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Feappii

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Not to be confused with the historical region Fappi, that the Fyappins inhabited.
Fyappiy
Fäppiy
Фаьппий
Total population
See § Demographics
Regions with significant populations
 Russia?
     Ingushetia?
     Dagestan?
Languages
Ingush
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Bats people

The Fyappins[a] were an Ingush subgroup (society) that mostly inhabited the mountainous region of Ingushetia, Fappi.[b] Historically they bordered on the west with Dzherakh, on the east with Khamkhins, on the north with Nazranians, and lastly in the south with Gudomakarians. The centre of the society was the fortified village (aul) of Erzi or Metskhal.

Approximately during the 16–17th centuries, part of the Fyappins migrated to Georgia, Tusheti, due to a lack of land. The descendants of the migrants are known as Bats people. In the 17–18th centuries, another wave of migration accured, to the region of Aukh (modern day Dagestan).

In 1733, due to the worry of expansion of Ottoman Turks in the region, Fyappins tried to establish ties with Kingdom of Kartli. As the Russian Empire started expanding its territories in the Caucasus Region 18–19th centuries, Caucasian War broke out. During the war, Fyappin Society was a subject to 2 Tsarist punitive expeditions, which devasted it.

After the end of Caucasian War, Fyappins became part of various okrugs of the Terek Oblast, which in turn was part of Caucasus Viceroyalty. Namely the okrugs: Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug, Ingushskiy Okrug, Vladikavkazsky Okrug, Sunzhensky Otdel and lastly the Nazranovskiy Okrug.

Etymology

Endonyms

The endonym Fyappiy in their native Ingush language is "Фаьппий",[4][5][6] written as "Fäppij" in old Ingush latin writing system.[7]

Foma Gorepekin [ru] explained the meaning of the ethnonym in Ingush language as "settlers marching in a discordant crowd".[8] Similarly, R. L. Kharadze and Aleksey Robakidze made a hypothesis that the ethnonym might be connected with term "alien/new settler" (but not as in ethnically different from the main mass of Ingush).[9] According to linguist Yu. Desheriyev [ru], the ethnonym has no etymological explanation.[10] Anatoly Genko [ru] connected the name in the form of Veppiy with the Khazar king Uobos in the Georgian Chronicles. Thus elevating the name to the 10th century AD.[11]

Orthography of the variants of the ethnonym Fyappiy:
Sources of 19–20th centuries
Ethnonyms: Term meaning Year Author Work
Fapi/Wapi Self-name of the inhabitants of the society 1808–1809 Julius Klaproth "Reise in den Kaukasus und nach Georgien"[12]
F’choppi Name of the Feappi 1815 Moritz von Engelhardt "Reise in die Krym un den Kaukasus"[13]
Феппіj Ingush name for Feappi 1888 Peter von Uslar "Чеченскій Языкъ"[14]
Quotes Peter von Uslar, but states that it's the name that Dzherakh give to Feappi 1909 Dirr Adolf [ru] "Сборникъ матеріалов для описанія мѣстностей и племенъ Кавказа"[15]
Фаппи Ossetian name for the Feappi 1908 Commission for (...) of the Terek Oblast "Ингушевское племя"[16]
Фэппи Ingush name for the Feappi 1928 A. K. Vilyams "Географический очерк Ингушетии"[17]

Exonyms

Historically the Fyappins were known by the exonym of Georgian origin Kists or Kistins and its other variants such as Nearby Kists or Nearby Kists. The terms later appeared later in Russian literature.[18] Eventually the meaning of this ethnonym expanded and covered all Nakh peoples, despite originally being the ethnonym of Fyappins.[19] The Kist ethnonym was replaced by the ethnonym "Metskhalins" in the 19th century and the Kistin society became known as the "Metskhalin society" respectively, after the chancellery of the society was transferred to Metskhal.[20]

