Fernando Bravo James
Fernando Bravo James | |
---|---|
![]() Fernando Bravo James in La Paz, Bolivia in 1960 (Fernando Bravo James Archives (FBJA). | |
Born | Potosí, Bolivia on October 19, 1912 |
Died | La Paz, Bolivia on November 17, 1962, aged 50 years |
Resting place | "Cementerio General" in La Paz, Bolivia. |
Alma mater | Universidad Técnica de Oruro (UTO) and Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) |
Occupation(s) | Economist, Senior lecturer, Educator |
Known for | Militant of the "Partido Obrero Revolucionario" (POR). Author of the "Pacto Obrero-Universitario" (Labour-University Pact) antecedent of the "Tesis de Pulacayo" (Pulacayo Thesis). Co-author in the writing of the "Tesis de Pulacayo" |
Spouse | Elsa Cladera Encinas |
Children | Elsa Nadezhda, Emma Bolshia, María Alexandra |
Fernando Bravo James ([fernan’do ‘braßo xa’mes] Spanish pronunciation). (1912-1962) was a Bolivian politician, militant of POR (Partido Obrero Revolucionario) of Trotskist tendency.[1] He was an economist, senior lecturer at the “Universidad Técnica de Oruro” (UTO) and at the “Universidad Mayor de San Andrés” (UMSA), trade union leader and educator. He was known as a tireless fighter for the cause of the proletariat and the youth.[2][3][4]
Biography
The man
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fernando_Bravo_James%2C_young_%28Potos%C3%AD_1912-_La_paz_1962%29_002.jpg/220px-Fernando_Bravo_James%2C_young_%28Potos%C3%AD_1912-_La_paz_1962%29_002.jpg)
The father of Fernando Bravo James, doctor Zacarías Bravo Miranda, was one of the doctors who graduated from the first class of the Potosí medical school at the "Universidad Tomás Frías", founded in 1892. Fernando's mother, María James Revilla, was born in Potosí. The surname James comes from Maria's father, Benjamín James, who was of Irish origin. The couple had five children: Carmela, Sofía, Fernando, Gaby and María Luisa Bravo James. The siblings on the fathers genealogy were an older brother Esteban Bravo and on the mother's side, one younger sister and brother, Betty and Jorge López James.[5][6] Bravo James did his primary studies at the "Colegio Nacional Pichincha" in Potosí. He continued his studies at the American Institute[7] of La Paz where he graduated from high school. Fernando had many qualities: he was easy to deal with and pleasant in his conversation. He had a silvery and melodious voice. He was accustomed to and enjoyed singing with his three daughters. He composed a libretto of revolutionary songs for the political party POR based on well-known and popular melodies for whom he wrote the lyrics.[8]
“Those who knew him perfectly remember his eternal state of cordial serenity”, writes Jaime Amonzabel.[9] “Never showed in Bravo James the pose, much less the contemptuous self-sufficiency towards the interlocutor. And this transcendent simplicity of human affection, towards those who at some time approached him, accompany him throughout his existence.”[10] Lucha Obrera points out Fernando's "value as an intellectual and his dynamic and rich activity in the hearth of the masses". Fernando Bravo "was above all a Trotskyist militant. His personality was fused into the organization, to the revolutionary process, to the flesh and bones of the workers, as he used to say."[11][12] Fernando Bravo James dedicated his life to his political ideals and he did so consistently. Elsa Cladera de Bravo testifies: "He never compromised with his principles. He fought without hesitation or yielding (…) he was like steel that breaks and does not bend. He had a clear concept of his duty."[13]
Political integration/POR
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/POR_1940s_%281%29.jpg/220px-POR_1940s_%281%29.jpg)
