Tarawera Falls
| Tarawera Falls | |
|---|---|
 Tarawera Falls at high flow | |
 | |
| Location | Bay of Plenty, New Zealand |
| Type | Plunge |
| Total height | 65m |
| Watercourse | Tarawera River |
| Average flow rate | 7 m3/s (250 cu ft/s) [1]: 491 |
Tarawera Falls is a 65 m high waterfall on the Tarawera River in the Bay of Plenty region in New Zealand's North Island.
The Tarawera River flows out of Lake Tarawera and across a rhyolitic lava flow that erupted from Mt Tarawera about 11,000 years ago. The river disappears about 30 metres back from the clifftop into flooded caves in the lava and pours out halfway up the cliff on the far side of the flow.[2][3]
After rain, part of the flow passes over the top of the cliff as a 65 m tall companion fall.
Access is from the town of Kawerau and is a drive of about 45 minutes over unsealed roads, followed by a walk of about 20 minutes.[4] A forestry access permit is required, available from the Information Centre in Kawerau.[3]
Māori history
The Te Arawa and Ngāti Awa tribes have traditional associations with this site. Ngāti Rangitihi, one of the eight Te Arawa tribal groups, are the current guardians of the area and consider the site of the waterfall a sacred place.[5]
Fauna and flora
The vegetation in the area has only developed since the 1886 Tarawera eruption and contains an unusual range of hybrids between pohutukawa and rata.[3] Migrating eels swim as far up as the waterfall and can sometimes be seen on the western side of the falls searching for a way further upstream.[2]
Geology
The falls were formed where the 14,009 ± 155 BP[6]: 4 Pokohu lava flow from the Waiohau eruption of Mount Tarawera covered earlier tephra deposits.[1]: 492 Lake Tarawera's river outlet is 3 km (1.9 mi) upstream from the falls and at times of normal flow the Tarawera River progressively drains into fissures, flowing subsurface, until it emerges about mid cliff from caves in the Pokohu lava flow.[1]: 491 The major contributor to today's amphitheatre, was likely to be the large flood that followed the lake outlet damming by events associated with the 5526 ± 145 BP[6]: 4 Whakatane eruption. It is postulated that plunge-pool undercutting rather than kolking created the amphitheatre.[1]: 500 Boulders down stream of the falls are up to 20 m (66 ft) in diameter reflecting the much larger size of this flood than the mere 100 times increase over normal flow of the 3 November 1904 flood at 700 m3/s (25,000 cu ft/s).[1]: 504
References
- ^ a b c d e Hodgson, K. A.; Nairn, I. A. (2005). "The c. AD 1315 syn‐eruption and AD 1904 post‐eruption breakout floods from Lake Tarawera, Haroharo caldera, North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 48 (3): 491–506. doi:10.1080/00288306.2005.9515128.
- ^ a b Information contained on "An Underground River" information panel at the end of the track.
- ^ a b c "Tarawera Falls Track". Department of Conservation NZ. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
- ^ "Tarawera Falls". World of Waterfalls. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
- ^ Information contained on "Nga Wai O Hape" information panel at the waterfall.
- ^ a b Villamor, Pilar; Litchfield, Nicola J.; Gómez-Ortiz, David; Martin-González, Fidel; Alloway, Brent V.; Berryman, Kelvin R.; Clark, Kate J.; Ries, William F.; Howell, Andrew; Ansell, India A. (2022). "Fault ruptures triggered by large rhyolitic eruptions at the boundary between tectonic and magmatic rift segments: The Manawahe Fault, Taupō Rift, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 427: 107478. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107478. ISSN 0377-0273. S2CID 246258923.