The Ossetians called the Fyappins as Maqqal (Мæхъхъæл), thus subsequently calling the river Armkhi on which the society sat on, Maqqaldon (Мæхъхъæлдон), the namesake for one of the Russian names for Armkhi river, Makaldon.[21] The ethnonym Maqqal was also infrequently used to mark Fyappins on some maps.[c] The ethnonym Maqqal is connected with the Ingush and Ossetian word for Kite, Maqqal (Маккхал/Мæхъхъæл).[22][23] According to Anatoly Genko, the Ossetians got this name from the name of the aul of Erzi and its inhabitants, the Erzians.[22] Of the same opinion is Vitaly Vinogradov [ru] who translates the ethnonym from Ossetian as "Kite people".[23]

History

Early history

One of the mountainous Ingush subgroup (society) which inhabited the historical region of Fappi,[24] all of the villages and settlements of the Fyappin society were descended from the inhabitants of a single mountainous fortified village (aul), Falkhan.[25]

Historically the Fyappins were known by the exonym of Georgian origin Kists or Kistins and its other variants such as Nearby Kists or Nearby Kistins. The historical area where they lived, on the other hand, was called "Kistetia", as well as "Kistia" or "Kistinia".[d] The first mention of Kists dates back to the 7th century, in the work Ashkharhatsuyts in the form Kusts, although in the context it was used to generally describe the Ingush people, not just the Fyappins.[27]

Migration to Georgia and Aukh

Approximately during the 16–17th centuries, part of the Fyappins migrated to Georgia, Tusheti, due to a lack of land.[28][e] Today the descendants of these Fyappins are known as Bats people.[31]

A new wave of migration of Fyappins took place in the 17–18th centuries. This time, to the region of Aukh (modern day Dagestan).[32][33] Today they're known as the Vyappiy and refer to Tyarsh as their ancestral aul as can be attested by their family teptar:[34]

Their fathers left the village of Tyarsh in the Vabo District on a high mountain near the Buruv fortress. Tyarsh is the name of their eldest father.

Contacts with Georgia

In 1733 fearing the expansion of Ottoman Turks, Kists (in this case Fyappins and Dzherakh) wrote Vakhtang VI a letter requesting for alliance, in which 16 Kist representatives from different surnames signed the letter.[35]

Contacts with Russia

In January 8, 1811, foremen of 13 Kistin (Fyappiy) villages made act of oath for the Russian Empire.[36][f] However it is worth saying that even after the oath of individual Ingush society or clans, the former Russian-Ingush relations remained the same. In fact, both sides took these type of oaths as a conclusion union treaties.[37]

Caucasian War

During the Caucasian War, Fyappiy were also the subject of the Russian Expansion. So in July 1830, two Russian columns under the command of Major General Abkhazov set out on a punitive expedition to mountainous Ingushetia. The Russian troops went through the Darial and Assa Gorges. Especially the inhabitants of Eban put up a fierce resistance.[38] As a result of this expedition, Fyappins were briefly subdued by Russian Empire,[39] while their auls were devasted.[38] For the first time, district courts were established and a civil system was introduced to mountainous Ingushetia.[40]

After the general uprising of Chechnya in March 1840, Chechens joined Caucasian Imamate. Relating to this incident, General Pavel Grabbe reported in March 30, 1840, that Kists are either in great agitation or they openly participate on the side of Caucasian Imamate:[41]

Whole Greater Chechnya was transferred to him, as well as the Michik and Ichkerin residents and many Aukhites; the Kachkalyks are kept in obedience only by the presence of our detachment. Some of the Karabulak and Ingush villages, all the Galgai and Kists are also in great agitation and are secretly or openly assisting the rebel.

Within the Russian Empire

After the conclusion of the Caucasian War, the Kist (Fyappiy) society, as part of Ingushetia, was part of the Ossetian-Military Okrug,[42][43] Ingush okrug,[44][45] Vladikavkazsky Okrug,[46][47] Sunzhensky Otdel[48] and Nazran okrug.[49]

Modern

During the Russian Civil War, the self-proclaimed state of Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus emerged in the Caucasus Region, whose finance minister[50][51] was representative from the Fyappins, Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev [ru].[g] He was also a prominent figure in Ingushetia, leading the Ingush National Council.[53]