Bravo James “belonged to the generation that witnessed and participated in the Chaco War [1932-1935]. His spirit was shaken by the war fought by imperialism. On his return from the Chaco [region] he joined, while still very young, the political currents that sought an explanation and a solution to the problems of Bolivia.” After his participation in that war with Paraguay, he moved to the mining site of La Joya and “soon joined the nascent mining workers’ movement.”[14] It was in Oruro, where Bravo James began his political integration in the POR, Trotskyist tendency, back in the 1940s and then continued doing so until his death.[15] "Indefatigable for more than 25 years, Comrade Fernando Bravo, as a militant and leader of the POR, was dedicated to the revolutionary struggles of the Bolivian masses", states Lucha Obrera.[16][17]
Meeting with Elsa Cladera Encinas
Elsa and Fernando met in Oruro in 1942. In that same year on December 21, the Catavi massacre took place. “There in the pampas that were later named “María Barzola”, a manifestation of 8 000 persons, where the front lines occupied by women and children were fired at.”[18] With this background, Elsa tells of her meeting with Fernando:
"On that day, December 21, 1942, me and my fellow classmates from the secondary school "Olañeta" were in the “Plaza 10 de Febrero”; we knew that the university students would come to the demonstration, so we were waiting. Once they entered the square, we placed ourselves on the benches, standing in front of the prefecture. They were going to pass under the balcony of the prefecture, where the Prefect and the Colonel Cuenca were standing at a distance of twenty meters. A university student (Fernando Bravo), of regular height goes ahead and with his arm raised and with an accusing finger shouts:
–Down with the slaughter of Catavi! –Down! the university students rejoined. Immediately the police surrounded the demonstrators, the people in turn made a circle around them. We got into the circle and managed to grab Bravo from the police and we ran until we lost sight of them, helping Bravo to be escape." Elsa Cladera de Bravo, Oruro, 1943 [19] |
This was the event that captured Elsa's hearth, they were married in 1943. Fernando and Elsa had three daughters.
University student, senior lecturer
“As a university student, Fernando Bravo attended the National Congresses and held management positions from where he promoted the student alliance with the mine workers” [20] In 1943 Fernando Bravo James was General Secretary of the Center for Economic Sciences Students of the “Universidad Técnica de Oruro”.[21]
Bravo James graduated as a financial auditor in 1945 and obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in Economic Sciences in 1949 from the “Universidad Técnica de Oruro”. He was one of the senior lecturers “forged in the own classrooms and whose merit is indisputable”, writes Barrón Feraudi,[22] “Fernando Bravo James […] high carat intellectual, honest politician and indefatigable social fighter alongside the national majorities, he dictated with sufficiency and youthful teaching ardor, the subject of General and National Economic Geography for more than seven years. In 1956 he moves to La Paz, where through selection by a competitive examination, he teaches the same subject at the university of that city at the Faculty of Economics".[23][24] Fernando Bravo James also lectured on Historical Materialism at the “Universidad Obrera de Oruro” from 1950 to 1956. He will be senior lecturer of Economic Sciences at the “Universidad Mayor de San Andrés” in La Paz from 1956 to 1962.[25]
Tireless fighter for the cause for the proletariat and youth
Labor-University Pact antecedent of the Pulacayo Thesis
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/POR-rally_Oruro_august_1946.jpg/220px-POR-rally_Oruro_august_1946.jpg)
