SMS Erzherzog Karl
 SMS Erzherzog Karl at anchor
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| History | |
|---|---|
 Austria-Hungary | |
| Name | Erzherzog Karl |
| Namesake | Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen |
| Builder | STT |
| Laid down | 24 July 1902 |
| Launched | 4 October 1903 |
| Completed | 17 June 1906 |
| Fate | Scrapped, 1921 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Erzherzog Karl-class pre-dreadnought battleship |
| Displacement | 10,472 long tons (10,640 t) |
| Length | 414 ft 2 in (126.2 m) |
| Beam | 71 ft 5 in (21.8 m) |
| Draft | 24 ft 7 in (7.5 m) |
| Installed power | 18,000 ihp (13,423 kW) |
| Propulsion |
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| Speed | 20.5 knots (38.0 km/h; 23.6 mph) |
| Complement | 700 |
| Armament |
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| Armor |
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SMS Erzherzog Karl [a] (German: "His Majesty's ship Archduke Karl") was a pre-dreadnought battleship built by the Austro-Hungarian navy in 1902. The lead ship of the Erzherzog Karl class, she was launched on 3 October 1903. They were assigned to the III Battleship Division.
For most of World War I, Erzherzog Karl remained in her home port of Pula, in present-day Croatia, except for four engagements. In 1914, she formed part of the Austro-Hungarian flotilla sent to protect the escape of the German ships SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau from the British-held Mediterranean; she advanced as far as Brindisi before being recalled to her home port. Her sole combat engagement occurred in late May 1915, when she participated in the bombardment of the Italian port city of Ancona. She also took part in suppressing a major mutiny among the crew members of several armored cruisers stationed in Cattaro between 1–3 February 1918. She also attempted to break through the Otranto Barrage in June of that year, but had to retreat when the dreadnought SMS Szent István was sunk. After the war, Erzherzog Karl was awarded to the French as a war prize, but ran aground at Bizerte and scrapped there.
Design
Erzherzog Karl displaced 10,472 long tons (10,640 t). She was 414 feet 2 inches (126.2 m) long, had a beam of 71 feet 5 inches (21.8 m) and a draft of 24 feet 7 inches (7.5 m). She was manned by 700 men. She and her sisters were the last and largest pre-dreadnought class built by the Austro Hungarian Navy, surpassing the Habsburg class by approximately 2,000 tonnes (1,968 long tons).[1] The ships were propelled by two two-shaft, four cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines. On trials, they developed 18,000 ihp (13,423 kW), which propelled the ship at a speed of 20.5 knots (38.0 km/h; 23.6 mph).[1] On trials, Erzherzog Karl's engines managed to produce a knot more speed than was originally planned.[2]
Erzherzog Karl carried a primary armament of four 24-centimeter (9.4 in)/40 caliber guns in two twin turrets on the centerline. These guns were an Austro-Hungarian replica of the British 24 cm/40 (9.4") Krupp C/94, which was used on the Habsburgs.[3] Her secondary armament consisted of twelve 19 cm (7.5 in)/42 caliber guns, also made by Škoda, mounted in eight single casemates on either wing of the ship and two single midships turrets on the either wing of the ship.[4] They could fire a 97 kilograms (214 lb) armor-piercing shell 20,000 metres (22,000 yd) at maximum elevation with a muzzle velocity of 800 metres per second (2,600 ft/s). The gun weighed 12.1 tons and could fire three rounds per minute.[4] The ships had a tertiary armament for protection against torpedo boats in the form of the 7 cm (2.8 in)/45 caliber gun, also manufactured by Škoda. Anti-aircraft and airship protection was covered by the four 37-millimeter (1.5 in) Vickers anti-aircraft guns on the ship bought from Britain in 1910 and mounted onto Erzherzog Karl.[5] After 1916-17 refits two Škoda 7 cm L/45 BAG anti-aircraft guns were installed.[6] Erzherzog Karl was also fitted with two above water 45-centimeter (17.7 in) torpedo tubes, although they were rarely used.[1]
Service history