In 1944, the Ingush people (including Fyappins) were deported to Central Asia and were only allowed to return back in 1957, after Nikita Khrushchev reversed many of Josif Stalin's policies, including the mentioned deportation. Fyappin representatives like the writer and poet Issa Kodzoev were subject to repressions by the Soviet Regime after they wrote about repressions of Stalin.[54][h] In 1989, he together with other Fyappin representatives like Sulambek Mamilov were part of the committee for revival of Ingush Autonomy within Russian SFSR of Soviet Union.[55][i] Today, the representatives from Fyappin society live mostly all across Ingushetia.[56]

Composition

Fyappin society consisted of following fortified villages (auls), tribal organisations (teips) and surnames (nyaqhash/vyarash):[j]

Auls Teips
and nyaqhash/vyarash
Beyni (Бейни) Keligovs (Келигнаькъан), Murzabekovs (Марзбикнаькъан), Torshkhoy (Тӏоаршхой)[k]
Byalgan (Баьлгӏане)
Bisht (Бишт) Beshtoy (Бештой)
Eban (Эбане) Ebankhoy (Эбанхой): Tsitskiyevs (Цискнаькъан)
Erzi (Аьрзи) Oartskhoy (Оарцхой): Mamilovs (Мамилнаькъан), Ozievs (Ознаькъан), Yandievs (Янднаькъан) ;Aldaganovs (ӏалдагӏнаькъан), Burazhevs (Буражнаькъан), Evkurovs (Евкурнаькъан)
Garak (Гаракх) Garakoy (Гаракой)
Goust (Гӏовзтӏе)
Guli (Хьули)[m] Khulkhoy (Хьулахой)
Gveleti (Гелатӏе) Gelatkhoy (Гелатхой)
Dukhargisht (Духьаргишт) Kushtovs (Куштнаькъан)
Kasheti (Кашетӏе)
Kerbite (Кербӏитӏе)
Keyrakh (Кхерахье)
Khamishk (Хьамишк) Didigovs (Дидигнаькъан)
Kharp (Хьарп) Matiyevs (Матенаькъан)
Khastmak (Хьастмоаке)
Koshk (Къоашке)
Lyazhgi (Лаьжг) Lozkhoy (Лошхой) Khautiyevs (Ховтнаькъан)
Metskhal (Мецхал) Dzhabagiyevs (Джабагӏнаькъан), Kotiyevs (Котнаькъан), Kusievs (Кусенаькъан), Tochiyevs (Тоачанаькъан)
Morch (Морч) Morchkhoy (Морчхой)
Olgeti (Олгатӏе) Evkurovs (Евкурнаькъан), Itarovs (Итаранаькъан)
Shoan (Шоане) Shoankhoy (Шоанхой)
Tyarsh (Тӏаьрш) Gudantovs (Гӏудантнаькъан), Daskievs (Даскенаькъан), Doskhoy (Досхой), Murzabekovs (Марзбикнаькъан), Torshkhoy (Тӏоаршхой)
Falkhan (Фалхан) Azhigovs (ӏажнаькъан), Bersanovs (Берсанаькъан), Keligovs (Келигнаькъан), Kotiyevs (Котнаькъан), Dzarakhovs (Зарахнаькъан), Umarovs (ӏумарнаькъан)
Including Chulkhoy auls as per some sources[n]
[o]
Gu (Гув)
Khanikal (Ханикал)
Khyani (Хаьни) Khanievs (Хоаной)
Kyazi (Каьзи) Kodzoyevs (Коазой)
Lyalakh (Лаьлах) Lolokhoyevs (Лоалахой)
Magote (Маготе)
Salgi (Салги) Salgirkhoy (Салгирхой)

Demographics

Year Population Source
1816 1 269[p] Document[68]
1835 c. 1 500 Platon Zubov[69]
1838 2 071 Document[70]
1857 1 269 Adolf Berge[71][72]
1883 1 749[q] Census[47]
1890 1 924[r] Census[48]
1914 880[s] Census[49]
Note: The information in the table is about the Fyappiy living in the mountainous region but not about the Fyappiy living in lowlands of Ingushetia.