“It was, however, with the mine workers with whom Fernando Bravo shared their conflicts and struggles since 1942”, writes Lucha Obrera[26]. “He participated in the organization of the “Federación Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia" (FSTMB) [Mining Federation], but not only in the organizational tasks proper, but also in the doctrinal orientation of the miners.” In continuation the editor of Lucha Obrera, writes. “On [July 29], 1946 he signed the “Pacto Obrero -Universitario” [Workers-University Pact] in Catavi. The Pact was elaborated on the basis of a program prepared by him; it was the first time that a Pact of this nature was elaborated. In addition to many mining-university claims, the fundamental point of this Pact was the nationalization of the mines which was the national objective during all that time”, Elsa Cladera de Bravo testifies.[27] “Nobody has mentioned until now (…) the university-mining Pact of July 1946 as an immediate antecedent of the “Pulacayo Thesis” and thus one of the indispensable premises to understand that it has been overlooked”, points out Guillermo Lora.[28]
The worker-university pact, signed in 1946
The Pact between the FSTMB (Federación Sindical de Trabajadores Mineros de Bolivia) and University Federation of Oruro. The representatives of the FSTMB and the delegates of the revolutionary University Committee of Oruro signed the following university workers' agreement as a condition for the resumption of work in the mines and for greater guarantee of this pact is endorsed by the General Secretary of the University Federation of Oruro. 1) The workers of the mines support the university students of Oruro as long as they do not deviate from the revolutionary line established by the program of principles of the FUL (Federación Universitaria Local) and the present agreement. The FSTMB will resort to direct mass action to guarantee strict compliance with its aspirations. 2) The university students are committed to fight using all means necessary for the realization of the points supported by the FSTMB in the present pact. University Students and Miners agree on the following: 3) Fight against the “ROSCA” [The super state represented by the three miners: Patiño, Hochschild and Aramayo] and its agents to avoid by all means that they do not claim the power. 4) Organization of Mixed Student Worker Committees, to control the revolutionary situation created. 5) Impose the points approved in the third Congress of Miners: a) Mobile salary scale. b) Mobile scale of working hours. c) Collective contract. d) Removal of cheap groceries with their respective readjustment and regulation. e) Freedom of assembly, organization, press and propaganda. f) Strict compliance with all laws and decrees that benefit the working classes, which were dictated by the previous government. g) Cancellation of the unionization office of the Ministry of Labor. 6) Direct control worker-university, in the administration of mines. 7) Broad guarantees for the leaders and mass of the FSTMB, union and university organizations. 8) Right to organize for public employees in general and for the elements of the League of the Magisterium in a particular way. 9) Restoration of Educational Autonomy. 10) The workers will be represented in the Governing Board by members democratically designated by the trade union organizations (FSTMB, RAILWAY WORKERS, GRAPHIC WORKERS, DRIVERS and OTHERS). 11) Delivery of arms to the workers as a means to fight for the defense of social laws against the pretensions of the “ROSCA” and for social revolution. 12) Formation of the proletarian united front. 13) Unique address of the workers in the Insurance and labor Savings Plan, railway retirements, teachers and other similar institutions. Fernando Bravo James, La Patria, Oruro (July 30, 1946)[29][30][31] |
The Worker-University pact is the antecedent of the “Pulacayo Thesis” (Tesis de Pulacayo). It states that the workers and the university students will fight together against the “ROSCA”. They advocate a series of social demands such as the creation of student committees, the mobile salary scale, the regulation of working hours, collective bargaining, workers control, trade union independence, educational autonomy, the proletarian united front, weapons for the workers as a measure of defense of social laws.[32][33]
The "Tesis de Pulacayo" is written
