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Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere syndrome

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Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere syndrome
Other namesBVVLS1 [1]

Brown-Vialetto-Van-Laere syndrome (BVVL), sometimes known as Brown's Syndrome, is a rare degenerative disorder often initially characterized by progressive sensorineural deafness.[2]

The syndrome most often affects children, adolescents, and young adults. As knowledge of BVVL grows some adult patients have now been diagnosed. With prompt treatment the prognosis may be positive with some patients stabilizing and even major improvements noted in certain cases.

Symptoms and signs

BVVL is marked by a number of cranial nerve palsies, including those of the motor components involving the 7th and 9th-12th cranial nerves, spinal motor nerves, and upper motor neurons.[2] Major features of BVVL include facial and neck weakness, fasciculation of the tongue, and neurological disorders from the cranial nerves.[3] The neurological manifestations develop insidiously: they usually begin with sensorineural deafness, progress inexorably to paralysis, and often culminate in respiratory failure. Most mortality in patients has been from either respiratory infections or respiratory muscle paralysis. Pathological descriptions of BVVL include injury and depletion of 3rd-7th cranial nerves, loss of the spinal anterior horn cells, degeneration of Purkinje cells, as well as degeneration of the spinocerebellar and pyramidal tracts.[3] The first symptoms in nearly all cases of BVVL is progressive vision loss and deafness, and the first initial symptoms are seen anywhere from one to three years.[4]

Most cases of deafness are followed by a latent period that can extend anywhere from weeks to years, and this time is usually marked by cranial nerve degeneration. Neurological symptoms of BVVL include optic atrophy, cerebellar ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, epilepsy and autonomic dysfunction.[4] Non-neurological symptoms can include diabetes, auditory hallucinations, respiratory difficulties, color blindness, and hypertension.[citation needed]

Genetics

BVVL has autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance

The disorder has been associated with various mutations in the SLC52A2 and SLC52A3 genes.[1][5][6] This gene is thought to be involved in transport of riboflavin.[7]

BVVL is allelic and phenotypically similar to Fazio–Londe disease and likewise is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.[citation needed]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis requires a neurological examination and neuroimaging can be helpful.[8]

BVVL can be differentially diagnosed from similar conditions like Fazio-Londe syndrome and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in that those two conditions don't involve sensorineural hearing loss, while BVVL, Madras motor neuron disease, Nathalie syndrome, and Boltshauser syndrome do. Nathalie syndrome does not involve lower cranial nerve symptoms, so it can be excluded if those are present. If there is evidence of lower motor neuron involvement, Boltshauser syndrome can be excluded. Finally, if there is a family history of the condition, then BVVL is more likely than MMND, as MMND tends to be sporadic.[8]

Genetic testing is able to identify genetic mutations underlying BVVL.[6]

Treatment

As of 2017, there were case reports that treatment with high doses of riboflavin 5 phosphate can halt the progress of Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere syndrome and in some cases can improve symptoms.[9][10]

The first report of BVVL syndrome in Japanese literature was of a woman that had BVVL and showed improvement after such treatments. The patient was a sixty-year-old woman who had symptoms such as sensorineural deafness, weakness, and atrophy since she was 15 years old. Around the age of 49 the patient was officially diagnosed with BVVL, intubated, and then attached to a respirator to improve her CO₂ narcosis. After the treatments, the patient still required respiratory assistance during sleep; however, the patient no longer needed assistance by a respirator during the daytime.[11]

Prognosis

The clinical course of BVVL can vary from one patient to another. There have been cases with progressive deterioration, deterioration followed by periods of stabilization, and deterioration with abrupt periods of increasing severity.[3]

The syndrome has previously been considered to have a high mortality rate but the initial response of most patients to the Riboflavin protocol are very encouraging and seem to indicate a significantly improved life expectancy could be achievable. There are three documented cases of BVVL where the patient died within the first five years of the disease. On the contrary, most patients have survived more than 10 years after the onset of their first symptom, and several cases have survived 20–30 years after the onset of their first symptom.[4]

Families with multiple cases of BVVL and, more generally, multiple cases of infantile progressive bulbar palsy can show variability in age of disease onset and survival. Dipti and Childs described such a situation in which a family had five children that had Infantile PBP. In this family, three siblings showed sensorineural deafness and other symptoms of BVVL at an older age. The other two siblings showed symptoms of Fazio-Londe disease and died before the age of two.[12]

Epidemiology

As of 2015, there are approximately 70 known cases of Brown-Vialetto-Van-Laere syndrome worldwide.[2] BVVL was first described in a Portuguese family, and has since been described in a number of ethnic groups. Reports have shown that BVVL infects females more than males at a rate of 5:1 respectively. However, males usually exhibit more severe symptoms, an earlier onset of deafness and a tendency to die earlier in life.[2]

