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Mickey Goldberg

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Michael E. Goldberg
BornNew York, New York
EducationHarvard College, Harvard Medical School
FieldsCognitive and sensory neuroscience, neurology

Michael E. Goldberg (born August 10, 1941), also known as Mickey Goldberg, is an American neuroscientist and David Mahoney Professor at Columbia University. He is known for his work on the mechanisms of the mammalian eye in relation to brain activity. He served as president of the Society for Neuroscience from 2009 to 2010.

Early life

Michael E. Goldberg was born on August 10, 1941 in New York, New York. His father received his masters degree in chemistry from Columbia University and proceeded to get his DDS from New York University Dental School. Soon after, he opened up his own dental practice. Michael’s eventual passion for science budded from his father’s encouragement to study chemistry.  His father often gifted him chemistry sets and children’s book about chemistry to peak his interest in science.[1]

During his high school career, Goldberg was a very bright student[1] and became an Eagle Scout. One lucky summer, he landed a job working in a lab for the Burroughs-Wellcome drug company.[1] The lab was headed by George Hitchings and Gertrude Elion and focused its work on purine and pyrimidine antimetabolites. Goldberg was a lab technician collecting data on a research project that eventually ending up producing the drug azathioprine. This drug was the first successful nonsteroid immunosuppressant used in kidney transplants and later became one of the first treatments for AIDS. For their major discovery, Hitchings and Elion shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988.[2]

Education and Career

Butler Library at Columbia University

This is a list of Goldberg's education from 1959 to 1968 and subsequent professional positions.

Research

Focus

Cerebral hemispheres - the parietal cortex in question is located at the back and top of the cerebral cortex

Goldberg is known for his research on brain activity in relation to the mechanisms of mammalian eye movement.

Because the mammalian eye is constantly in motion, the brain must create a mechanism for how to represent space in order to accurately perceive the outside world and enact voluntary movement. The rapid movement of the eye between two points, called a saccade,[3] draws the focus of the eye towards new or moving stimuli. If this is in the middle of a movement after the brain has sent out plans to complete a movement, the eye will see the movement being performed. That movement being perceived will be sent back to the eye, and the brain will perceive what action was completed and will compensate to fit the actual movement desired. This is called corollary discharge,[3] and it is one of the mechanisms in the cerebral cortex to account for spatially accurate vision. Many areas of the brain help with this function, including the frontal eye fields, where neurons are active before the saccade is discharged, which brings the new point of focus into the visual field. This presaccadic shift[3] in the neuron’s receptive field excites the neuron before the eye even moves onto the next site. Brain areas including the superior colliculus are important for visual processing. The pre-striate area of the visual cortex, V4, and the parietal reach regions are all also important for this.

3D Medical Animation Eye Structure

However, the most important region of the brain for this type of processing would be the lateral intraparietal area, which has been studied in relation to attention and intention,[4] as well as processing in the brain of those saccadic eye movements.[4] The lateral intraparietal area, the LIP, is associated with attention in the visual space and saccades.[4] The LIP acts like a priority map,[5] with each stimulus being represented according to their priority as part of the behavior that is going to be performed, usually as part of corollary discharge.[3] The higher priority the task, the more activity in the LIP.[5] This priority map has both top-down and bottom-up influences; the top-down influences, or pattern recognition from background information, come from a drive from behavioral and task demands, as well as reward.[5] This top-down influence can specifically be seen in the high activity in the LIP when a distractor, a task-irrelevant stimulus, is introduced into the receptive field of a monkey, a common animal model in the study of complex brain processing. If a distractor is flashed in the receptive field of the monkey during its time to plan a memory-guided saccade, a saccade driven toward a remembered object or point in the receptive field from a previous visual stimulus,[4] the monkey will target the eye the move first towards the distractor, then back to the target of the memory-guided saccade.[4] The activity in the LIP predicts the center of attention, such as how the memory-guided saccade elicits a more robust response in the LIP than the distractor and is particularly active during the time in which the eye moves from the distractor back to the target of the memory-guided saccade. The top-down influence on saccades is the drive of the eye to move back to the target of the memory-guided saccade due to task demands or potential rewards.