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Oruro_FBs_house_ca_1947.jpg/220px-Oruro_FBs_house_ca_1947.jpg)
The house at the corner of Ayacucho and Presidente Montes streets in Oruro, property of the Encinas family, will fulfill in 1946 a historical role related with the advancement of the thriving mining proletariat. Elsa Cladera de Bravo testifies, that it was in this house that the Pulacayo Thesis, the political program of the miners, was written. In an interview with Elsa, at the “Hôpital Cantonal”[34] in Fribourg, Switzerland, in 2001, I inquired about the writing of the Pulacayo Thesis. Elsa says “It was written in my house, among those who participated in the wording: Barrientos from Cochabamba; Ayala Mercado (…)”, I asked if Fernando Bravo intervened in such writing, Elsa replies: “he also contributed, but Lora (…) wanted to be known as the sole author of the Pulacayo Thesis.” [35][36]. However, Bravo James “was part of the team that developed the famous Pulacayo Thesis”, testifies the editor of Lucha Obrera.[37] In summary “the party developed the Pulacayo Thesis for the miners of Llallagua to present it”, John writes quoting Hugo González. [38]
It was at the mine workers’ Congress in Pulacayo on November 8, 1946 that the “Tesis de Pulacayo” was presented. “Two of the youngest and most active members of the POR attended the Congress; Guillermo Lora (…) and Fernando Bravo (…)”, writes James Dunkerley,[39] “Lora and Bravo (…) they managed to obtain the support of an extensive political resolution (…)”. Dunkerley refers to the Pulacayo Thesis which in his opinion “was, in essence, an adaptation to the Bolivian situation of the Transitional Program written by Trotsky in 1938.”[40]
As for its approval, it was Fernando Bravo who “defended the thesis (…) got it approved in the mines (…), because he was at the level of the working class, as a trade unionist, as a teacher, he had access to the COB [Central Obrera Boliviana], and from that level he had the thesis approved. It was [him] who got it approved”, Elsa adds. It was Elsa Cladera de Bravo who transcribed the original of the Pulacayo Thesis, her daughter Emma Bolshia states in an interview with Steven Sándor John for his book Bolivias Radical Tradition. Permanent Revolution in the Andes.[41] In another interview, in the aforementioned book by John, Hugo González, leader of the POR group, in which Fernando Bravo was active after the split of the party in the 1950s, alludes to a song about Pulacayo’s Thesis.[42] The literary skills of Fernando in the composition of the texts of the songs for the POR have already mentioned. This is the song composed by Fernando Bravo James for the Pulacayo Thesis:
LLallagua/
Llallagua mining/ your unions,/ with the poristas/ gave the Thesis/ of Pulacayo./ From your miners/ comes the insufflation/ for the struggles/ for the government/ for the workers./ You are the pride/ of Bolivia,/ with Siglo XX/ and your Catavi/ is the head/ La la la la la. Fernando Bravo James [43] |
Participation in the government elections in 1956
In 1956 the POR-Lucha Obrera decided to participate in government elections. "Political personalities such as Fernando Bravo, who was joined by Gonzalez, undertook a high-level campaign against the MNR," according to Dunkerley.[44] Although the intention seems to be another: "They said they were going to announce the candidacy simply to take advantage of the situation, that moment of the elections, to make all the political propaganda possible, because they had no opportunity to make a profuse propaganda (...) It is then that Fernando worked as never before with the militants bringing propaganda to all the mines", says Elsa Cladera de Bravo.[45] The POR-Lucha Obrera nominated Hugo González for the presidency and Fernando Bravo James for the vice presidency.
In the June 1977 interview, Marcelo Quezada, asks Elsa about the 1956 elections and also about the merits that Fernando Bravo James had to be a candidate for the vice presidency:
—He [56] is a vice presidential candidate, asks Marcelo Quezada.
