Homeoteleuton
Homeoteleuton, also spelled homoeoteleuton and homoioteleuton (from the Greek ὁμοιοτέλευτον,[1] homoioteleuton, "like ending"), is the repetition of endings in words. Homeoteleuton is also known as near rhyme.[2]
History
Homeoteleuton (homoioteleuton) was first identified by Aristotle in his Rhetoric, where he identifies it as two lines of verse which end with words having the same ending. He uses the example of
ᾦηθησαν αὐτὸν παίδιον τετοκέναι
ἀλλ' αὐτοῦ αἴτιον γεγονέναι (1410a20)
ōiēthēsan auton paidion tetokenai,
all' autou aition gegonenai (1410a20)
they thought that he was the father of a child,
but that he was the cause of it (1410a20)[3]
In Latin rhetoric and poetry homeoteleuton was a frequently used device. It was used to associate two words which had similar endings and bring them to the reader's attention.
We are all bound up together in one great bundle of humanity,
and society cannot trample on the weakest and feeblest
of its members without receiving the curse in its own soul.
(Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, speech, 1866)
Hungry people cannot be good at learning
or producing anything except
perhaps violence.
(Pearl Bailey, Pearl's Kitchen)
He arrived at ideas the slow way, never skating
over the clear, hard ice of logic, nor soaring
on the slipstreams of imagination, but slogging,
plodding along on the heavy ground of existence.
(Ursula K. Le Guin, The Lathe of Heaven)
Types
Today, homeoteleuton denotes more than Aristotle's original definition.
Near rhyme
As rhyme, homeoteleuton is not very effective. It is the repetition of word endings. Because endings are usually unstressed and rhyme arises from stressed syllables, they do not rhyme well at all. In the following passage
The waters rose rapidly,
and I dove under quickly.
both rapidly and quickly end with the adverbial ending -ly. Although they end with the same sound, they don't rhyme because the stressed syllable on each word (RA-pid-ly and QUICK-ly) has a different sound.[4]
However, use of this device still ties words together in a sort of rhyme or echo relationship, even in prose passages:
It is important to use all knowledge ethically,
humanely, and lovingly.
(Carol Pearson, The Hero Within)
"Well, sir, here's to plain speaking and clear understanding." (Caspar Gutman to Sam Spade, Chapter XI (The Fat Man) in Dashiell Hammett, The Maltese Falcon (1930)
"The cheaper the crook, the gaudier the patter." (Sam Spade to Wilmer, Chapter XII (Merry-Go-Round) in Dashiell Hammett, The Maltese Falcon (1930)
Scribal error
In the field of palaeography and textual criticism, homeoteleuton has also come to mean a form of copyist error present in ancient texts. A scribe would be writing out a new copy of a frequently reproduced book, such as the Bible. As the scribe was reading the original text, his eyes would skip from one word to the same word on a later line, leaving out a line or two in the transcription. When transcripts were made of the scribe's flawed copy (and not the original) errors are passed on into posterity.
An example of this can be found in the Bible, more specifically in I Samuel 11. The Israelite city of Jabesh-Gilead was under siege by the Ammonites:
Then Nahash the Ammonite came up and camped against Jabesh-gilead: and all the men of Jabesh said unto Nahash, Make a covenant with us, and we will serve thee. But Nahash the Ammonite answered them, On this condition I will make a covenant with you, that I thrust out all your right eyes, and lay it for a reproach upon all Israel. 1Samuel 11:1–2
Prior passages do not explain Nahash's desire to blind the Israelites, and scholars have been unable to explain this punishment in the context of the Bible. A find from the Dead Sea scrolls, the scroll 4QSama, gives the missing beginning to I Samuel 11.[5] Some very recent English translations (such as the TNIV) add the reading in a footnote.
Now Nahash, king of the B'nai Ammon (Ammonites), oppressed the B'nai Gad and the B'nai Reuven with force, and he plucked out every right eye. There was no savior for Israel and there remained not a (single) man among the B'nai Israel beyond the Jordan (river) whose right eye Nahash, king of the B'nai Ammon had not plucked out from him. (Now) there were seven contingents delivered from the hand of the B'nai Ammon. They went to Jabesh Gilead. And so it was about a month (later) that...[5]
References
- ^ Silva Rhetoricae (2006). Rhetorical Figures for Shakespeare and the Scriptures
- ^ Brigham Young University (2006). Rhetorical Figures for Shakespeare and the Scriptures
- ^ Perseus Digital Library (2006). Aristotle, Rhetoric
- ^ Brinkman, Baba. (2002). "The Beste Rym I Kan: The Emergence of Rhyme in English"
- ^ a b "Session IV: A Journey Through the Scrolls". Fifty Years of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Lehrhaus Judaica. 2006. Archived from the original on 31 July 2008.
Further reading
- Holy Bible: Concordance. World Publishing Company: Cleveland.
- Cuddon, J.A., ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. 3rd ed. Penguin Books: New York, 1991.
- Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). Greek Grammar. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. p. 678. ISBN 0-674-36250-0.
- Paul D. Wegner, A student's guide to textual criticism of the Bible: its history, methods, and results, InterVarsity Press, 2006, p. 49.
- Wimsatt, Jr., W.K. (1944). "One Relation of Rhyme to Reason". Modern Language Quarterly. 5: 323–38.