Gibraltar Barbary Macaque commonly used as an animal model for complex brain processing

The priority, or salience map,[4] is interpreted by the oculomotor system to determine where the center of attention should be focused, as well as where the goal of the saccade is. The bottom-up influence, which is driven by stimulation of sensory receptors, is seen simply when the LIP neurons elicit a rapid response when that distractor is flashed quickly into the visual field, and the eye moves towards the distractor, instead of following to the target of the memory-guided saccade[5] due to the stimulation of the visual receptors with the distractor. Bottom-up processing primarily consists of the brain processing indicating that there is an object in the receptive field, with no understanding of what that object is.

Most background and irrelevant stimuli shows low activity in the LIP. This priority map receives input from both the dorsal and ventral streams of processing, which process moving visual stimuli and recognize objects. Areas of the visual cortex including V2, V3, V3a, V4, all part of visual processing, and MT and MST, which specifically respond to moving stimuli[5] are all also important in visual processing. The LIP drives saccades, attention, and gathers evidence about the environment in order to properly discharge movement. Psychophysical evidence has also suggested two ways in which space is represented in the brain during corollary discharge: a retinotopic representation, which is rapid and driven by the position of the eye, and a craniotopic representation, which is slower due to the processing of the receptive field within the brain.[3] How space is represented within the brain, in relation to attention and movement, is a complex process that is still being studied currently.

Publications

This is a list of the highlights of Goldberg's publications. He has been a part of many different publications from 1971-2020. Some of these include:

  • 1971: Wurtz RH, Goldberg ME. Superior colliculus cell responses related to eye movements in awake monkeys. Science. 171: 82-4. PMID 4992313
  • 1972: Goldberg ME, Wurtz RH. Activity of superior colliculus in behaving monkey. I. Visual receptive fields of single neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology. 35: 542-59. PMID 4624739
  • 1993: Colby CL, Duhamel JR, Goldberg ME. Ventral intraparietal area of the macaque: anatomic location and visual response properties. Journal of Neurophysiology. 69: 902-14. PMID 8385201
  • 2000: Powell KD, Goldberg ME. Response of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area to a distractor flashed during the delay period of a memory-guided saccade. Journal of Neurophysiology. 84: 301-10. PMID 10899205 (2000)
  • 2020: Sendhilnathan N, Ipata AE, Goldberg ME. Neural Correlates of Reinforcement Learning in Mid-lateral Cerebellum. Neuron. PMID 32001108 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.12.032[6]

Awards and Honors

S. Weir Mitchell Award won by Michael E. Goldberg in 1971.

As well as taking part in many publications, Michael E. Goldberg has won multiple honors and awards for his research. Some of them include:[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Michael E. Goldberg - Society for Neurosciencewww.sfn.org › About › Volume-10 › HON-V10_Michael_E_Goldberg
  2. ^ "Press Release". The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988. 1988.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e Sun, LD; Goldberg, ME (2016). "Corollary Discharge and Oculomotor Proprioception: Cortical Mechanisms for Spatially Accurate Vision". Annual Review of Vision Science. 2 (1): 61–84. doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-082114-035407. PMC 5691365. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Goldberg, ME; Bisley, JW; Powel, KD; Gottlieb, J (2006). "Saccades, salience and attention: the role of the lateral intraparietal area in visual behavior". Progress in Brain Research. 155: 157–175 – via Science Direct.
  5. ^ a b c d e Bisley, JW; Goldberg, ME (2010). "Attention, Intention, and Priority in the Parietal Lobe". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 33: 1–21.
  6. ^ "Michael E. Goldberg - Publications". neurotree.org. Retrieved 2020-03-30.
  7. ^ "Michael E. Goldberg, MD". Columbia University Medical Center DEPARTMENT OF NEUROSCIENCE. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  8. ^ "Keynote". NCM Society. Retrieved 2020-03-30.
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