—Yes, with González, answers Elsa. —Yes, with González. Was he a well-known person? What were the reasons for choosing him for the vice-precidency? Had Fernando ever been an active trade-unionist? -asks Marcelo Quezada. —He was politically well known in his party. He was a very respected man, a capable man, a man with a clear vision, an honest man, and he also had a long experience of political struggle, and that is why he has ascendency in his party, answers Elsa. —Did you participate in the election campaign? –asks Marcelo Quezada. —Yes, yes. I participated a great deal cooperating with my husband! I moved a lot to encourage people to support us in Oruro, answers Elsa. —Elsa Cladera de Bravo —Marcelo Quezada, Fribourg, Switzerland, 1977[46] |
The Fifth Congress of the Fourth International, October 1957
In September 1957 Fernando travels to Paris as a delegate of his party to the Congress of the Fourth International. He embarks in Buenos Aires and, on the ship, he writes:
Dear Elsiña, Nadezhda, Bolshia and Alexandra:
We are on our way to Dakar, we have not seen land for three and a half days and we will reach the African coast tomorrow afternoon, where I will post this letter. I look forward to hearing from you upon my arrival in Paris (…) Again, I hope that all matters have been settled smoothly. I am constantly worried about your economic situation; much more so if things are so different here. The misery in which one lives there is unfortunate and exacerbating. We have every reason in the world to be a rebellious people and to be so until radical changes are imposed. I certainly hope you could have come with me on this trip! There are so many children around me, that enjoy this travel! But that makes us think all the more! The time will come! (…) With love, kisses and my best memories. Fernando PS: I'm half naked and dripping with sweat! It's hot! Fernando Bravo James, September 9, 1957[47] |
Upon his return from his trip to Europe, Fernando brought abundant information. From France came political, cultural news and enthusiasm that marked that trip. He brought with him an album with songs sung by Yves Montand in which he sang melodies like Les Temps des cerises, Le Chant des partisans; glasses, a gift from Mandel for the family. From Spain he transmitted the impression of a retrograde country that lived under Franco's dictatorship.[48]
Educator
Fernando was a man with a positive attitude in his conception of life. He always relied on changes to improve the world politically, socially and economically. “Fully aware of the reality of his people and its multiple problems, he easily transmitted his accumulated experience in words.” At school “his work was carried out with enthusiasm, colleagues appreciated him for his simplicity and sincerity, the students valued him because he was a laborious, optimistic teacher, full of initiatives and faith in the transformations that would take place in Bolivia and in the world”, writes Elsa Cladera de Bravo.[49] In an allocution delivered to the colleagues and students of the school “Ildefonso Murguía”, in Oruro, several of the pedagogical ideas of Bravo James are written down. He talks about the organization of the school: “Every school is a community where the organizing process is indispensable, and of tremendous work, importance and power. In our opinion children must organize their own life in school, in order to develop those collectivist characters”.[50] He compares the school to a small society and emphasizes the importance of creating the way of working and in the student organization, the concept of autonomy which is of special importance, since it signifies the responsibility with which the students will act. Bravo James explains the named characteristics in the organization of the school:
If each of you lived by oneself you would not know how to meet your individual needs. You could not eat, you would have no shoes or clothes to wear. One person alone cannot fulfill the functions of a farmer, a baker, a shoemaker a tailor etc. at the same time. Actually, you would ceased to exist. We can only live and develop only because we live in society, collectively, because one person's work benefits other people. So, for example, the shoes that you put on, the shoemaker and the tanner have been working far from where you live. Later in the shoe factory, dozens of shoemakers put many a pair of shoes in condition to be used and finally the retailer in the store sells us footwear. You see, and so it is with all clothes that you are wearing. Each one of us depends, then, on the work of many thousands of people whom we do not even know. In school, a small society of children and teachers, the same thing happens. We can only study and learn our lessons, collaborating with one another, among students and teachers. But just as life in society must be organized in an orderly manner to give better results, so does work in school. Hence the importance of creating a mode of working, with enthusiasm, cheerfulness and determination, in order to obtain the best results.
