Revenue Act of 1964
The United States Revenue Act of 1964 (Pub. L. 88–272), also known as the Tax Reduction Act, was a tax cut act proposed by President John F. Kennedy, passed by the 88th United States Congress, and signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The act became law on February 26, 1964.
Kennedy proposed the bill on the advice of Keynesian economist Walter Heller, who believed that temporary deficit spending would boost economic growth. The act was initially blocked by conservatives like Senator Harry F. Byrd, but Lyndon Johnson was able to guide it through Congress after the assassination of Kennedy in November 1963. The act cut federal income taxes by approximately twenty percent across the board, and the top federal income tax rate fell from 91 percent to 70 percent. The act also reduced the corporate tax from 52 percent to 48 percent and created a minimum standard deduction.
Summary of provisions
The Office of Tax Analysis of the United States Department of the Treasury summarized the tax changes as follows:[1]
- reduced top marginal rate (on income over $100,000, roughly $770,000 in 2015 dollars, for individuals; and over $180,000; roughly $1,380,000 in 2015 dollars, for heads of households) from 91% to 70%
- reduced corporate tax rate from 52% to 48%
- phased-in acceleration of corporate estimated tax payments (through 1970)
- created minimum standard deduction of $300 + $100/exemption (total $1,000 max)
Passage
On the advice of Walter Heller, the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, President John F. Kennedy proposed a tax cut designed to help spur economic growth.[2] Kennedy believed that the tax cut would stimulate consumer demand, which in turn would lead to higher economic growth, lower unemployment, and increased federal revenues.[3] Kennedy's support for a tax cut reflected his conversion to Keynesian economics, which favored temporary deficit spending in order to boost economic growth.[4] In January 1963, Kennedy presented Congress with a tax proposal that would reduce the top marginal tax rate from 91 percent to 65 percent, and lower the corporate tax rate from 52 percent to 47 percent; in total, the cut was projected to decrease income taxes by about $10 billion and corporate taxes by about $3.5 billion. The plan also included reforms designed to reduce the impact of itemized deductions, as well as provisions to help the elderly and handicapped.[5] Conservatives revolted at giving Kennedy a key legislative victory before the election of 1964 and blocked the bill in Congress.[6]
Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy as president after the latter was assassinated in November 1963. After Johnson agreed to decrease the total federal budget to under $100 billion, powerful conservative Senator Harry F. Byrd dropped his opposition to a tax cut, clearing the way for its passage as the Revenue Act of 1964.[7] Johnson signed the bill into law on February 26, 1964.[8] Passage of the long-stalled tax cut facilitated efforts to move ahead on the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[9]
Impact
The stated goals of the tax cuts were to raise personal incomes, increase consumption, and increase capital investments. Evidence shows that these goals were exceeded by large degree with the combination of tax cuts and domestic spending programs President Johnson advocated, such as Medicare.[10] Unemployment fell from 5.2% in 1964 to 4.5% in 1965, and fell to 3.8% in 1966.[10] [11] Initial estimates predicted a loss of revenue as a result of the tax cuts, however, tax revenue increased in 1964 and 1965.[10][12]
References
- ^ Office of Tax Analysis (2003). "Revenue Effects of Major Tax Bills" (PDF). United States Department of the Treasury. Working Paper 81, page 12. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- ^ Patterson 1996, pp. 464–465.
- ^ Giglio 2006, p. 125.
- ^ Giglio 2006, pp. 136–137.
- ^ Giglio 2006, pp. 139–141.
- ^ Ippolito, Dennis (2004). Why Budgets Matter: Budget Policy and American Politics. Penn State Press. pp. 173–175. ISBN 0-271-02260-4.
- ^ Bernstein 1996, pp. 29, 33.
- ^ Bernstein 1996, pp. 37–38.
- ^ Dallek 1998, pp. 73–74.
- ^ a b c Dolan, Chris; Frendreis, John.; Tatalovich, Raymond (2008). The Presidency and Economic Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 172–176. ISBN 978-0-7425-4729-2.
- ^ "Unemployment Rates for Years 1948-2009". United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- ^ FY 2011 Budget of the United States Government: Historic Tables. 2010. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-16-084797-4.
Works cited
- Bernstein, Irving (1996). Guns or Butter: The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195063127.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Dallek, Robert (1998). Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513238-0.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Giglio, James N. (2006). The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (2nd ed.). University Press of Kansas.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Patterson, James (1996). Grand Expectations: The United States 19451974. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195117974.
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External links
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