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House of Massimo
Casa Massimo (Italian)
Black noble family
Parent houseFabia gens
Country Papal States
 Italy
 Italy  Corsica
Founded950; 1074 years ago (950)
FounderLeo de Maximis
Current headPrince Fabrizio (*1963)
Titles
  • Pope (non-hereditary)
  • Cardinal (non-hereditary)
  • Patrizio Romano
  • Prince of Arsoli
  • Prince of Roccasecca dei Volsci
  • Prince of Prossedi
  • Prince of Roviano
  • Prince of Triggiano
  • Duke of Anticoli-Corrado
  • Duke of Calcata
  • Duke of Rignano
  • Marquis of Calcata
  • Baron of Pisterzo
  • Lord of Intrafiumara
  • Noble of Velletri
  • Noble of Tivoli
MottoCunctando restituit
(Latin for 'By delaying, restored')[1][2][circular reference]
Cadet branches
  • Massimo d'Araceli
  • Massimo-Lancellotti
  • Massimo Di Roccasseca
  • Massimo-Arsolí
  • Massimo-Brancaccio

The House of Massimo is one of the great aristocratic families of Rome, renowned for its influence on the politics, the church and the artistic heritage of the city.

Legendary origins

The Massimo family is sometimes referred to as one of the oldest noble families in Europe.[3] According to the Augustinian historian Onofrio Panvinio (1529-1568) in his work "De gente Maxima" of 1556, the family descends in the male line from the ancient Gens Fabia or "Maximi" of republican Rome and from Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (c. 275 BC – 203 BC), called Cunctator ("the Delayer").[4][5][6] When asked by Napoleon (with whom he was negotiating the Treaty of Tolentino) whether the family descended from Fabius Maximus, the then Prince Massimo famously replied: «Je ne saurais en effet le prouver, c'est un bruit qui ne court que depuis douze cents ans dans notre famille» ("I can not actually prove it, it's a rumour that only runs for twelve hundred years in our family").[7]

The Massimo family is also said to have provided two popes to the Catholic Church, both saints - Pope Anastasius I (reigned 399-401),[8] who denounced the Origenist heresy, and Pope Paschal I from the Massimi branch of the family (reigned 817-824),[9] who resisted the Frankish Kings and was involved in one of the earliest attempts to Christianise Scandinavia.[10]

History

The current family's better documented history traces back to a Massimo who flourished c. 950 AD,[11] and is identified in the person of Leo de Maximis by 1012 (The Surname Massimi derives from de Maximis). Thereafter the family grew in influence among the Roman barons, and played a considerable part in the history of the city in the Middle Ages, producing numerous cardinals, ambassadors, and civil and military leaders.

Massimo Massimi (died 1465) served as Rome's chief conservator, a post held by several subsequent members of the family.[12] Luca Massimo (died 1550) was granted the title "Baron of Pisterzo" in 1544 and Fabrizio Camillo Massimo of the Arsoli branch of the family became "Marquis of Roccasecca" in 1686.[12]

Two branches descended from sons of Angelo Massimo (1491–1550), who became first Lord (Signore) of Intrafiumara in 1520; that of Tiberio, whose descendants became Dukes of Rignano and Calcata, and died out in 1907, and that of Fabrizio Massimo (1536–1633), who obtained the lordship of Arsoli in 1574.[13] During the War of the Spanish Succession his descendant Giovanni Camillo Massimo (1659-1711) was sent to protect Italy's interests in the north.[14] In 1711, Giovanni Camillo was executed by Spain and his youngest son Francesco Giovanni Massimi (1696–1745) took asylum in the commune of Massimino, which by 1713 declared sovereign independence. Massimiliano Camillo Massimi (1770–1840) of the latter line was granted the title Prince of Arsoli, by Pope Leo XII and Prince for all descendants in 1826.[15] His grandson, Carlo Camillo (1836–1921), 3rd Prince of Arsoli was additionally made a Roman prince in 1854. His son Francesco Camillo, Prince Massimo and Prince of Arsoli (1865–1943) became "Sopraintendente Generale delle Poste Pontificie", and his grandson Leone, Prince of Arsoli and Prince Massimo (1896–1979) became Duke di Anticoli-Corrado in 1904 by avuncular cession.