(…) Within the organization itself, children will be able to act with full freedom and autonomy, that is education under their own responsibility. Its objective is to relieve the teacher of the care to ensure order. The guiding, suggestive authority advised by a mature mind expresses itself with much more vigor in that way than by the simple mechanism of pure school discipline. In this way we will be able to educate ourselves in an integral way, that is to say complete. Not only do we come to school to learn the lessons, but mainly to forge our character, to endow ourselves with moral sources that allow us to face all the problems that life puts in front of us and overcome them in a brave and just manner. —Fernando Bravo James, Oruro, (Possible 1950-1956) [51] |
Teachers' strike rally 1962
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fernando_Bravo_speaking_at_teachers_strike_rally_1962.jpg/220px-Fernando_Bravo_speaking_at_teachers_strike_rally_1962.jpg)
In 1962 Fernando Bravo became seriously ill. In spite of his fragile state of health he continued with the teachers' union struggle that turned into a strike in 1962. As the leader of the teachers of La Paz Fernando organized and led the strike. "He served as Chairman of the Strike Committee (...) The doctors prescribed absolute rest. But he could not admit that and would not abandon the fight. He did not obey the doctors and continued to lead the strike." Likewise, "in this movement new methods of struggle were introduced, such as 'lightning rallies' in the popular neighborhoods and throughout the city. The objective was to incorporate the population in support of the teachers' strike, that is, to link the strike to the population itself. The success of the strike was especially due to this social bond", writes Elsa Cladera de Bravo. The "lightning rallies" consisted of groups of teachers who suddenly appeared in a certain place to launch his preaching in a loud voice, like minstrels in the Middle Ages. After this quick intervention, it was the turn of another group in another place. The "lightning" interventions of the action groups were synchronized in such a way that when one group had finished its mission, another group started elsewhere. In this way, the police vigilance was impossible. The police were incapable of knowing where the different action groups would be and could not be at all the different locations of the "rallies".[52][53]
Publications
Selected writings
Bravo James,Fernando (1944). Bolivia ante la historia. Universidad Técnica de Oruro. (Awarded study in a contest at the Faculty of Economic Sciences of the "Universidad Técnica de Oruro").
Bravo James, Fernando (1944-1950). "Cuaderno de canciones del Comité local de Catavi del POR, Partido Obrero Revolucionario" (Secc. Boliviana de la IV Internacional). Ediciones Lucha Minera:Secretaría de publicaciones.
Bravo James, Fernando, "Se firmó el pacto obrero universitario", La Patria (July 30, 1946).
Bravo James, Fernando, "Entre mineros y universitarios", La Patria (March 25, 1949).
Bravo James, Fernando (1951). "Lineamientos Geo-económicos y sociales". In Armando Rosas García, Fernando Bravo James, Liberato Ignacio López, Julio Bahoz Ramírez & Julio César Mier M., Informe de la delegación de egresados de la promoción de 1950, sobre la visita a las facultades de Ciencias económicas de Buenos Aires y Montevideo. Revista Económica, Nos. 7 and 8. Universidad Técnica de Oruro: Centro de estudios financieros, pp. 125–151.
Bravo James, Fernando, "Comunicado. Pide que la Confederación Nacional de Maestros se pronuncie sobre los últimos acontecimientos", La Patria (April 18, 1952).
Bravo James, Fernando (1954). La revolución boliviana y la educación. Universidad Técnica de Oruro.
Bravo James, Fernando (1956a). Curso de geografía económica general. Universidad Técnica de Oruro.
Bravo James, Fernando (1956b). Curso de geografía económica nacional. Universidad Técnica de Oruro.
Bravo James, Fernando, “La organización de la escuela” (the organizing of the school) without date (Possible written in Oruro, between 1950-1956). Fernando Bravo James Writings (FBJW).
Bravo James, Fernando. "Canciones del CETA (Centro Estudiantil Tupac Amaru) without date (Possible written In La Paz, between 1957-1962). Fernando Bravo James Writings (FBJW).
References
- ^ Steven Sándor, John (2009). Bolivias Radical Tradition. Permanent Revolution in the Andes The University of Arizona Press.ISBN 978-0-8165-2764-9
- ^ Bravo Cladera, Nadezhda (2013).Elsa Cladera de Bravo. Maestra de profesión y revolución. La Paz, Correveidile. ISBN 978-99954-830-2-9
- ^ Libris. "Elsa Cladera de Bravo. Maestra de profesión y revolución". Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ Bibliothèque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine. "Elsa Cladera de Bravo. Maestra de profesión y revolución". primo.prod-u-paris10.fr. BDIC. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ^ Bravo Cladera, Nadezhda (2013). "Fernando Bravo James". In Nadezhda Bravo Cladera Elsa Cladera de Bravo. Maestra de profesión y revolución. La Paz, Correveidile, pp. 34-54
- ^ Revistas bolivianas. "Revistas bolivianas". Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- ^ The Amerinst. "The Amerinst, Education Bolivia". Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- ^ Bravo James, Fernando, (1944-1950). "Cuaderno de canciones del comité local de Catavi del POR". Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Secc. Boliviana de la IV Internacional), Ediciones Lucha Minera, Secretaría de Publicaciones.
