Palmer drought index
The Palmer drought index, sometimes called the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), is a regional drought index commonly used for monitoring drought events and studying areal extent and severity of drought episodes.[1] The index uses precipitation and temperature data to study moisture supply and demand using a simple water balance model.[1][2][3] It was developed by meteorologist Wayne Palmer, who first published his method in the 1965 paper Meteorological Drought[4] for the Office of Climatology of the U.S. Weather Bureau.
The Palmer Drought Index is based on a supply-and-demand model of soil moisture. Supply is comparatively straightforward to calculate, but demand is more complicated as it depends on many factors, not just temperature and the amount of moisture in the soil but also hard-to-calibrate factors including evapotranspiration and recharge rates. Palmer tried to overcome these difficulties by developing an algorithm that approximated them based on the most readily available data, precipitation and temperature.
The index has proven most effective in determining long-term drought, a matter of several months, but it is not as good with conditions over a matter of weeks. It uses a 0 as normal, and drought is shown in terms of negative numbers; for example, negative 2 is moderate drought, negative 3 is severe drought, and negative 4 is extreme drought. Palmer's algorithm also is used to describe wet spells, using corresponding positive numbers. Palmer also developed a formula for standardizing drought calculations for each individual location based on the variability of precipitation and temperature at that location. The Palmer index can therefore be applied to any site for which sufficient precipitation and temperature data is available.
Critics have argued that the utility of the Palmer index is weakened by the arbitrary nature of Palmer's algorithms, including the technique used for standardization and arbitrary designation of drought severity classes and internal temporal memory.[5] The Palmer index's inability to account for snow and frozen ground also is cited as a weakness.[6]
The Palmer index is widely used operationally, with Palmer maps published weekly by the United States Government's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. It also has been used by climatologists to standardize global long-term drought analysis. Global Palmer data sets have been developed based on instrumental records beginning in the 19th century.[7] In addition, dendrochronology has been used to generate estimated Palmer index values for North America for the past 2000 years, allowing analysis of long term drought trends.[8] It has also been used as a means of explaining the Late Bronze Age collapse.
In the US, regional Palmer maps are featured on the cable channel Weatherscan.
PDSI classification
The PDSI is a standardized index that ranges from -10 to +10, with negative values indicating drought conditions and positive values indicating wet conditions.[9]
| PDSI value | classification |
|---|---|
| 4.0 or more | extremely wet |
| 3.0 to 3.99 | very wet |
| 2.0 to 2.99 | moderate wet |
| 1.0 to 1.99 | slightly wet |
| 0.5 to 0.99 | incipient wet spell |
| 0.49 to -0.49 | near normal |
| -0.5 to -0.99 | incipient dry spell |
| -1.0 to -1.99 | mild drought |
| -2.0 to -2.99 | moderate drought |
| -3.0 to -3.99 | severe drought |
| -4.0 or less | extremely drought |
See also
References
- ^ a b Mishra, Ashok K.; Singh, Vijay P. (September 2010). "A review of drought concepts". Journal of Hydrology. 391 (1–2): 202–216. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012.
- ^ Van Loon, Anne F. (July 2015). "Hydrological drought explained: Hydrological drought explained". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water. 2 (4): 359–392. doi:10.1002/wat2.1085.
- ^ Liu, Yi; Ren, Liliang; Ma, Mingwei; Yang, Xiaoli; Yuan, Fei; Jiang, Shanhu (January 2016). "An insight into the Palmer drought mechanism based indices: comprehensive comparison of their strengths and limitations". Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment. 30 (1): 119–136. doi:10.1007/s00477-015-1042-4. ISSN 1436-3240.
- ^ Wayne Palmer, "Meteorological Drought". Research paper no.45, U.S. Department of Commerce Weather Bureau, February 1965 (58 pgs). Available online by the NOAA National Climatic Data Center at http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/drought/docs/palmer.pdf
- ^ Ma, Mingwei; Ren, Liliang; Yuan, Fei; Jiang, Shanhu; Liu, Yi; Kong, Hao; Gong, Luyan (November 15, 2014). "A new standardized Palmer drought index for hydro-meteorological use: A NEW STANDARDIZED PALMER DROUGHT INDEX". Hydrological Processes. 28 (23): 5645–5661. doi:10.1002/hyp.10063.
- ^ Alley, W. M. (1984). "The Palmer Drought Severity Index: Limitations and Assumptions". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 23 (7): 1100–1109. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<1100:TPDSIL>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
- ^ Dai, Aiguo et al.: A Global Dataset of Palmer Drought Severity Index for 1870–2002: Relationship with Soil Moisture and Effects of Surface Warming, Journal of Hydrometeorology, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 1117–30, December 2004
- ^ Cook, E.R. et al.: Long-Term Changes in the Western United States, Science, Vol. 306, No. 5698, pp. 1015–18, November 5, 2004
- ^ "Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) | Climate Data Guide". climatedataguide.ucar.edu. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
- ^ Maule, Cathrine Fox; Thejll, Peter; Christensen, Jens H.; Svendsen, Synne H.; Hannaford, Jamie (January 2013). "Improved confidence in regional climate model simulations of precipitation evaluated using drought statistics from the ENSEMBLES models". Climate Dynamics. 40 (1–2): 155–173. doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1355-7. ISSN 0930-7575.