Haplogroup I-Z63
Haplogroup I-Z63, also known as I1a3 per the International Society of Genetic Genealogy ('ISOGG), is a Y chromosome haplogroup. It is correlated with a DYS456 value inferior to 15, but there are exceptions.[citation needed]
I-Z63 is most common in England, Scotland, Germany, Fennoscandia[citation needed], Iberia and Poland.[1] Its progenitor is assumed to have lived in Jutland at around 2500 BCE. Within Fennoscandia, I-Z63 has a particularly strong association with Finland.[2][3] To date, ancient I-Z63 has been found archeologically in Poland and Italy.[4] [5]
Origins
On the basis of analysing samples of volunteers in YDNA sequencing, the YDNA analysis company YFull estimated that I-Z63 formed 4,600 years ago (2600 BC) (95 % CI 5,100 <-> 4,000 ybp) with a TMRCA (Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor) of 4,400 years (95 % CI 4,900 <-> 3,900 ybp) before present.[6]
Geographically I-Z63 is believed to have arisen in or near what is now Denmark (based in part on the current distribution of this haplogroup).[7] The current distribution of I-Z63 shows that there is a very high concentration of I-Z63 on the British Isles.[1] At the same time, the archeological record presents a strong association of I-Z63 to the Wielbark culture and by extension with the Goths.[4] There is a proposed link between the Goths and British migration, the so-called "Jutish Hypothesis".[8]The "Jutish hypothesis" claims that the Jutes may be synonymous with the Geats of southern Sweden or their neighbours, the Gutes. The evidence adduced for this theory includes:
- primary sources referring to the Geats (Geátas) by alternative names such as Iútan, Iótas and Eotas;
- Asser in his Life of Alfred (893) identifies the Jutes with the Goths (in a passage claiming that Alfred the Great was descended, through his mother, Osburga, from the ruling dynasty of the Jutish kingdom of Wihtwara, on the Isle of Wight), and;
- the Gutasaga (13th Century) states that some inhabitants of Gotland left for mainland Europe; large burial sites attributable to either Goths or Gepids were found in the 19th century near Willenberg, Prussia (after 1945 Wielbark in Poland).[9][10]
The Jutes invaded and settled in southern Britain in the late 4th century during the Age of Migrations, as part of a larger wave of Germanic settlement in the British Isles. The Jutish migration to Britain may explain the high concentration of I-Z63 found in modern Britain. However, I-Z63 is notably sparse among modern volunteer testers from Denmark. This is surprising because, in a geographical sense, Denmark encompasses the ancient homeland of the Jutes. Foreign invaders displacing the Jutes from their ancient homeland may explain the relative lack of I-Z63 in Denmark. Even in the year 945, the peoples of Jutland were threatened by foreign invaders (yet ironically were posing a threat to other groups elsewhere, such as in England). In 945 King Hacon of Norway arrived in Jutland and slew many of the people there, sending the survivors “far up into the land”.[11] The current distribution of I-Z63 clearly shows that while there is a near absence of I-Z63 in modern Denmark, sizable numbers of I-Z63 men live today in Finland, Norway, Sweden and Aland.[1]
Based on the combined evidence, the preferred current working hypothesis puts the progenitor of I-Z63 in ancient Jutland around the year 2000 BCE.
Archeological Record
I-Z63 has been traced to the Kowalewko burial site in Poland which dates to the Roman Iron Age. In 2017 Polish researchers could successfully assign YDNA haplogroups to 16 individuals who were buried at the site. Out of these 16 individuals three belonged to haplogroup I-Z63, and in particular subclade I-L1237.[4] The Kowalewko archeological site has been associated with the Wielbark culture. The Wielbark culture in turn has been associated with the Goths. Therefore the subclade I-L1237 of I-Z63 may be seen somewhat as a genetic indicator of the Gothic tribe of late antiquity.[12] It has to be noted, however, that I-L1237 predates the Gothic tribe and it is also found in high concentration in other places not directly connected to the Goths (especially the British Isles)[13]. However, there is an academic theory that the Gothic tribe is connected to British migration through the so-called "Jutish Hypothesis", which would explain why I-L1237 is so strongly associated both with British migration and with Gothic migration patterns.[14]
I-Z63 was found in a late 6th Century cemetery in Collegno, Italy, near the city of Torino. [15] The Collegno burial site is associated with Gothic and Lombard remains and dated to the late 6th Century. The remains appear to belong to the ISOGG group, I1a3a1a2a or I-S15301, which is a sibling branch of the I-L1237 remains from the Kowalewko site mentioned above. This discovery adds another historical connection of I-Z63 to the Gothic migrations of the early Medieval Period.