- ^ Amonzabel, Jaime, “Una vida ejemplar: Fernando Bravo James”, El Diario, La Paz (December 1, 1970)
- ^ MUSEF. "Una vida ejemplar. Fernando Bravo J." Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ "Fernando Bravo vive en el pensamiento y el corazón de los militantes trotskistas", Lucha Obrera, La Paz (February, 1963)
- ^ Bibliothèque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine. "Lucha Obrera". Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- ^ Cladera de Bravo, Elsa, "Datos biográficos sobre Fernando Bravo James", without date
- ^ “Fernando Bravo vive en el pensamiento y el corazón de los militantes trotskistas”, Lucha Obrera, La Paz (February, 1963).
- ^ Bravo Cladera, Nadezhda (2013). “Fernando Bravo James”. In Nadezhda Bravo Cladera, Elsa Cladera de Bravo. Maestra de profesión y revolución, La Paz, Correveidile, p. 38
- ^ “Fernando Bravo Vive en el pensamiento y el corazón de los militantes trotskistas”, Lucha Obrera, La Paz (February, 1963).
- ^ Bibliothèque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine. "Lucha Obrera".
- ^ Almaráz, Sergio (1987). El poder y la caída. La Paz-Cochabamba, Los amigos del libro, p. 132
- ^ Cladera de Bravo, Elsa, “Como conocí a Fernando Bravo” withoutdate
- ^ “Fernando Bravo vive en el pensamiento y el corazón de los militantes trotskistas”, Lucha Obrera, La Paz (February, 1963).
- ^ Revista Económica, Julio- Septiembre 1951, Centro de Estudios Económicos y Financieros. Universidad Técnica de Oruro, p.216
- ^ Barrón Feraudi, Jorge (1963). Esbozo Monográfico de la Facultad de Economía, Universidad Técnica de Oruro, p. 92.
- ^ Biblioteca de la Universidad Juan Misael Saracho. "Jorge Barrón Feraudi". Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ Centro de Información Fundación Flavio Machicado Viscarra. "Jorge Barrón Feraudi". Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ Bravo Cladera, Nadezhda (2013). “Fernando Bravo James”. In Nadezhda Bravo Cladera, Elsa Cladera de Bravo. Maestra de profesión y revolución, La Paz, Correveidile, p. 40
- ^ “Fernando Bravo vive en el pensamiento y el corazón de los militantes trotskistas”, Lucha Obrera, La Paz (February, 1963).
- ^ Cladera de Bravo, Elsa, “Datos biográficos sobre Fernando Bravo James” without date (Possible written in Fribourg, Switzerland between 1974-1999). Elsa Cladera de Bravo Writtings (ECBW)
- ^ Lora, Guillermo (1997). “La tesis de Pulacayo”. In Guillermo Lora Obras Completas, Tomo XXI:1933- 1946, La Paz, Ediciones Masas, p 416.
- ^ Bravo James, Fernando, “Se firmó el pacto obrero-universitario”, La Patria, Oruro (July 30, 1946).
- ^ Lowy, Michael (2007). El marxismo en América Latina: antología, desde 1909 hasta nuestros días. Chile, LOM Ediciones, p. 206.
