Sawndip literature
For over one thousand years the Zhuang have used Sawndip to write a wide variety of literature, including folk songs, operas, poems, scriptures, letters, contracts, and court documents.[1] The works include both entirely indigenous works and translations from Chinese, fact and fiction, religious and secular and give us insight in to the life of the Zhuang and the people they have had contact with over a period of two millennia, a writing tradition that is still alive to this day.
Characteristics
Sawndip literature is traditionally though not always written in verse. Only a small percentage of Sawndip literature has been published. Folk songs, or stories, are often adapted over time, for example Fwen Ciengzyeingz, meaning "Song to tell others", gives a philosophy of life, and of which Liáng Tíngwàng observes from the proper pronouns used the song have their origin in Sui-Tang Dynasties and with its final form was set almost a thousand years later in the latter part of the Ming Dynasty.[2]
Whilst the rules are flexible the two main types of verse are either 5 characters a line or 7 characters a line, and commonly 4 lines to a stanza. In some texts whilst lines are resung several times in set combinations, the lines are only written once. Waist rhyming is common. Older manuscripts for antiphonal songs only record the male lyrics, whereas modern versions may include both male and female lyrics.
Notable Works
The Orphan Girl and the Rich Girl (Cinderella)
One fairy tale which has attracted much attention on recent years is "The orphan girl and the rich girl" an early version of the story Cinderella (Zhuang "Dahgyax Dahbengz" Dah - indicates female, gyax means orphan and bengz means rich) found in Zhuang opera scripts. A 9th century Chinese translation of the Zhuang story entitled Ye Xian was written in the Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang[3] and the Sawndip versions we now have are quite similar and analysis suggests these versions took shape no later than the 10th century.[4]
Song about Tang Emperors
"Song about Tang Emperors" ("𠯘唐皇" Fwen Dangzvuengz), is about 5,000 lines long, and mainly about Li Dan the fifth and ninth emperor of Tang Dynasty born in 662， the content is similar to sections of the 18th century Chinese historical novel 《薛刚反唐》 hence some consider it to be an adaptation from the novel, however some manuscript evidence suggests it was already in circulation in the 17th century.[5][6]
"The house-building song"
"The house-building song" has been sung for over a thousand years[7] this song has two parts, the first part describes the construction of a traditional stilt house and the second part the customs to ward off evil from the new home[8]
"The Origin of the Bronze Drum"
"The Origin of the Bronze Drum" tells of the origins of bronze drums that are like "stars" (such drums have a star in the middle of them), that they are as many as the stars of the sky and like stars can ward off evil spirits.[9]
References
- ^ 壮文论集 Anthology of Written Zhuang by 梁庭望 Liang Tingwang 2007 Published by 中央民族大学出版社 Central Minorities University Press pages 153-158 ISBN 9787811084368
- ^ 《壮族伦理道德长诗传扬歌译注》 pages 5-81 Liáng Tíngwàng 梁庭望 2005 广西民族出版社
- ^ 广西民间故事(二) pages 7 8
- ^ 壮族文学发展史 （上册）by 周作秋 page 416
- ^ 广西大百科全书 Encyclopedia of Guangxi Vol 5 page 445 ISBN 9787500079729
- ^ 清代戏曲抄本叙录 A Catalogue of Qing Dynasty Opera Manuscripts by 朱恒夫
- ^ Liao Songs of Pingguo Zhuang Songs of March page 60 ISBN 978-7-5495-1097-9
- ^ Liao Songs of Pingguo Zhuang Songs of March pages 56 ISBN 978-7-5495-1097-9
- ^ 广西民间故事(二) pages 129-133