Huge cardinal
In mathematics, a cardinal number is called huge if there exists an elementary embedding from into a transitive inner model with critical point and
Here, is the class of all sequences of length whose elements are in .
Huge cardinals were introduced by Kenneth Kunen (1978).
Variants
In what follows, refers to the -th iterate of the elementary embedding , that is, composed with itself times, for a finite ordinal . Also, is the class of all sequences of length less than whose elements are in . Notice that for the "super" versions, should be less than , not .
κ is almost n-huge if and only if there is with critical point and
κ is super almost n-huge if and only if for every ordinal γ there is with critical point , , and
κ is n-huge if and only if there is with critical point and
κ is super n-huge if and only if for every ordinal there is with critical point , , and
Notice that 0-huge is the same as measurable cardinal; and 1-huge is the same as huge. A cardinal satisfying one of the rank into rank axioms is -huge for all finite .
The existence of an almost huge cardinal implies that Vopěnka's principle is consistent; more precisely any almost huge cardinal is also a Vopěnka cardinal.
Kanamori, Reinhardt, and Solovay defined seven large cardinal properties between extendibility and hugeness in strength, named through , and a property .[1] The additional property is equivalent to " is huge", and is equivalent to " is -supercompact for all ".
Consistency strength
The cardinals are arranged in order of increasing consistency strength as follows:
- almost -huge
- super almost -huge
- -huge
- super -huge
- almost -huge
The consistency of a huge cardinal implies the consistency of a supercompact cardinal, nevertheless, the least huge cardinal is smaller than the least supercompact cardinal (assuming both exist).
ω-huge cardinals
One can try defining an -huge cardinal as one such that an elementary embedding from into a transitive inner model with critical point and , where is the supremum of for positive integers . However Kunen's inconsistency theorem shows that such cardinals are inconsistent in ZFC, though it is still open whether they are consistent in ZF. Instead an -huge cardinal is defined as the critical point of an elementary embedding from some rank to itself. This is closely related to the rank-into-rank axiom I1.
See also
- List of large cardinal properties
- The Dehornoy order on a braid group was motivated by properties of huge cardinals.
References
- ^ A. Kanamori, W. N. Reinhardt, R. Solovay, "Strong Axioms of Infinity and Elementary Embeddings", pp.110--111. Annals of Mathematical Logic vol. 13 (1978).
- Kanamori, Akihiro (2003), The Higher Infinite : Large Cardinals in Set Theory from Their Beginnings (2nd ed.), Springer, ISBN 3-540-00384-3.
- Kunen, Kenneth (1978), "Saturated ideals", The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 43 (1): 65–76, doi:10.2307/2271949, ISSN 0022-4812, JSTOR 2271949, MR 0495118, S2CID 13379542.
- Maddy, Penelope (1988), "Believing the Axioms. II", The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 53 (3): 736-764 (esp. 754-756), doi:10.2307/2274569, JSTOR 2274569, S2CID 16544090. A copy of parts I and II of this article with corrections is available at the author's web page.