- ^ Pacto Obrero-Universitario, Oruro. "Pacto Obrero-Universitario, Oruro". Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ Bravo Cladera, Nadezhda (2013). “Fernando Bravo James”. In Nadezhda Bravo Cladera, Elsa Cladera de Bravo. Maestra de profesión y revolución, La Paz, Correveidile, p. 42.
- ^ Gobierno Bolivia. "Capitalismo, modernización y resistencia popular 1825-1952". Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ Hôpital Cantonal. "Hôpital Cantonal". Retrieved 8 April 2020.
- ^ ECBTRB2: Elsa Cladera de Bravo Trascription of recorded band number 2 (2001), with the interview
- ^ Rodríguez Ostria, Gustavo (2014). Capitalismo, Modernización y Resistencia Popular, 1825-1952, Centro de Investigaciones Sociales (SIS). Vicepresidencia del Estado. Presidencia de la Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional, La Paz-Bolivia, n. 282.
- ^ “Fernando Bravo Vive en el pensamiento y el corazón de los militantes trotskistas”, Lucha Obrera, La Paz (February, 1963
- ^ Steven Sándor, John (2009). Bolivias Radical tradition. Permanent Revolution in the Andes, The University of Arizona Press, p.92.
- ^ Dunkerley, James (2003). Rebelión en las venas, La Paz, Plural Editores, p. 41.
- ^ James Dunkerley. "James Dunkerley". Retrieved 8 April 2020.
- ^ Steven Sándor, John (2009). Bolivias Radical Tradition. Permanent Revolution in the Andes, The University of Arizona Press, p. 92
- ^ Steven Sándor, John (2009). Bolivias Radical Tradition. Permanent Revolution in the Andes, The University of Arizona Press, p. 96
- ^ Bravo James, Fernando, (1944-1950). “Cuaderno de canciones del comité local de Catavi del POR”. Partido Obrero Revolucionario (Secc. Boliviana de la IV Internacional), Ediciones Lucha Minera, Secretaría de Publicaciones.
- ^ Dunkerley, James (2003). Rebelión en las venas, La Paz, Plural Editores, p. 111.
- ^ Interview with Elsa Cladera de Bravo by Marcelo Quezada and Alfonso Gumucio in Fribourg, on 9 June, 1977. (Elsa Cladera de Bravo transcription of recorded band number 3 (ECBTRB3)).
- ^ Interview with Elsa Cladera de Bravo by Marcelo Quezada and Alfonso Gumucio in Fribourg, Switzerland, on 9 June, 1977.(Elsa Cladera de Bravo transcription of recorded band number 3 (ECBTRB3))
- ^ Letter from Fernando Bravo James to Elsa, Nadezhda, Bolshia and Alexandra, At high sea, on September 9, 1957(Fernando Bravo James writing’s (FBJW))
- ^ Bravo Cladera, Nadezhda (2013). “De Oruro a La Paz”, Nadezhda Bravo Cladera, Elsa Cladera de Bravo. Maestra de profesión y revolución, La Paz, Correveidile, pp. 66-75.
- ^ Cladera de Bravo, Elsa “Datos biográficos sobre Fernando Bravo James”, without dale (posible written in Fribourg, Switzerland, between 1974-1999). Elsa Cladera de Bravo Writtings (ECBW).
- ^ Bravo James, Fernando, “La organización de la escuela” (the organizing of the school) without date (Possible written in Oruro, between 1950-1956). Fernando Bravo James Writings (FBJW)
- ^ Bravo James, Fernando, “La organización de la escuela” (the organizing of the school) without date (Possible written in Oruro, between 1950-1956). Fernando Bravo James Writings (FBJW)
- ^ Bravo Cladera, Nadezhda (2013). “De Oruro a La Paz”, Nadezhda Bravo Cladera, Elsa Cladera de Bravo. Maestra de profesión y revolución, La Paz, Correveidile, p.71.
- ^ Internationella Biblioteket. "Med törst för rättvisa". Retrieved 22 April 2020.