Substitution (poetry)
In English poetry substitution, also known as inversion, is the use of an alien metric foot in a line of otherwise regular metrical pattern.[1] For instance in an iambic line of "da DUM", a trochaic substitution would introduce a foot of "DUM da".
Trochaic substitution
In a line of verse that normally employs iambic meter, trochaic substitution describes the replacement of an iamb by a trochee.
The following line from John Keats's To Autumn is straightforward iambic pentameter:[2]
- To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells
Using '°' for a weak syllable, '/' for a strong syllable, and '|' for divisions between feet it can be represented as:
| ° | / | ° | / | ° | / | ° | / | ° | / | |||||
| To | swell | | | the | gourd, | | | and | plump | | | the | ha- | | | zel | shells |
The opening of a sonnet by John Donne demonstrates trochaic substitution of the first foot ("Batter"):
| / | ° | ° | / | ° | / | ° | / | ° | / | ||||||
| Bat- | ter | | | my | heart | | | three- | per- | | | soned | God, | | | for | you | | |
Donne uses an inversion (DUM da instead of da DUM) in the first foot of the first line to stress the key verb, "batter", and then sets up a clear iambic pattern with the rest of the line
Shakespeare's Hamlet includes a well-known example:
- To be, or not to be: that is the question:
- Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
- The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune
In the first line the word that is stressed rather than is, which would be an unnatural accent. The first syllable of Whether is also stressed, making a trochaic beginning to the line.
John Milton used this technique extensively, prompting the critic F. R. Leavis to insultingly call this technique the Miltonic Thump.[3]
Iambic substitution
Sometimes the opposite substitution, of an iamb in place of a trochee, is found, as in the following lines from Shelley's Ode to the West Wind:
- Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead
- Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing.
Here the words the leaves are an iamb (da DUM) in a place in the line where normally there would be a trochee (DUM da).
References
- ^ Fry, Stephen (2005). The Ode Less Travelled. Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0-09-950934-9.
- ^ Steele, Timothy (1999). All the fun's in how you say a thing. Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-8214-1260-4.
- ^ Adams, Stephen (1997-04-07). Poetic Designs: An Introduction to Meters, Verse Forms, and Figures of Speech. Broadview Press. pp. 17. ISBN 9781551111292.
miltonic thump.
External links
The dictionary definition of anaclasis at Wiktionary
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