Another grandson of the 1st Prince of Arsoli, Don Filippo Massimo (1843–1915), inherited the fortune and adopted the marital surname of the Prince's eldest daughter Donna Giuseppina Massimo (1799–1862), who was the widow and heiress of Ottavio Lancellotti, Prince of Lauro (1789–1852).[12] Although the senior line of Don Filippo's descendants retains the Lancellotti surname and title, his younger son Don Luigi (1881–1968), resumed the paternal name in the combination of "Massimo Lancellotti", and his descendants flourish, having been granted the Italian title "Prince of Prossedi" in 1932.[citation needed]

Although ancient and powerful, the post-medieval Massimo were not a sovereign family, yet repeated heads of the family and other family members contracted a remarkable number of marriages with members and descendants of reigning royal dynasties into the late 20th century, consistently so after the marriage in 1765 of Papal postmaster Camillo Francesco Massimo (1730–1801), Marquis of Roccasecca, to Barbara Savelli-Palombara (1750–1826), the last of the great line of the Papal Savelli family and heiress to a large fortune.[12]

Their son the first Prince of Arsoli, Massimiliano Camillo Massimo (1770–1840), married Princess Cristina of Saxony (1775–1837) in 1796, daughter of Xavier of Saxony, Prince of Poland and Lithuania, a younger son of King Augustus III of Poland.[12]

Massimiliano's son, the 2nd Prince of Arsoli Camillo Vittorio Massimo (1803–1873), married HRH Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy-Carignano[12] (1811–1837] in 1827, second cousin of Charles Albert, King of Sardinia whose son, King Victor Emmanuel II (1820–1878), became the first King of a united Italy in 1861.

The third Prince of Arsoli, Camillo Carlo Massimo (1836–1873) wed Donna Francesca Lucchesi Palli (1836–1923), a half-sister of the Legitimist pretender to the French throne Henri, Count of Chambord through her mother Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Sicily (1798-1870)[12] daughter of the Neapolitan King Francis I of the Two Sicilies and widow of Charles X of France's assassinated heir, Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry.[12]

They had two sons, Francesco Massimo, 4th Prince of Arsoli and Prince Massimo (1865–1943), who married Donna Eleonora Brancaccio (1875–1943) in 1895 (daughter of Salvatore Brancaccio, Prince of Triggiano),[12] and Fabrizio Massimo (1868–1944) who in 1895 had been ceded the tiles of Prince of Roviano and Duke of Anticoli-Corrado, and who in 1897 married HRH Infanta Beatrice of Bourbon (1874–1961), daughter of the Carlist pretender to the French and Spanish thrones, Carlos, Duke of Madrid.[12][16] Prince Fabrizio and the Infanta had four daughters no sons: Margherita Massimo who married Emilio Pagliano, Fabiola Massimo who married Enzo Galli Zugaro, Maria della Neve Massimo who married Charles Piercy, and Bianca Massimo who married Paul von Wurmbrand-Stuppach.[17] In 1904, Fabrizio ceded the dukedom of Anticoli-Corrado to his nephew Prince Leone Massimo, son of his elder brother the 4th Prince of Arsoli.

Prince Leone (1896–1979) also became 5th Prince of Arsoli and Prince Massimo in 1943, having in 1935 wed HRH Princess Maria Adelaide of Savoy-Genoa (1904–1979), daughter of Prince Thomas, Duke of Genoa (1854–1931)[12] and first cousin of then-reigning Victor Emmanuel III of Savoy, King of Italy.[12]

The Massimo tradition of royal intermarriage continued when, in 1989, Prince Carlo Massimo (born 1942) married Doña Elisa Osorio de Moscoso y Estagna (born 1946), daughter of Pedro, Duke de Montemar (1904–1986), whose paternal great-grandmother was the Infanta Luisa Teresa de Borbón-Cadiz, daughter of the Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain (1824–1900) by her marriage to José Osorio de Moscoso, Duke de Sessa.[12]

The princely family is represented by Fabrizio Prince Massimo, 7th Prince of Arsoli and Triggiano (born 1963), and by Stefano Massimo, Prince of Roccasecca dei Volsci (born 1955), whose heir is Prince Valerio Massimo (born 1973).[18][19] On the 21 May 2009 Prince Valerio reached the summit of Mount Everest.[20]

Significance

The family were major patrons of the arts, with the brothers Pietro and Francesco Massimo acquiring fame by protecting and encouraging the German printers Arnold Pannartz and Konrad Sweynheim, who came to Rome in 1467, where the first printed books in Italy were produced in the Massimo Palace.[21] In the 17th century Cardinal Camillo II Massimo was famous as the patron of both Velasquez and Poussin.[22]

The Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne in Rome was built by the celebrated Sienese architect Baldassare Peruzzi by order of Pietro Massimo, on the ruins of an earlier palace destroyed in the sack of Rome in 1527. The curved façade is built on and dictated by the foundations of the stands for the stadium odeon of the emperor Domitian. The interior ceilings and vestibules are elaborately ornamented with rosettes and coffered roofs. The entrance ceiling is decorated with a fresco by Daniele da Volterra, who represented "Life of Fabius Maximus". The chapel on the 2nd floor was a room where the 14-year-old Paolo Massimo, son of Prince Fabrizio Massimo, was recalled briefly to life by Saint Philip Neri on March 16, 1583. The interior of the palace is open to public only on that day each year when the family receive the cardinals and other high officials to honor the event.[23] Other notable events in the palace of the 16th century include various intra-familial murders. The palace is considered one of the most important early Renaissance mannerist masterpieces and remains the principal residence of the family, along with the Massimo castle in Arsoli.[24]

References

  1. ^ Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem. Noenum rumores ponebat ante salutem; Ergo plusque magisque viri nunc gloria claret.
    One man, by delaying, restored the state to us. He valued safety more than mob's applause; Hence now his glory more resplendent grows.
    Ennius as quoted by Cicero in De Senectute, Chapter IV
  2. ^ Fabian strategy
  3. ^ Stanley, Alessandra (21 April 1999). "Behind Palazzo Walls, an Exclusive Charm". The New York Times.
  4. ^ Spreti, Vittorio (1969) [1931]. "Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana: famiglie nobili e titolate viventi riconosciute dal R. Governo d'Italia, compresi: città, comunità, mense vescovili, abazie, parrocchie ed enti nobili e titolati riconosciuti, promossa e diretta dal marchese Vittorio Spreti". Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana. Vol. IV. Milano: Forni. p. 478. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  5. ^ "La Famiglia discende dalla "Gens Fabia" come ricordano Panvinio e Tito Livio". Il Tempo (in Italian). 15 September 2010. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012.
  6. ^ Ceccarius (1954). I Massimo. Roma: Istituto di studi romani.
  7. ^ Nelson, Thomas (1920). Story of Prince Massimo's famous quip to Napoleon regarding Fabius Maximus. Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved 28 April 2013. I do not know that it is true, but it has been a tradition in the family for some thirteen or fourteen hundred years. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. ^ "DLL Catalog Authority Record".
  9. ^ "Pope St. Paschal I". 27 January 2017.
  10. ^ Knight, Kevin (2017). "Pope Paschal I". New Advent. Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  11. ^ Gothaischer Hofkalender [Almanach de Gotha] (in French). Gotha: Justus Perthes. 1942. pp. 476–479.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser. "Massimo" (in German). Vol. IV. C.A. Starke Verlag. 1961. pp. 447–448, 482–492, 555–560.
  13. ^ http://www.prolocodiarsoli.it/storia%20castello%20massimo.htm
  14. ^ "The Spanish Succession and the War of the Spanish Succession". www.spanishsuccession.nl. Retrieved 2020-08-16.
  15. ^ "Almanach de Gotha". 1764.
  16. ^ Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser "Spanien" (in German). Vol. VIII. C.A. Starke Verlag. 1968. pp. 215–217.
  17. ^ "Family tree of Fabrizio Massimo". Geneanet. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
  18. ^ "PRINCE VALERIO CAMILLO FRANCESCO MASSIMO DI ROCCASECCA director information. Free director information. Director id 917428655".
  19. ^ "Prince Valerio Massimo di Roccasecca and Miss A.B. Owens - Engagements Announcements - Telegraph Announcements".
  20. ^ Massimo, Valerio (8 June 2009). "The summit push (2) – all the pictures". Valerio Massimo Everest Expedition 2009. He and his wife had a child, Tullia born via surrogate in Georgia U.S.A in 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  21. ^ "Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne". Roma Segreta (in Italian). 4 May 2013. Archived from the original on May 11, 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  22. ^ "Il Cardinal Camillo Massimo". Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata" (in Italian). Retrieved 28 April 2013.
  23. ^ "The Miracle of the Palazzo Massimo, then and Now".
  24. ^ "Castello Massimo | Italy". www.lifeinitaly.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-23.

Sources

  • "Paul Theroff's Online Gotha"
  • Rendina, Claudio (2004). Le grandi famiglie di Roma. Rome: Newton Compton.
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