History

The syndrome was first described by Charles Brown in 1894;[13] further accounts by Vialetto[14] and Van Laere[15] followed in 1936 and 1966, respectively. There were very few cases reported in the medical literature over the 100 odd years since its first description however with the specific genetic testing available in recent years more cases are being identified and treated.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): 211530
  2. ^ a b c d Voudris, KA; Skardoutsou, A; Vagiakou, EA (2002). "Infantile progressive bulbar palsy with deafness". Brain & Development. 24 (7): 732–735. doi:10.1016/S0387-7604(02)00085-2. PMID 12427524. S2CID 7690110.
  3. ^ a b c Prabhu, HV; Brown, MJ (June 2005). "Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome: a rare syndrome in otology". The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 119 (6): 470–2. doi:10.1258/0022215054273179. PMID 15992475. S2CID 28865108.
  4. ^ a b c Sathasivam, S; O’Sullivan, S; Nicolson, A; Tilley, PJB; Shaw, PJ (2000). "Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome: Case report and literature review". Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders. 1 (4): 277–281. doi:10.1080/14660820050515106. PMID 11465021. S2CID 42001695.
  5. ^ Green, P; Wiseman, M; Crow, YJ; et al. (March 2010). "Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome, a ponto-bulbar palsy with deafness, is caused by mutations in c20orf54". American Journal of Human Genetics. 86 (3): 485–9. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.006. PMC 2833371. PMID 20206331.
  6. ^ a b Johnson, JO; Gibbs, JR; Van Maldergem, L; Houlden, H; Singleton, AB (October 2010). "Exome sequencing in Brown-Vialetto-van Laere syndrome". American Journal of Human Genetics. 87 (4): 567–9, author reply 569–70. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.05.021. PMC 2948797. PMID 20920669.
  7. ^ Yamamoto, S; Inoue, K; Ohta, K; Fukatsu, R; Maeda, J; Yoshida, Y; Yuasa, H (2009). "Identification and Functional Characterization of Rat Riboflavin Transporter 2". Journal of Biochemistry. 145 (4): 437–443. doi:10.1093/jb/mvn181. PMID 19122205.
  8. ^ a b Sathasivam, S (17 April 2008). "Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 3: 9. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-3-9. PMC 2346457. PMID 18416855.
  9. ^ Allison, T; Roncero, I; Forsyth, R; Coffman, K; Pichon, JL (May 2017). "Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere Syndrome as a Mimic of Neuroimmune Disorders: 3 Cases From the Clinic and Review of the Literature". Journal of Child Neurology. 32 (6): 528–532. doi:10.1177/0883073816689517. PMID 28116953. S2CID 31769793.
  10. ^ Bosch, Annet M; Stroek, Kevin; Abeling, Nico G; Waterham, Hans R; IJlst, Lodewijk; Wanders, Ronald JA (2012). "The Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere and Fazio Londe syndrome revisited: natural history, genetics, treatment and future perspectives". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 7 (1): 83. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-7-83. PMC 3517535. PMID 23107375.
  11. ^ Nemoto, H; Konno, S; Nomoto, N; Wakata, N; Kurihara, T (May 2005). "[A case of Brown-Vialetto-van Laere (BVVL) syndrome in Japan]". Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 45 (5): 357–61. PMID 15960172.
  12. ^ Dipti, S; Childs, AM; Livingston, JH; Aggarwal, AK; Miller, M; Williams, C; Crow, YJ (September 2005). "Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome; variability in age at onset and disease progression highlighting the phenotypic overlap with Fazio-Londe disease". Brain & Development. 27 (6): 443–6. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2004.10.003. PMID 16122634. S2CID 32223440.
  13. ^ Brown CH (1894). "Infantile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis of the family type". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 21 (2): 707–716. doi:10.1097/00005053-189411000-00003. S2CID 143353104.
  14. ^ Vialetto E (1936). "Contributo alla forma ereditaria della paralisi bulbare progressive". Rivista sperimentale di freniatria e medicina legale delle alienazioni mentali. 40: 1–24.
  15. ^ Van Laere, J (August 1966). "Paralysie bulbo-pontine chronique progressive familiale avec surdité. Un cas de syndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay dans la même fratrie – problèmes diagnostiques et génétiques [Familial progressive chronic bulbo-pontine paralysis with deafness. A case of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome in siblings of the same family. Diagnostic and genetic problems]". Revue neurologique. 115 (2): 289–95. PMID 5969547.

Further reading

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