Wendel's theorem

In geometric probability theory, Wendel's theorem, named after James G. Wendel, gives the probability that N points distributed uniformly at random on an $(n-1)$-dimensional hypersphere all lie on the same "half" of the hypersphere. In other words, one seeks the probability that there is some half-space with the origin on its boundary that contains all N points. Wendel's theorem says that the probability is

$p_{n,N}=2^{-N+1}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}{\binom {N-1}{k}}.$

The statement is equivalent to $p_{n,N}$ being the probability that the origin is not contained in the convex hull of the N points and holds for any probability distribution on Rⁿ that is symmetric around the origin. In particular this includes all distribution which are rotationally invariant around the origin.