Aukh Fyappiy

Aukh Fyappiy, referred as the Vyappiy (Chechen: Ваьппий, romanized: Väppiy; Ingush: Фаьппий, romanized: Fäppiy) is an Chechen[73] and Ingush[32][33] clan (teip) inhabiting Aukh, a region in modern day Dagestan. The cultural center of the Vyappiy was Erzi, located in Ingushetia.[74] In the 17–18 centuries, they left Ingushetia and migrated to the Aukh.[32][33] According to their teptar, they came from the mountainous aul of Tyarsh.[75] Vyappiy were famous for being the blacksmiths and craftsmen.[73]

Notable people

Notes

  1. ^ Ingush: Фаьппий, romanized: Fäppiy
     • Historically known by their exonym Kists (from the Georgian kist'ebi (ქისტები)) and its variants such as Kistins, Nearby Kists/Nearby Kistins.
     • During the 2nd half of the 1800s to the beginning of the 1900s, known by the name Metskhalins, while the society was known as Metskhalin society.
  2. ^ Fyappins, including under the names of Kists, Nearby Kists and Kistins, were mentioned as an Ingush society by vast majority of Imperial Russian,[1] Soviet,[2] and modern authors and sources.[3]
  3. ^ For instance, Karte von dem Kaukasischen Isthmus und von Armenien 1850; Karte der Kaukasus-Länder und der angränzenden türkischen und persischen Provinzen Armenien, Kurdistan und Azerbeidjan 1854
  4. ^ One of the most early mentions of this toponym is found in the work Description of the Kingdom of Georgia of the Georgian eristavi, historian and geographer of the 18th century, Vakhushti Bagrationi. He localized it along the Gorge of the Armkhi river (historical "Kistinka"), that is in mountainous Ingushetia.[26]
  5. ^ As Nataliya Volkova [ru] notes it, "the resettlement of the Fappians to Tusheti is not chronologically determined." However if the comparison of Anatoly Genko [ru] of the Batskiye grebeny mentioned in the Russian documents with the Bats people is correct, then Fyappins were already present in Tusheti in end of 16th century. Overall, Nataliya Volkova also mentions different legends of Bats and Ingush peoples. The Bats legends date the migration of Fyappins to the times of Abbas the Great of the Safavid Empire.[29] Nataliya Volkova and Leonid Lavrov [ru] in a different work dates the time of the migration not earlier than 16th century.[30]
  6. ^ The 13 villages: Arzi (Erzi), with 50 households, Tarsh – 29, Big Ulay (Upper Khuli) – 29, Small Ulay (Lower Khuli) – 20, Khorp (Kharp) – 18, Kashkuye (Koshke) – 15, Morosho (Morch) – 10, Gorokay (Garak) – 28, Mertskhlemi (Metskhal) – 10, Fitkhal (Falkhan) – 30, Bayn (Beyni) – 20, Lazukin (Lyazhgi) – 30, Aratay (Furtoug) – 29.
  7. ^ a b Dzhabagievs are part of the Tochievs, a Fyappin surname, native to the mountainous aul of Metskhal.[52]
  8. ^ a b c Kodzoevs are part of the Chulkhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Kodzoyevs are native to the mountainous aul of Kyazi [ru].[82]
  9. ^ a b Mamilovs are part of the Oartskhoy,[85] a Fyappin clan (teip).[87] Native to the mountainous aul of Erzi.[85]
  10. ^ The information in the table is based on several archive documents such as: "List of populated locations of the Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug" (1859),[57] "List of residents of the Gorsky Uchastok of the Ingushskiy Okrug, with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864)[58] and "List of mountain villages of the Kuban and Terek Oblasts" (1869).[44] The orthography of the teips and nyaqhash/vyarash was mainly based on the work "Onomasticon of Ingushetia",[59] while the information regarding what auls they inhabit/inhabited is mainly based on the information of Zaurbek Malsagov [ru][60] and Shukri Dakhkilgov.[56] Gveleti is included based on the information of A. K. Vilyams[17] and Anatoly Genko [ru].[61]
