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Irish Women's Liberation Movement

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The Irish Women's Liberation Movement (IWLM) was an alliance of a group of Irish women who were concerned about the sexism within Ireland both socially and legally. They first began after a meeting in Dublin's Bewley's Cafe on Grafton Street in 1970.[1] The group was short-lived, but influential.[2]

Background

In the 1970s in Ireland, women were denied certain rights based on their gender. Marital rape was not a crime. Women could not keep their jobs for public service or for banks if they got married, collect children's allowance, nor choose their own official place of domicile, and they were normally not paid the same wages for the same work as men.[3] Women could also not buy contraceptives.[3] Divorce was illegal and "single mothers, widows and deserted wives faced dire poverty."[4] Women were not required to serve on juries and instead had to opt into jury service, meaning that in practice very few women served on juries.

There were other women-focused groups in Ireland at the time, such as the Irish Housewives' Association and the Irish Countrywomen's Association which worked for change in a more patient, "behind the scenes" way.[4] The members of the IWLM did not seek change through patience, but rather as "activists and lobbyists."[5]

History

The Irish Women's Liberation Movement had their meetings in Gaj's restaurant on Baggot Street every Monday. Gaj's restaurant was owned by Margaret Gaj who was a feminist socialist activist.[6][7] It was initially started with twelve women, most of whom were journalists.[8] One of the co-founders was June Levine.[9]

The IWLM was democratically organised, with members voting on various projects and protests as a group each month.[10] Local groups of IWLM sent two representatives each to the meetings.[10] Overall, the meetings were often very disorganised and noisy, but also, the meetings allowed women to express ideas they'd not been able to give voice to before.[11]

Manifesto

In 1970 they published their manifesto called Chains or Change, which sold out immediately.[4]

The Chains or Change manifesto had six aims and they were:

  • Equal rights in law.
  • Equal pay and the removal of the marriage bar.
  • Justice for widows, single mothers and deserted wives.
  • Equal educational opportunities.
  • The right to contraception.
  • One family, one house.[12]

The issue of abortion was still too volatile for IWLM to discuss, even among their members, so it was never part of the manifesto.[11]

The Late Late Show

Members Nell McCafferty and Mairin Johnston represented the IWLM on The Late Late Show for a lively debate soon after it was published.[4] The later Taoiseach of Ireland, Garrett FitzGerald, left his home while watching The Late Late Show and went on air to discuss the issues, but the discussion turned into a "free-for-all screaming match between Garret Fitzgerald and various women in the audience."[13] He had been provoked into coming on the show because Mary Kenny made a statement on the show accusing Dáil members of not caring about women's problems.[11] Fitzgerald said that the issue was not the fault of the government, but of women for not asking for change.[11] Because some of the IWLM members had "spent years putting pressure on various governing bodies, the exchange turned into a good fight."[11]

Organisation

One month after The Late Late Show debate, the first public meeting of the IWLM was held in the Dublin's Mansion House. Over 1,000 women attended the meeting which lasted over three hours (men were allowed in as "guests"). Following this meeting names of those interested in joining were taken; a number of groups and sub-committees were formed.[4]

Contraceptive Train

Main article: Contraceptive Train

On 22 May 1971 forty-seven members of the Irish Women's Liberation Movement took the Dublin to Belfast train to import contraceptives over the Irish border and this became known as the Contraceptive Train.[14] Reportedly, they "gleefully waved" condoms in the faces of the customs men.[15] One member, Pat Ledwith, thought the condoms would be confiscated, but they weren't.[16] The Contraceptive Train was considered a "daring act" by the Irish Independent because the women involved risked stigma from their conservative community.[17]

Name change

In 1972, the IWLM changed its name to the Women's Liberation Movement.[10] Several other groups were formed by members of the IWLM such as Irishwomen United, Women's Political Association, Irish Women's Aid, The Rape Crisis Centre and The National Women's Council of Ireland.[13]

Important members

Other famous members of the Irish Women's Liberation Movement were Nell McCafferty and Mary Kenny[4] Maher, who was from Chicago, contributed ideas from the American feminist movement to the group.[13] Nuala Fennell was involved, but resigned in 1971 due to differences over the Prohibition of Forcible Entry Bill.[18] This piece of legislation was an area of contention among other groups in Ireland at the time as well because of one of the clauses which could lead to fewer civil rights for journalists.[19] In addition, clauses in the bill prohibited the occupation of vacant houses.[20]

References

  1. ^ "Irish Women's Liberation Movement" (PDF). Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  2. ^ "Celebrating Sisterhood". The Irish Times. 26 May 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2015 – via Newspaper Source – EBSCOhost.
  3. ^ a b "Ten Things an Irish Woman Could Not Do in 1970 (And Be Prepared to Cringe...)". Galway Advertiser. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Farren, Grainne (21 May 2006). "The Essential Story of How Irish Women Cast Off Their Chains". Independent. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  5. ^ Meehan, Ciara (27 May 2013). "1970s Ireland: A Good Place For Women?". Ciara Meehan. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  6. ^ Sweetman, Rosita (7 February 2011). "The Matriarch Who Served up Stew and Social Progress". Independent. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  7. ^ "The Liffey Press Mondays at Gaj's: The Story of the Irish Women's Liberation Movement". The Liffey Press. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  8. ^ McCafferty, Nell. "Ireland: Breaking the Shackles". 1968: Memories and Legacies of a Global Revolt (PDF). pp. 216–218. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  9. ^ Kubiak, Klara (17 October 2008). "Farewell to a maverick in stilettos and lipstick; In memoriam: Late feminist campaigner June Levine with her husband, psychiatrist Ivor Browne". Daily Mail. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via HighBeam Research.
  10. ^ a b c Flynn, Mary (2002). "Mary Flynn (1946- )". The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing. Vol. 5. New York: New York University Press. pp. 203–205. ISBN 0814799078.
  11. ^ a b c d e Franks, Jill (2013). British and Irish Women Writers and the Women's Movement: Six Literary Voices of Their Time. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 44–46. ISBN 9780786474080.
  12. ^ Horgan, Goretti (2001). "Changing Women's Lives in Ireland". International Socialism Journal (91). Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  13. ^ a b c "The Women's Liberation Movement". Discovering Women in Irish History. Department of Education and Science, An Roinn Oideachais agus Eolaíochta. 2004. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  14. ^ "Laying the tracks to liberation: The original contraceptive train". Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  15. ^ Gibbons, James (20 November 2009). "The Polenta Was Chargrilled But No Bras Burned at Libbers Lunch". Daily Mail. Retrieved 21 August 2015 – via Newspaper Source – EBSCOhost.
  16. ^ "Members of the Irish Women's Liberation Movement Travel to Belfast in 1971 To Buy Contraceptives". RTÉ Archives. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  17. ^ Ruane, Medb (1 May 2010). "When Irish Women Took Control of Their Destiny – And Their Bodies". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2015 – via IFPA.
  18. ^ Fennell, Nuala (2002). "Irish Women's Liberation Movement". The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing. Vol. 5. New York University Press. p. 202. ISBN 0814799078.
  19. ^ Ferriter, Diarmaid (2012). Ambiguous Republid: Ireland in the 1970s. London: Profile Books Ltd. ISBN 9781846684685.
  20. ^ "Today Irish Legal History: De Burca and Anderson v AG". Human Rights in Ireland. 12 December 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
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