Median (geometry)

Not to be confused with Geometric median.

The triangle medians and the centroid.

In geometry, a median of a triangle is a line segment joining a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side, thus bisecting that side. Every triangle has exactly three medians, one from each vertex, and they all intersect each other at the triangle's centroid. In the case of isosceles and equilateral triangles, a median bisects any angle at a vertex whose two adjacent sides are equal in length.

The concept of a median extends to tetrahedra.

Relation to center of mass

Each median of a triangle passes through the triangle's centroid, which is the center of mass of an infinitely thin object of uniform density coinciding with the triangle. Thus the object would balance on the intersection point of the medians. The centroid is twice as close along any median to the side that the median intersects as it is to the vertex it emanates from.

Equal-area division

Each median divides the area of the triangle in half; hence the name, and hence a triangular object of uniform density would balance on any median. (Any other lines which divide the area of the triangle into two equal parts do not pass through the centroid.) The three medians divide the triangle into six smaller triangles of equal area.

Proof of equal-area property

Consider a triangle ABC. Let D be the midpoint of ${\overline {AB}}$, E be the midpoint of ${\overline {BC}}$, F be the midpoint of ${\overline {AC}}$, and O be the centroid (most commonly denoted G).

By definition, $AD=DB,AF=FC,BE=EC$. Thus $[ADO]=[BDO],[AFO]=[CFO],[BEO]=[CEO],$ and $[ABE]=[ACE]$, where $[ABC]$ represents the area of triangle $\triangle ABC$ ; these hold because in each case the two triangles have bases of equal length and share a common altitude from the (extended) base, and a triangle's area equals one-half its base times its height.

We have:

$[ABO]=[ABE]-[BEO]$

$[ACO]=[ACE]-[CEO]$

Thus, $[ABO]=[ACO]$ and $[ADO]=[DBO],[ADO]={\frac {1}{2}}[ABO]$

Since $[AFO]=[FCO],[AFO]={\frac {1}{2}}[ACO]={\frac {1}{2}}[ABO]=[ADO]$, therefore, $[AFO]=[FCO]=[DBO]=[ADO]$. Using the same method, one can show that $[AFO]=[FCO]=[DBO]=[ADO]=[BEO]=[CEO]$.

Formulas involving the medians' lengths

The lengths of the medians can be obtained from Apollonius' theorem as:

$m_{a}={\sqrt {\frac {2b^{2}+2c^{2}-a^{2}}{4}}},$

$m_{b}={\sqrt {\frac {2a^{2}+2c^{2}-b^{2}}{4}}},$

$m_{c}={\sqrt {\frac {2a^{2}+2b^{2}-c^{2}}{4}}},$

where a, b and c are the sides of the triangle with respective medians m_a, m_b, and m_c from their midpoints.

Thus we have the relationships:

$a={\frac {2}{3}}{\sqrt {-m_{a}^{2}+2m_{b}^{2}+2m_{c}^{2}}}={\sqrt {2(b^{2}+c^{2})-4m_{a}^{2}}}={\sqrt {{\frac {b^{2}}{2}}-c^{2}+2m_{b}^{2}}}={\sqrt {{\frac {c^{2}}{2}}-b^{2}+2m_{c}^{2}}},$

$b={\frac {2}{3}}{\sqrt {-m_{b}^{2}+2m_{a}^{2}+2m_{c}^{2}}}={\sqrt {2(a^{2}+c^{2})-4m_{b}^{2}}}={\sqrt {{\frac {a^{2}}{2}}-c^{2}+2m_{a}^{2}}}={\sqrt {{\frac {c^{2}}{2}}-a^{2}+2m_{c}^{2}}},$

$c={\frac {2}{3}}{\sqrt {-m_{c}^{2}+2m_{b}^{2}+2m_{a}^{2}}}={\sqrt {2(b^{2}+a^{2})-4m_{c}^{2}}}={\sqrt {{\frac {b^{2}}{2}}-a^{2}+2m_{b}^{2}}}={\sqrt {{\frac {a^{2}}{2}}-b^{2}+2m_{a}^{2}}}.$

Other properties

Let ABC be a triangle, let G be its centroid, and let D, E, and F be the midpoints of BC, CA, and AB, respectively. For any point P in the plane of ABC then

$PA+PB+PC\leq 2(PD+PE+PF)+3PG.$

The centroid divides each median into parts in the ratio 2:1, with the centroid being twice as close to the midpoint of a side as it is to the opposite vertex.

For any triangle with sides $a,b,c$ and medians $m_{a},m_{b},m_{c},$

${\tfrac {3}{4}}(a+b+c)<m_{a}+m_{b}+m_{c}<a+b+c$

and

${\tfrac {3}{4}}(a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2})=m_{a}^{2}+m_{b}^{2}+m_{c}^{2}.$

The medians from sides of lengths a and b are perpendicular if and only if $a^{2}+b^{2}=5c^{2}.$

The medians of a right triangle with hypotenuse c satisfy $m_{a}^{2}+m_{b}^{2}=5m_{c}^{2}.$

Any triangle's area T can be expressed in terms of its medians $m_{a},m_{b}$, and $m_{c}$ as follows. Denoting their semi-sum (m_a + m_b + m_c)/2 as σ, we have

$T={\frac {4}{3}}{\sqrt {\sigma (\sigma -m_{a})(\sigma -m_{b})(\sigma -m_{c})}}.$

Tetrahedron

medians of a tetrahedron

${\begin{aligned}&{\frac {|AS|}{|SS_{BCD}|}}={\frac {|BS|}{|SS_{ACD}|}}={\frac {|CS|}{|SS_{ABD}|}}\\=&{\frac {|DS|}{|SS_{ABC}|}}={\frac {3}{1}}\end{aligned}}$

A tetrahedron is a three-dimensional object having four triangular faces. A line segment joining a vertex of a tetrahedron with the centroid of the opposite face is called a median of the tetrahedron. There are four medians, and they are all concurrent at the centroid of the tetrahedron. As in the two-dimensional case, the centroid of the tetrahedron is the center of mass. However contrary to the two-dimensional case the centroid divides the medians not in a 2:1 ratio but in a 3:1 ratio (Commandino's theorem).

See also

• Angle bisector
• Altitude (triangle)
• Automedian triangle

External links

• The Medians at cut-the-knot
• Area of Median Triangle at cut-the-knot
• Medians of a triangle With interactive animation
• Constructing a median of a triangle with compass and straightedge animated demonstration
• Weisstein, Eric W. "Triangle Median". MathWorld.