  11. ^ Including Bersanovs (Берсанаькъан), Mestoy (Местой) and Shovkhalovs (Шовхалнаькъан).
  12. ^ a b It's good to mention the opinion of Anatoly Genko [ru] regarding Khuli. He stated: "From a recently published archival document, we know that Gerchoch, on which, according to Shteder, the Weppins were located, was considered in 1904 to have belonged "from time immemorial" to the family of the Khulokhoevs, the inhabitants of the villages Khuli, Khamkhin Society.³ How to explain this contradiction? Villages of the Upper and Lower Khuli, unlike most of the villages of the Khamkhin Society, are located in the basin of the upper reaches of the Armkhi, adjacent directly to the Metskhalin Society inhabited by the Weppins, and perhaps, at the end of the 18th century, belonged to the Metskhalins."[7]
  13. ^ Although several archive documents such as: "List of populated locations of the Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug" (1859),[62] "List of residents of the Gorsky Uchastok of the Ingushskiy Okrug, with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864)[63] and "List of mountain villages of the Kuban and Terek Oblasts" (1869)[44] indicate the aul as Fyappin, officially from 1870 upwards it's shown as part of the Khamkhin society.[64][65][66][l]
  14. ^ For example: "List of populated locations of the Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug" (1859),[62] "List of residents of the Gorsky Uchastok of the Ingushskiy Okrug, with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864)[63] and "List of mountain villages of the Kuban and Terek Oblasts" (1869).[44] Later on (1870 upwards) those auls are shown as part of the Khamkhin society, similarly Khuli is shown as part of the Khamkhins.[l]
  15. ^ The Chulkhoy itself were indicated as Fyappin for example by Shukri Dakhkilgov.[67]
  16. ^ 1195 Christians and 74 Muslims.
  17. ^ 952 men and 797 women.
  18. ^ 1001 men and 923 women.
  19. ^ 468 men and 412 women.
  20. ^ a b Kotiyevs are a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous auls of Metskhal and Falkhan.[76]
  21. ^ Amerkhanovs are part of the Matievs,[77] a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Kharp.[78]
  22. ^ Gazikovs are part of the Gelatkhoy,[79] who are a Fyappin clan (teip) who originated from Oartskhoy, a Fyappin clan as well. Native to the mountainous aul of Gveleti.[80]
  23. ^ a b c Yandievs are part of the Oartskhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Erzi.[81]
  24. ^ Gutserievs are part of the Kodzoevs, who in turn, are part of the Chulkhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Kodzoevs are native to the mountainous aul of Kyazi [ru].[82]
  25. ^ Didigovs are part of the Gorokoy,[83] a Fyappin clan (teip).[83] Native to the mountainous aul of Khamishk [ru].[84]
  26. ^ Mankievs are part of the Loshkhoy,[85] a Fyappin clan (teip).[86] Native to the mountainous aul of Lyazhgi [ru].[85]
  27. ^ Matievs are a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Kharp.[78]
  28. ^ Yevkurovs are part of the Oartskhoy,[88] a Fyappin clan (teip).[87] Native to the mountainous aul of Olgeti.[88]
  29. ^ Sautievs are part of the Torshkhoy,[89] a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous auls of Tyarsh, Beyni and Falkhan.[61]