Another I-Z63 archeological find at the Crypta Balbi site in Rome was dated to Late Antiquity (400-600 CE) and reported to be Y-DNA haplogroup I-Y7234. Interestingly, Lombard-associated ornaments have been excavated at this site, pointing to connections with central Europe. Additionally, five of the seven individuals from this site, including the I-Z63 individual, were classified by ChromoPainter[16] into a cluster with more haplotype sharing with central/northern Europeans. [17]
Significant Subclades
Even though I-Z63 itself is not considered a Nordic haplogroup, it does with I-BY316/I-Y7626 contain a significant Nordic subclade, whereby I-BY316 is heavily weighted towards Finland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland and Aland.[18][19]
Prominent members of I-Z63
James "5th Laird of Cadzow" Hamilton is thought to have carried the I-L1237 subclade of Z63.[13]
William Bradford, Mayflower passenger.[20]
Distribution
Based on the public YDNA database YFull in September 2018 the I-Z63 haplogroup is showing the following distribution:[1]
| Country/Region | Percentage |
|---|---|
| British Isles (England, Scotland, Great Britain unspecific, Ireland) | 46% |
| Great Britain (unspecific) | 18% |
| England | 17% |
| Germany | 11% |
| Scotland | 9% |
| Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway, Finland, Aland) | 8% |
| Italy | 7% |
| Iberia (Spain, Portugal) | 5% |
| Poland | 5% |
| Spain | 3% |
| Sweden | 3% |
| Albania | 3% |
| Ukraine | 2% |
| Russia | 2% |
| Norway | 2% |
| Finland | 2% |
| Portugal | 2% |
| Ireland | 2% |
| Belgium | 1% |
| Turkey | 1% |
| Hungary | 1% |
| Estonia | 1% |
| France | 1% |
| Aland | 1% |
| Netherlands | 1% |
| Serbia | 1% |
| Switzerland | 1% |
| Bulgaria | 1% |
References
- ^ a b c d "I-Z63 YTree". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
- ^ Anu, Neuvonen (2017-06-02). "Finnish population genetics in a forensic context". hdl:10138/185252.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Neuvonen, Anu M.; Putkonen, Mikko; Översti, Sanni; Sundell, Tarja; Onkamo, Päivi; Sajantila, Antti; Palo, Jukka U. (2015-07-01). "Vestiges of an Ancient Border in the Contemporary Genetic Diversity of North-Eastern Europe". PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0130331. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1030331N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130331. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4488853. PMID 26132657.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Piontek, Janusz. "2017 Zenczak .....Piontek ... Y-chromosome haplogroup assignment through next generation sequencing of enriched ancient DNA libraries".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Amorim, Carlos (2018-09-11). "Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3547. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3547A. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06024-4. PMC 6134036. PMID 30206220.
- ^ "I-Z63 - YFull YTree Info". www.yfull.com. Retrieved 2018-09-11.
- ^ "Stone Lineage and DNA". donstonetech.com. Retrieved 2018-09-11.
- ^ Kane, Njord (2019-09-02). History of the Vikings and Norse Culture. Spangenhelm Publishing. ISBN 9781943066315.
- ^ "channel4.com - Time Team - Jutes". 2011-06-28. Archived from the original on 2011-06-28. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
- ^ "The Germanic invasions of Britain". www.uni-due.de. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
- ^ Faux, David K. "The Cimbri Nation of Jutland, Denmark and the Danelaw, England: A Chronological Approach Based on Diverse Data Sources" (PDF). Dr David K Faux Homepage. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
- ^ Teska, Milena (January 2013). "Connection between Wielkopolska and the Baltic Sea Region in the Roman Iron Age". Archaeologia Lituana. 14: 63. doi:10.15388/ArchLit.2013.0.2641.
- ^ a b "James Hamilton (1398-1441) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree". www.wikitree.com. Retrieved 2018-09-11.
- ^ Kane, Njord (2019-09-02). History of the Vikings and Norse Culture. Spangenhelm Publishing. ISBN 9781943066315.
- ^ Amorim, Carlos (2018-09-11). "Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3547. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.3547A. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06024-4. PMC 6134036. PMID 30206220.
- ^ Lawson, Daniel John; Hellenthal, Garrett; Myers, Simon; Falush, Daniel (2012-01-26). "Inference of Population Structure using Dense Haplotype Data". PLOS Genetics. 8 (1): e1002453. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002453. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 3266881. PMID 22291602.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Antonio, Margaret L.; Gao, Ziyue; Moots, Hannah M.; Lucci, Michaela; Candilio, Francesca; Sawyer, Susanna; Oberreiter, Victoria; Calderon, Diego; Devitofranceschi, Katharina; Aikens, Rachael C.; Aneli, Serena (2019-11-08). "Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean". Science. 366 (6466): 708–714. doi:10.1126/science.aay6826. hdl:2318/1715466. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 7093155. PMID 31699931.
- ^ "Y-ДНК гаплогруппа I-M170 • arshba.ru". arshba.ru. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
- ^ "FamilyTreeDNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy". www.familytreedna.com. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
- ^ "Y-DNA - Mayflower DNA". mayflowerdna.org. Retrieved 2020-01-20.