GeoNames
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GeoNames.org is a geographical database available and accessible through various web services, under a Creative Commons attribution license.
GeoNames.org differs from the US Government's official GeoNames website , also known as the GEOnet Names Server (GNS), maintained by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). GNS is the official repository of standard spellings of all foreign geographic names, sanctioned by the United States Board on Geographic Names (US BGN). The database also contains variant spellings (cross-references), which are useful for finding purposes, as well as non-Roman script spellings of many of these names. All the geographic features in the database contain information about location, administrative division, and quality. The database can be used for a variety of purposes, including establishing official spellings of foreign place names, cartography, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Geospatial-Intelligence (GEOINT), and finding places. The site is publicly available, troubleshooting issues can be resolved via the GeoNames Contacts
Database and web services
The GeoNames.org database contains over 25,000,000 geographical names corresponding to over 11,800,000 unique features.[1] All features are categorized into one of nine feature classes and further subcategorized into one of 645 feature codes. Beyond names of places in various languages, data stored include latitude, longitude, elevation, population, administrative subdivision and postal codes. All coordinates use the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84).
Those data are accessible free of charge through a number of Web services and a daily database export.[2]
Wiki interface
The core of GeoNames.org database is provided by official public sources, the quality of which may vary. Through a wiki interface, users are invited to manually edit and improve the database by adding or correcting names, move existing features, add new features, etc.[3]
Semantic Web integration
Each GeoNames.org feature is represented as a web resource identified by a stable URI. This URI provides access, through content negotiation, either to the HTML wiki page, or to a RDF description of the feature, using elements of the GeoNames ontology.[4] This ontology describes the GeoNames features properties using the Web Ontology Language, the feature classes and codes being described in the SKOS language. Through Wikipedia articles URL linked in the RDF descriptions, GeoNames data are linked to DBpedia data and other RDF Linked Data.
Accuracy and improvements
As in other crowdsourcing schemes, GeoNames.org edit interface allows everyone to sign in and edit the database, hence false information can be entered and such information can remain undetected especially for places that are not accessed frequently. Ahlers (2013) studies these inaccuracies and classifies them into loss in the granularity of coordinates (e.g., due to truncation and low-resolution geocoding in some cases), wrong feature codes, near-identical places, and the placement of places outside their designated countries. Manually correcting these inaccuracies is both tedious and error prone (due to the database size) and may require experts.
The literature provides very few works on automatically resolving them. Singh & Rafiei (2018) study the problem of automatically detecting the scope of locations in a geographical database and its applications in identifying inconsistencies and improving the quality of the database. Computing the boundary information can help detect inconsistencies such as near-identical places and the placement of locations such as cities under wrong parents such as provinces or countries. Singh and Rafiei show that the boundary information derived in their work can move more than 20% of locations in GeoNames to better positions in the spatial hierarchy and the accuracy of those moves is over 90%.
References
- Ahlers, Dirk (2013), "Assessment of the accuracy of GeoNames gazetteer data", Proceedings of the GIR Workshop, pp. 74–81, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.722.8740
- Singh, Sanket Kumar; Rafiei, Davood (2018), "Strategies for Geographical Scoping and Improving a Gazetteer", Proceedings of the Web Conference (PDF), pp. 1663–1672
- ^ "GeoNames web site". Geonames.org. Retrieved 2018-09-08.
- ^ "GeoNames API". ProgrammableWeb. Retrieved 2018-09-08.
- ^ "How can I help ?". GeoNames Forum. GeoNames. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
- ^ "GeoNames ontology". Geonames.org. Retrieved 2013-12-15.