References

  1. ^ Volkova 1974, p. 159; Klaproth 1814a, p. 350; Bronevsky 1823, p. 165; Obzor politicheskogo sostoyaniya Kavkaza 1840 goda 1840; Voenno-statisticheskoe obozrenie Rossiyskoy imperii 1851, p. 137; Rossikov 1885, p. 102; Volkonsky 1886, p. 54; Potto 1889; Chudinov 1889, p. 82; Vertepov 1892, p. 75; Pantyukhov 1901, p. 2; Kovalevsky 1914, p. 150; Milyutin 1919, p. 277; Gorepekin 2006, p. 14
  2. ^ Martirosian 1928, p. 12; Krupnov 1971, p. 37; Volkova 1973, p. 151, 160–161; Volkova 1974, p. 153; Tezisy dokladov i soobshchenii 1989, p. 106
  3. ^ Bennigsen & Wimbush 1985, p. 185; Kuznetsov 2004, p. 41; Pavlova 2012, p. 34
  4. ^ Malsagov 1963, p. 144.
  5. ^ Kurkiev 2005, p. 413.
  6. ^ Barakhoeva, Kodzoev & Khayrov 2016, p. 62.
  7. ^ a b Genko 1930, p. 696.
  8. ^ Gorepekin 2006, p. 16.
  9. ^ Robakidze 1968, p. 37.
  10. ^ Desheriev 1963, p. 54.
  11. ^ Genko 1930, p. 705.
  12. ^ Klaproth 1814b, pp. 357–358: "An feinen oberen Gegenden ist der Misdfhegifche Distriet, ber vonben Georgiern Dsursdsuf’echi genannt wird, und unter benfelben legeihr eigentliches Khißtethi. In beiden liegen vom oben nach unten folgende Dörfer, deren Bewohner ſich ſelbſt Fapi oder Wapi nennen (...) [On its upper regions is the Misdfhegifche Distriet, above which the Georgians call Dsursdsuf'echi, and below the same lay their proper Khißtethi. In both, from top to bottom, are the following villages, whose inhabitants call themselves Fapi or Wapi (...)]"
  13. ^ Engelhardt 1815, p. 226.
  14. ^ Uslar 1888, p. 6, Отд. 2-й.
  15. ^ Dirr 1909, p. 10.
  16. ^ Trudy Komissii po issledovaniyu sovremennogo polozheniya zemlepolzovaniya i zemlevladeniya v Nagornoy polose Terskoy oblasti 1908, p. 176.
  17. ^ a b Vilyams 1928, p. 101.
  18. ^ Robakidze 1968, p. 17.
  19. ^ Dalgat 1934, p. 4–5.
  20. ^ Vertepov 1892, p. 75.
  21. ^ Genko 1930, p. 707.
  22. ^ a b Genko 1930, pp. 707, 709.
  23. ^ a b Vinogradov 1966, p. 160.
  24. ^ Volkova 1974, p. 153.
  25. ^ Dalgat 2008, p. 150.
  26. ^ Robakidze 1968, p. 18; Volkova 1973, p. 137 (referring to Bagrationi 1904, p. 151)
  27. ^ Krupnov 1971, pp. 25, 28, 29.
  28. ^ Volkova 1977, p. 84.
  29. ^ Volkova 1974, p. 153–154.
  30. ^ Volkova & Lavrov 1968, p. 342.
  31. ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 222.
  32. ^ a b c Ibragimov 2002, p. 464.
  33. ^ a b c Chechenskaya Respublika i chechentsy: istoriya i sovremennost 2006, p. 188.
  34. ^ Doklad o granitsakh i territorii Ingushetii 2021, p. 70.
  35. ^ Kodzoev 2020, p. 14 (referring to Gamrekeli 1968, p. 122–126, Письма старшин горных провинций Гудамакари, Мтиулети, Кистетии, Тагаури и Хеви к царю Вахтангу VI, с изъявлением своей верноподданности)
  36. ^ Doklad o granitsakh i territorii Ingushetii 2021, p. 82 (referring to РГВИА Ф. ВУА Д. 6184, Ч. 72, Л. 85; АКАК, Т. IV, Д. 1389, p. 904).
  37. ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 236.
  38. ^ a b Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 260.
  39. ^ Martirosian 1928, p. 48.
  40. ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 277.
  41. ^ Kodzoev 2002.
  42. ^ Sbornik dokumentov i materialov 2014, pp. 484–485 (referring to Список населённых местностей "Военно-осетинского округа 1859 г." (РГВИА. Ф. 13454. ОП. 15. Д. 202. Л. 101—111)).
  43. ^ Sbornik dokumentov i materialov 2020, pp. 485–489 (referring to "Список населённых местностей Военно-осетинского округа 1859 г." (РГВИА. Ф. 13454. ОП. 15. Д. 202. Л. 101—111)).
  44. ^ a b c d Sbornik statisticheskiy svedeny o Kavkaze 1869, p. 44.
  45. ^ Dubrovin 1871, pp. 381, 412.
  46. ^ Terksaya oblast. Spisok naselennykh mest po svedeniyam 1874 goda 1878, pp. 21–23 (PDF).
  47. ^ a b Spisok naselennykh mest Terskoy oblasti: Po svedeniyam k 1-mu yanvarya 1883 goda 1885, pp. 16–17.
