Eskdale Anticline
| Eskdale Anticline | |
|---|---|
| Whitby Harbour Fault Eskdale Fault Whitby Fault | |
 Cross-section of rocks at Whitby Bay including types of rock. This is not to scale and is simplified.[1] | |
.svg)  Location of fault | |
| Coordinates | 54°29′28″N 0°36′43″W / 54.491°N 0.612°W |
| Country | England |
| Region | North Yorkshire |
| Characteristics | |
| Depth | 20 metres (66 ft) |
The Eskdale Anticline is a dip-slip fault at Whitby in North Yorkshire, England. The anticline was thought to have stretched for approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) in a north–south direction underneath the mouth of the River Esk in Whitby, with a depth of 200 feet (61 m). However, modern geological studies have cast doubt on this, with a suggested displacement of only 12 metres (39 ft).
Description
[edit]The Eskdale Anticline was thought to have started north west of Scarborough and stretched for approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) along a north–south axis, and ending just off the coast of the River Esk mouth at Whitby in North Yorkshire.[2][3] This results in a dip-slip fault[4] of what was listed as a 61-metre (200 ft) shift between the east and west cliffs at Whitby, where the West Cliff has sandstones covered by boulder drift, with a beach below of fine sand.[5] The opposite side (the East Cliff), is composed of alum shale and has a rocky foreshore.[2] The southern end of the anticline reaches as far as Rigg Mill Beck near to Ruswarp,[6] and the northern end curves westwards as it ends under the North Sea.[7] The fault displaces the Upper Lias Shales below sea level at the West Cliff, but they rise up again in the vicinity of Sandsend. The displacement difference between the East and West Cliffs is approximately 12 metres (39 ft).[8]
Evidence points towards the River Esk having a pre-glacial channel that entered the North Sea east of Sandsend, but the effect of the faulting anticline, diverted the river to exit at Whitby.[2] Henry attests to the gorge that the river now flows through at Larpool in Whitby to the blocking of the pre-glacial channel by boulder clay.[9] As the anticline runs along the river bed and mouth at Whitby, it divides the town and harbour in two; the West Pier lies on sandstone, and the East Pier, some 90 yards (82 m) apart, lies on the alum shale.[10] Both cliffs at Whitby have oolitic strata, but on the West Cliff, these are 75 feet (23 m) lower than on the east cliff. Additionally, the East Cliff has an observable Dogger Bed (ironstone), but the seam on the West Cliff is below the normal water line, this led to a suggestion of the fault being deeper than it actually is.[11] In his book, A geological survey of the Yorkshire coast, George Young estimates that "...we can scarcely reckon the amount of the slip less than 100 feet..."[12] That a fault exists is widely accepted, but in the 20th century, J. E. Hemingway consulted paleobotanical and structural evidence to refute the claims that the cliffs were formed at different times.[13] Brumhead attests the fault to be no more than 12 metres (39 ft) in depth.[14]
In 1924, before the revised theory regarding the fault came out, both Kendall and Wroot state that the British Geological Survey estimated the depth as 200 feet (61 m).[15]
In the 1930s, the anticline was successfully drilled for gas,[16] however, its location has the ability to affect mining operations for potash and polyhalite. This was considered in the planning phases for Woodsmith Mine.[17]
Several names have been used for the fault, namely Eskdale Anticline, Whitby Fault,[18] Whitby harbour Fault,[7] and Eskdale Fault.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Peltonen 2004, p. 87.
- ^ a b c East, W. G. (December 1932). "The Historical Geography of the Town, Port, and Roads of Whitby". The Geographical Journal. 80 (6): 484–497. doi:10.2307/1784149. JSTOR 1784149.
- ^ Livera, Stephen Emil (1981). Sedimentology of Bajocian rocks from the Ravenscar Group of Yorkshire (Thesis). Leeds: University of Leeds. p. 4. OCLC 53547743.
- ^ Peltonen 2004, p. 9.
- ^ Leyland, John (1892). The Yorkshire coast and the Cleveland hills and dales. 1892: Seeley & Co. p. 66. OCLC 55650530.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ Henry 1956, p. 25.
- ^ a b Imber, Jonathan; Armstrong, Howard; Clancy, Sarah; Daniels, Susan; Herringshaw, Liam; McCaffrey, Ken; Rodrigues, Joel; Trabucho-Alexandre, Joao; Warren, Cassandra (November 2014). "Natural fractures in a United Kingdom shale reservoir analog, Cleveland Basin, northeast England" (PDF). AAPG Bulletin. 98 (11): 2419. doi:10.1306/07141413144.
- ^ Peltonen 2004, p. 27.
- ^ Henry 1956, p. 28.
- ^ a b Weston, W. J. (2012). North Riding of Yorkshire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-107-62244-9.
- ^ Tate, Ralph; Blake, John Frederick (1876). The Yorkshire Lias. London: John Van Voorst. p. 200. OCLC 602735587.
- ^ Young, George (1822). A Geological Survey of the Yorkshire Coast. Whitby: G Clark. p. 150. OCLC 1079312718.
- ^ Osborne 1999, p. 277.
- ^ Brumhead, Derek (1979). Geology explained in the Yorkshire dales and on the Yorkshire coast. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 144. ISBN 0-7153-7703-5.
- ^ Kendall, Percy Fry; Wroot, Herbert (1972). Geology of Yorkshire. Vol. 2. Wakefield: EP Pub. p. 704. ISBN 0-85409-762-7.
- ^ Brennand, T P; Van Hoorn, B; James, K H; Glennie, K W (1998). "1: Historical review of North Sea Exploration". In Glennie, K W (ed.). Petroleum geology of the North Sea : basic concepts and recent advances (4 ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science. p. 14. ISBN 0-632-03845-4.
- ^ "York Potash Ltd application to carry out mineral working and associated development alternative sites assessment" (PDF). infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk. York Potash. September 2014. p. 134. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
- ^ Rayner & Hemingway 1974, p. 184.
Sources
[edit]- Henry, F D C (1956). The development of the Eskdale (North Yorkshire) drainage system in relation to the geology of the area (Thesis). Leeds: University of Leeds. OCLC 1063646760.
- Osborne, Roger (1999). The floating egg : episodes in the making of geology. London: Pimlico. ISBN 0712666869.
- Peltonen, Christer (2004). Reservoir quality of the Middle Jurassic (Ravenscar Group) sandstones along the Yorkshire coast (Thesis). Oslo: University of Oslo. OCLC 702142434.
- Rayner, D H; Hemingway, J E (1974). The geology and mineral resources of Yorkshire. Yorkshire Geological Society. OCLC 655188644.