Hollow atom
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/HCI_surface_interaction.jpg/220px-HCI_surface_interaction.jpg)
Hollow Atoms (discovered in 1990 by a French team of researchers around Jean-Pierre Briand) are short-lived multiply excited neutral atoms which carry a large part of their Z electrons (Z ... projectile nuclear charge) in high-n levels while inner shells remain (transiently) empty. This population inversion arises for typically 100 femtoseconds during the interaction of a slow highly charged ion (HCI) with a solid surface.
Despite this limited lifetime, the formation and decay of a hollow atom can be conveniently studied from ejected electrons and soft X-rays, and the trajectories, energy loss and final charge state distribution of surface-scattered projectiles. For impact on insulator surfaces the potential energy contained by hollow atom may also cause the release of target atoms and -ions via potential sputtering and the formation of nanostructures on a surface.
External links
- Review article on hollow atoms.
- EU Network ITS-LEIF
- MPI Heidelberg, Germany
- NIST, USA
- TU Wien, Austria