  48. ^ a b Sunzhenskiy otdel 1890, pp. 40, 42, 44.
  49. ^ a b Spisok naselennykh mest Terskoy oblasti: (Po Dannyn k 1-mu iyulya 1914 goda 1915, pp. 336–339.
  50. ^ Kashkaev 1960, p. 126.
  51. ^ Istoriya Dagestana 1968, p. 76.
  52. ^ Almazov 2015.
  53. ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, pp. 8, 416, 421.
  54. ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 543: "Любые попытки поднять публично данную тему заканчивались, как правило, плачевно для их инициаторов. Так, в 1963 г. репрессиям подверглись учитель родного языка Иса Кодзоев и студент историко-филологического факультета чечено-Ингушского педагогического института Али Хашагульгов, рискнувшие написать о сталинских репрессиях.".
  55. ^ Vtoroy syezd ingushkogo naroda 1990, p. 216.
  56. ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991.
  57. ^ Sbornik dokumentov i materialov 2020, pp. 486–487 (РГВИА. Ф. 13454. ОП. 15. Д. 202. Л. 101—111).
  58. ^ Sbornik dokumentov i materialov 2020, pp. 596–604 (ЦГА РСО-А. Ф. 262. Оп. 1. Д. 77. Л. 76 об—92 об.).
  59. ^ Onomastikon Ingushetii 2021, pp. 16–33.
  60. ^ Malsagov 1963, pp. 142–150.
  61. ^ a b Genko 1930, p. 697.
  62. ^ a b Sbornik dokumentov i materialov 2020, pp. 486–487 (РГВИА. Ф. 13454. ОП. 15. Д. 202. Л. 101—111).
  63. ^ a b Sbornik dokumentov i materialov 2020, pp. 596–604 (ЦГА РСО-А. Ф. 262. Оп. 1. Д. 77. Л. 76 об—92 об.).
  64. ^ Spisok naselennykh mest Terskoy oblasti: Po svedeniyam k 1-mu yanvarya 1883 goda 1885, p. 17.
  65. ^ Sunzhenskiy otdel 1890, p. 54.
  66. ^ Spisok naselennykh mest Terskoy oblasti: (Po Dannyn k 1-mu iyulya 1914 goda 1915, p. 340.
  67. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 54.
  68. ^ Akhmadov 2002, p. 225.
  69. ^ Zubov 1835, p. 163.
  70. ^ Sbornik dokumentov i materialov 2020, p. 466 (Описание народов обитающих в Кавказских горах разных племен по правую и левую стороны Военно-грузинской дороги, принадлежащих к Владикавказскому округу и зависящих от управления Владикавказского коменданта).
  71. ^ Berzhe 1857, p. 270.
  72. ^ Berzhe 1992, p. 6.
  73. ^ a b Nataev 2015, p. 171.
  74. ^ Zyazikov 2004, p. 93.
  75. ^ Doklad o granitsakh i territorii Ingushetii 2021, p. 70.
  76. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 36.
  77. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 12.
  78. ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 39.
  79. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 22.
  80. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 25.
  81. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 43.
  82. ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 26.
  83. ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 30.
  84. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 24.
  85. ^ a b c d Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 38.
  86. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 37.
  87. ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 11.
  88. ^ a b Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 31.
  89. ^ Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 45.

Bibliography

English sources

  • Baddeley, John F. (1940). The Rugged Flanks of Caucasus. Vol. 1. London: Oxford University Press: Humphrey Milford. pp. 1–318.
  • Bennigsen, Alexandre; Wimbush, S. Enders (1985). Muslims of the Soviet Empire: A Guide. London: C. Hurst & Co. pp. 1–210. ISBN 1-85065-009-8.
  • Klaproth, Heinrich Julius (1814a). Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia: Performed in the Years 1807 and 1808, by Command of the Russian Government. Translated by Shoberl, Frederic. London: Henry Colburn. pp. 1–421.

German sources

Russian sources

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