At the outbreak of World War I, Erzherzog Karl was in the III division of the Austrian-Hungarian battle-fleet.[1] She was mobilized on the eve of the war along with the remainder of the fleet to support the flight of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau. The two German ships were attempting to break out of Messina, which was surrounded by British troops, and make their way to Turkey. The breakout succeeded. When the flotilla had advanced as far south as Brindisi in south eastern Italy, the Austro-Hungarian ships were recalled.[7] In company with other units of the Austro-Hungarian navy, Erzherzog Karl took part in the bombardment of Ancona on 24 May 1915. There she and her sisters expended 24 rounds of 240 mm armor-piercing shells at signal and semaphore stations as well as 74 rounds of 190 mm shells aimed at Italian gun-batteries and other port installations.[1]
A major mutiny among crews of the armored cruisers stationed in Cattaro, including Sankt Georg and Kaiser Karl VI, began on 1 February 1918. Two days later, the three Erzherzog Karl-class ships arrived in the port and assisted with the suppression of the mutiny. Following the restoration of order in the naval base, the armored cruisers Sankt Georg and Kaiser Karl VI were decommissioned and Erzherzog Karl and her sisters were stationed in Cattaro in their place.[8] For the morning of 11 June, Admiral Miklós Horthy planned a major assault on the Otranto Barrage; the three Erzherzog Karls and the four Tegetthoff-class battleships were to provide support for the Novara-class cruisers. The plan was intended to replicate the success of the raid conducted one-year earlier. Horthy's plan was to destroy the blockading fleet by luring Allied ships to the cruisers and lighter ships, which were protected from the heavier guns of the battleships, including the guns of the Erzherzog Karl class. However, on the morning of 10 June, the dreadnought Szent István was torpedoed and sunk by an Italian torpedo boat. Horthy felt that the element of surprise had been compromised, and therefore called off the operation.[9] This was to be the last military action the Erzherzog Karl-class ships were to take part in and they spent the rest of their career at port in Pula.[10]
Following the end of World War I in November 1918, Erzherzog Karl was first taken over by Yugoslavia in 1919, but was then ceded as a war reparation to France.[11] Erzherzog Karl ran aground at Bizerte on her voyage to Toulon and was eventually broken up in situ.[12]
Notes
- ^ "SMS" stands for "Seiner Majestät Schiff ", or "His Majesty's Ship" in German.
Citations
- ^ a b c d e Hore, p. 123.
- ^ R.U.S.I. 1901, p. 701.
- ^ Lienau (24 cm/40).
- ^ a b Lienau (19 cm/42).
- ^ Lienau (.5-pdr).
- ^ Friedman, Norman (2011-01-01). Naval weapons of World War One. Seaforth. ISBN 978-1848321007. OCLC 786178793.
- ^ Halpern, p. 54.
- ^ Halpern, pp. 170–171.
- ^ Halpern, p. 174.
- ^ Sokol, p. 135.
- ^ Koburger, p. 121.
- ^ Greger, p. 21.
References
- Greger, René (1976). Austro-Hungarian Warships of World War I. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0623-7.
- Halpern, Paul G. (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-352-7. OCLC 57447525.
- Hore, Peter (2004). Battleships. London: Lorenz Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7548-1407-8. OCLC 56458155.
- Koburger, Charles (2001). The Central Powers in the Adriatic, 1914–1918: War in a Narrow Sea (5 ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-97071-0. OCLC 44550580.
- Lienau, Peter. "Germany 24 cm/40 (9.4") SK L/40". NavWeaps.com. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- Lienau, Peter. "Austria-Hungary 19 cm/42 (7.48") Skoda". NavWeaps.com. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- Lienau, Peter. "British .5-pdr [37 mm/43 (1.46")] Mark I". NavWeaps.com. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
- R.U.S.I. journal. Vol. 50. Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies. 1901.
- Sokol, Anthony (1968). The Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Navy. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. OCLC 1912.
- Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1848321007.