusiliers, plus artillery, cavalry and pioneer detachments. As with other 18th century "legions" the intention was to create a miniature army which could campaign as a single entity. As indicated by the title, the corps was recruited primarily from German, Polish and Irish mercenaries.[2] As the Volontaires Etrangers de la Marine, the new corps saw active service in Senegal in December 1778 as well as in the West Indies.
  • 5 March 1780: The 2e Légion des Volontaires Étrangers de la Marine changed its name to be the 2e Légion des Volontaires Étrangers de Lauzun, or the Légion de Lauzun. This unit was present in the United States of America from July 1780 to May 1783.
  • When in early 1781 the Expédition Particulière was being organized, most of the 1778 organization had been deployed to overseas posts. What remained in France, under the duc de Lauzun, was reconstituted as the Volontaires-étrangers de Lauzun, and was part of Rochambeau's expedition.
  • 14 September 1783: The unit became known as the Régiment de Hussards de Lauzun.[3]

Lauzun's Legion

Lauzun's Legion was made up of infantry, cavalry and artillery components (one company of grenadiers, one company of infantry, two squadrons of Hussars, and one company of gunners) and were recruited largely from foreign mercenaries. After being posted to Senegal and the West Indies, Lauzun's Legion served in the American War for Independence. The corps' principal engagements were at White Plains in 1781, and at the Siege of Yorktown in 1781.[4]

The American War Of Independence

When the Legion arrived in America, they recruited from foreigners, mainly Hessian deserters; there were complaints about their conduct. Rochambeau sent Brigadier General Marquis de Choisy with Lauzun's Legion in July 1780, as they marched from Rhode Island to Head of Elk, Maryland, traveled by water to Alexandria, Virginia, and marched to Glouster Courthouse.[5] They spent the winter in Lebanon, Connecticut.

The Légion de Lauzun became famous during the Siege of Yorktown, mainly before Gloucester on 3 October 1781, where they chased down the champion of the battle, a British cavalry led by Colonel Banastre Tarleton. The legion stayed in the United States of America, first in Hampton, Virginia, then in February 1782 in Charlotte Court House, Virginia, before they were moved in July 1782 to New York. The legion left the United States in May 1783.

In Connecticut

In December 1780, two dozen Hussar horsemen deserted and discharged themselves from their winter quarters in Lebanon and fled into the woods to the south.[6] The Legion itself may have wintered in Trumbull, Connecticut, according to Huldah Hawley, who said she cooked for the French for fear they would kill her because her husband was a known Tory.[7] Lauzun's Legion or "Hussars" encamped in present-day Abraham Nichols Park in Trumbull from June 28 to June 30, 1781.[8][9] The Legion, an advance party, was ordered to protect the exposed flank of the main army and stayed 10 to 15 miles (16 to 24 km) ahead of and to the south flank of the main French army while encamped in Newtown.[10] The army was marching in the Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route south to reinforce American troops under the command of General George Washington at the Siege of Yorktown.[11] French coins have since been found near the site of their camp in Abraham Nichols Park.[12]

At Yorktown

The legion was at Gloucester, Virginia, during the Siege of Yorktown. On October 4, 1781, French and British cavalry skirmished at Gloucester. The British cavalry commander, Banastre Tarleton, was unhorsed, and the Lauzun's Legion drove the British within their lines, before being ordered to withdraw by the Marquis de Choisy.[13][14][15] The Legion suffered three Hussars killed, and two officers and eleven Hussars wounded. Fifty British were killed or wounded, including Tarleton.[16]

After the battle

Trumpet of the Lauzun's Legion c.1785

In December 1782, the Legion moved to Wilmington, Delaware. On 18 March 1783, in Delaware, their cash payroll was stolen but recovered.[17] On 9–11 May 1783 the Legion embarked from Wilmington on five vessels, la Goire, la Danaë, l"Astree, l'Active, and Le St. James, arriving at Brest, France, about 11 June. On 5 October 1783, the Legion's two artillery companies left Baltimore on the Duc de Lauzun, and the Pintade. The ships, guarded by two French frigates, arrived in Brest on 10 November.[18] However, many soldiers mustered out in America, or deserted.

West Indies

When the Legion transferred to America, it left behind its two fusilier companies. These companies transferred to the West Indies. In January–February 1782 they accompanied French naval Captain Armand Guy Simon de Coëtnempren, Comte de Kersaint, with his 32-gun flagship Iphigénie and four lesser ships to Demerara, where they met with little opposition. The detachments from the Regiment Armagnac and the Legion launched an assault against the British garrison compelling Governor Robert Kinston and his army detachment from the 28th Regiment of Foot to surrender. As a result, Essequebo and Berbice also surrendered to the French on 1 and 5 February.[19]

Return to France

The Régiment des Hussards de Lauzun, number 6 (a regular hussar regiment), was officially created on 14 September 1783 in Hennebont, when the Légion de Lauzun des États-Unis returned. Lauzun remained its proprietor until the French Revolution started.

The French Revolutionary Wars

When the revolutionary government declared war on Austria, the regiment fell completely apart as the majority of its officers deserted and handed the regiment's funds, supplies, and records over to the enemy. Subsequent restructuring included:

  • 1 January 1791: All regiments were renamed by their type and numbered by their seniority. The unit became 6th Hussar Regiment.
  • June 1793: The unit was renamed the 5th Hussar Regiment after the majority of the soldiers moved to the 4th Hussar Regiment.

The Napoleonic Wars

5th Hussar in 1808.

The 19th Century

The Modern Age

  • 1921: Dissolved
  • 1951: Recreated in Koblenz as the 5th Hussar Regiment
  • 1976: Transformed into the 3rd Dragoon Regiment
  • 1980: Recreated as the Reserve Regiment of the 5th Hussar Regiment

See also

References

  1. ^ Royal order made on 1 September 1778
  2. ^ Mollo, John. Uniforms of the American Revolution. p. 216. ISBN 0-02-585580-8.
  3. ^ Royal order made on 14 September 1783
  4. ^ Chartrand, Rene (1992) The French Army in the American War of Independence. (Osprey). ISBN 1-85532-167-X
  5. ^ Robert E. Selig, The Duc de Lauzun and his Legion
  6. ^ Rochambeau's Cavalry: Lauzun's Legion in Connecticut 1780-1781, Robert Selig and Mary Donohue, Connecticut Historical Commission, 2000, p. 33 [1]
  7. ^ History of Trumbull Dodrasquicentennial 1797-1972 p. 18
  8. ^ The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries, Vol. IV, A.S. Barnes & Co., New York, 1880, page 32 [2]
  9. ^ United States Congressional Serial Set, United States Government Printing Office, December 4, 1905- June 30, 1906, Senate Documents, Washington, Vol. 32 page 396 [3]
  10. ^ Life and Letters of Samuel Holden Parsons, Major General in the Continental Army and Chief Judge of the Northwestern Territory 1737 — 1789, Charles S. Hall 1905, page 364 [4]
  11. ^ Newtown's History and Historian, Ezra Johnson, Newtown, CT, 1917, page 139 [5]
  12. ^ History of Trumbull Dodrasquicentennial 1797-1972 p. 18
  13. ^ http://www.lauzunslegion.com/History.html
  14. ^ Richard M. Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, p. 216
  15. ^ The Battle of the Hook, History
  16. ^ Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Extracts from the Journal of Lieutenant John Bell Tilden, The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, p.60
  17. ^ The Robbery of the French Treasury
  18. ^ Going Home at Last
  19. ^ Chartrand (1992), p.5.
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