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U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement

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U.S.-Japan Status of Forces Agreement
Agreement Under Article VI of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security: Facilities and Areas and the Status of United States Armed Forces in Japan
United States military bases in Japan (2010)
Signed19 January 1960 (1960-01-19)
LocationWashington D.C.
Effective23 June 1960
Parties
  •  United States
  •  Japan
Citations11 U.S.T. 1652; T.I.A.S. No. 4510
LanguageEnglish

U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement (formally, the "Agreement under Article VI of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and the United States of America, Regarding Facilities and Areas and the Status of United States Armed Forces in Japan") is an agreement between Japan and the United States signed on 19 January 1960 in Washington, the same day as the revised U.S.-Japan Security Treaty. It is a status of forces agreement (SOFA) as stipulated in article VI of that treaty, which referred to "a separate agreement" governing the "use of [...] facilities and areas [granted to the U.S.] as well as the status of United States armed forces in Japan". It replaced the earlier "U.S.-Japan Administrative Agreement" that governed such issues under the original 1951 security treaty.

The SOFA has become a major political issue following instances of violent crimes allegedly committed by servicemembers.[1] Although the Japanese court system has jurisdiction for most crimes committed by American servicemembers in Japan, there are exceptions if the American was "acting in official duty," or if the victim was another American. In those cases the American system has jurisdiction, unless it is voluntarily waived.

Additionally, some idiosyncrasies of the agreement create areas of perceived privilege for American servicemembers. For instance, because the SOFA exempts most U.S. military members from Japanese visa and passport laws, past incidents occurred in which U.S. military members were transferred back to the U.S. before facing charges in Japanese courts. Furthermore, the agreement requires that if a U.S. servicemember is suspected of a crime but is not captured outside of a base by the Japanese authorities, the U.S. authorities are to retain custody until the servicemember is formally indicted by the Japanese.[2] Although the agreement also requires U.S. cooperation with Japanese authorities with investigations,[3] the Japanese authorities often object that they still do not have regular access to question or interrogate U.S. servicemembers, making it difficult for Japanese prosecutors to prepare cases for indictment.[4][5] This is exacerbated by the unique nature of Japanese pre-indictment interrogations, which are focused on eliciting a confession as a prerequisite for indictment, are often conducted without a lawyer,[6] and can last as long as 23 days.[7] Given the difference between this interrogation system and the system in the U.S., the U.S. has argued that the extraterritoriality granted its military members under the SOFA is necessary to afford them the same rights that exist under the U.S. criminal justice system. However, since the 1995 Okinawan rape incident, the U.S. has agreed to favorably consider handing over suspects in serious cases such as rape and murder before they have been charged.[8] On 16 January 2017, Japan and the U.S. "signed a supplementary agreement to limit and clarify the definition of the civilian component protected under the Status of Forces Agreement."[9][10] This agreement came after the 2016 rape and murder of an Okinawa woman, allegedly by a civilian contract worker employed at the U.S. Kadena Air Base in Okinawa Prefecture.

See also

References

  1. ^ Johnston, Eric, "SOFA a source of sovereign conflicts", Japan Times, 31 July 2012, p. 3
  2. ^ "The custody of an accused member of the United States armed forces or the civilian component over whom Japan is to exercise jurisdiction shall, if he is in the hands of the United States, remain with the United States until he is charged by Japan." U.S.-Japan SOFA, Article 17, Paragraph 5(c)
  3. ^ "The military authorities of the United States and the authorities of Japan shall assist each other in the carrying out of all necessary investigations into offenses . . ." U.S. – Japan SOFA, Article 17, Para. 6(a)
  4. ^ Chalmers Johnson (5 December 2003), Three Rapes: The Status of Forces Agreement and Okinawa., The National Institute, retrieved 5 January 2011
  5. ^ Asahi Shimbun, "So far not good: The Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) between", 26 July 2003. pg. 1
  6. ^ Johnson, Chalmers. Nemesis. Macmillan, 2006. p 180.
  7. ^ Stone, Timothy D, U.S.-Japan SOFA: A Necessary Document Worth Preserving, 53 Naval L. Rev. 229, 241 (2006). The police are required to transfer a case to the prosecutor within 48 hours of arrest. Japan Code of Criminal Procedure 203. The prosecutor must release within 24 hours of receiving the case from the police, unless he receives a court order granting him more time to interrogate. Japan Criminal Code 205. If the court grants the request, the prosecutor can hold the defendant up to 10 days. Crim. Proc. 208. However, this can be extended a further 10 days with judicial approval. Crim. Proc. 208.2 Although the judiciary is formally involved, in practice judges are extraordianarily deferential: Satoru Shinomiya reports that "Between 1987 and 1996, 99.5%- 99.7% of all detention warrants and extensions were granted by judges," Adversarial Procedure without a Jury: Is Japan's System Adversarial, Inquisitorial, or Something Else?, The Japanese Adversary System in Context, note 40, at 117.
  8. ^ Linda Sieg (13 February 2008), U.S. envoy offers apology over Okinawa rape case, Reuters, retrieved 5 January 2011
  9. ^ Mie, Ayako (16 January 2017). "Japan and U.S. sign deal clarifying civilian protection under SOFA". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  10. ^ "US, Japan finalize agreement narrowing SOFA for contractors". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 30 March 2017.

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