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Erecura

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Map showing the location of inscriptions to this goddess, under various spellings.
Figurine dating from the 2nd or 3rd century A. D. found in Stuttgart, Germany

Erecura or Aerecura /ɛrɪˈkjʊərə/ (also found as Herecura or Eracura)[1] was a goddess worshipped in ancient times, often thought to be Celtic in origin, mostly represented with the attributes of Proserpina and associated with the Roman underworld god Dis Pater, as on an altar from Sulzbach.[2] She appears with Dis Pater in a statue found at Oberseebach, Switzerland, and in several magical texts from Austria, once in the company of Cerberus and once probably with Ogmios.[3] A further inscription to her has been found near Stuttgart, Germany. Besides her chthonic symbols, she is often depicted with such attributes of fertility as the cornucopia and apple baskets.[4] She is believed to be similar to Greek Hecate, while the two goddesses share similar names.[5] She is depicted in a seated posture, wearing a full robe and bearing trays or baskets of fruit, in depictions from Cannstatt[6] and Sulzbach.[2] Miranda Green calls Aericura a "Gaulish Hecuba",[7] while Noémie Beck characterizes her as a "land-goddess" sharing both underworld and fertility aspects with Dis Pater.[8]

Representations of Erecura are most commonly found in the Danubian area of Southern Germany and Slovenia, but they also occur in Italy, Great Britain, and France. Her inscriptions are concentrated in Stuttgart and along the Rhine. Several monuments in honour of Erecura occur in cemeteries or other funereal contexts.[8] Jona Lendering notes the similarity between her iconography and that of Nehalennia, who was worshipped in Germania Inferior,[4] while Beck sees no significant difference between her attributes and those of the Matres and Matronae.[6] Geographically, the areas in which Erecura and Dis Pater were worshipped appear to be in complementary distribution with those where the cult of Sucellus and Nantosuelta is attested, and Beck suggests that these cults were functionally similar although iconographically distinct.[8]

A male deity called Arecurius or Aericurus is named on an altar-stone in Northumberland, England,[9] although Beck cautions that "this inscription is quite uncertain, and it might be a misreading of Mercurio".[6]


Etymology

The theonym is of unclear origin. It has been connected with Latin aes, aeris 'copper, bronze, money, wealth', era 'mistress' and the name of the Greek goddess Hera.[10] Many different Latinised forms of this goddess's name occur: Aeraecura at Perugia; Aerecura at Mainz, Xanten, Aquileia and Roşia Montană; Aericura at Sulzbach, Malsch, Eracura in Mautern, Austria, Ercura at Fliehburg, Erecura at Cannstatt, Tongeren and Belley in Aube; Heracura at Stockstadt am Rhein, Herecura at Cannstatt, Freinsheim and Rottenburg am Neckar, where the form Herequra is also found.[11]

The alternation between the initial H and A may be due to the letters' similar shape in the classical Latin capitals ordinarily used in epigraphic inscriptions in the Roman Empire,[12] particularly since less literate members of the Roman Empire’s community sometimes misinterpreted the phonemic value of a given letter.[13] A name of the form */aireˈkura/ or */(h)eːreˈkura/ appears to underlie the alternations Aeraecura ~ Aerecura ~ Aericura ~ Eracura ~ Ercura ~ Erecura ~ Heracura ~ Herecura ~ Herequra.

Though the goddess herself may be Celtic, it is open to question whether the name is of Celtic origin or even Indo-European. Lendering considers her cult to be of Illyrian origin, spreading from Aquileia and only reaching the Danubian and Rhenish border regions through the Roman troops deployed there.[4] Beck considers the name to be of Germanic origin.[6]

Bibliography

Works cited

  1. ^ Nicole Jufer & Thierry Luginbühl. Les dieux gaulois : répertoire des noms de divinités celtiques connus par l'épigraphie, les textes antiques et la toponymie. Paris: Editions Errance, 2001. ISBN 2-87772-200-7. pp. 18, 40, 45.
  2. ^ a b Beck (2009), p. 136.
  3. ^ Egger (1962-63), I.84-85; I.276-79; II.24-33.
  4. ^ a b c Jona Lendering (2014). "Herecura". Livius.org. Retrieved 2015-05-28.
  5. ^ P. Monaghan The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore New York: Facts On File, Inc, 2004. ISBN 0-8160-4524-0, p. 4.
  6. ^ a b c d Beck (2009), p. 135.
  7. ^ Green (2004), p. 124.
  8. ^ a b c Beck (2009), p. 137.
  9. ^ R.G. Collingwood and R.P. Wright. The Roman Inscriptions of Britain (RIB), Vol. 1: The Inscriptions on Stone. RIB 1123. See also the relevant page of roman-britain.org Archived August 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ^ Egger (1962), I.84-85.
  11. ^ Lajoye, Patrice; Inventaire des divinités celtiques de l’Antiquité, Caen: Société de Mythologie Française. Available at L’Arbre Celtique.
  12. ^ Green (2004), pp. 120–121.
  13. ^ This is also apparent in the inscriptions to Belatucadrus. Green (2004), p. 102.

References

  • Beck, Noémie (2009). Goddesses in Celtic Religion—Cult and Mythology: A Comparative Study of Ancient Ireland, Britain and Gaul (PhD thesis). Université Lumière Lyon 2, University College of Dublin.
  • Ellis, Peter Berresford, Dictionary of Celtic Mythology (Oxford Paperback Reference), Oxford University Press, (1994): ISBN 0-19-508961-8
  • Egger, Rudolf. Römische Antike und frühes Christentum: Ausgewählte Schriften von Rudolf Egger; Zur Vollendung seines 80. Lebensjahres, ed. Artur Betz and Gotbert Moro. 2 vols. Klagenfurt: Verlag des Geschichtsvereines für Kärnten, 1962–63. (LOC call number DB29.E29.)
  • Green, Miranda (2004). The gods of the Celts. Sparkford, UK: Sutton Publishing.
  • MacKillop, James. Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-280120-1.
  • Wood, Juliette, The Celts: Life, Myth, and Art, Thorsons Publishers (2002): ISBN 0-00-764059-5
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