Jim Clark (sheriff)
Jim Clark | |
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Sheriff of Dallas County, Alabama, U.S. | |
In office 1955–1966 | |
Appointed by | Jim Folsom |
Succeeded by | Wilson Baker |
Personal details | |
Born | James Gardner Clark, Jr. September 17, 1922 Alabama, U.S. |
Died | June 4, 2007 Elba, Alabama, U.S. | (aged 84)
James Gardner Clark, Jr. (September 17, 1922 – June 4, 2007)[1] was the sheriff of Dallas County, Alabama, United States from 1955 to 1966. He was one of the officials responsible for the violent arrests of civil rights protestors during the Selma to Montgomery marches of 1965, and is remembered for being a racist whose brutal tactics included using cattle prods against unarmed civil rights supporters.[2][3]
Early life and Family
Jim Clark was born in Alabama, the son of Ettie Lee and James Gardner Clark.[4][5] He served with the U.S. Army Air Force in the Aleutian Islands during World War II. Clark was a cattle rancher when his lifelong friend, Alabama Governor Jim Folsom, appointed him as sheriff in 1955.[1] He married and later divorced Louise Clark, with whom he had five children, Jimmy Clark, Jeff Clark, Johnny Clark, Joanna Clark Miller and Jan Clark Buster.[4]
Dallas County Sheriff (1955-1966)
In 1964 and 1965, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) engaged in a voting drive in Dallas County, of which Selma was the county seat.[2] As sheriff of Dallas County, Clark vocally opposed racial integration, wearing a button reading "Never" [integrate].[2][3] He wore military style clothing and carried a cattle prod in addition to his pistol and club.[2][3]
In response to the voting drive, Clark recruited a horse mounted posse of Ku Klux Klan members and supporters.[2][6] Together with the highway patrolmen of Albert J. Lingo, the posse was intended to "operate ... as a mobile anti-civil rights force", and appeared at several Alabama towns outside of Clark's jurisdiction to assault and threaten civil rights workers.[6]
In Selma, the SNCC campaign was met with violence and intimidation by Clark, who waited at the entrance to the county courthouse, beating and arresting registrants at the slightest provocation.[7] At one point, Clark arrested around 300 students who were holding a silent protest outside the courthouse, force-marching them with cattle prods to a detention center three miles away.[7] At another point he was punched in the jaw and knocked down by a demonstrator, Annie Lee Cooper, whom he was trying to make go home by poking her in the neck with either a nightstick or a cattle prod after she had stood for hours at the courthouse in an attempt to register to vote.[8] By 1965, only 300 of the city's 15,000 potential black voters were registered.[3]
These actions led to a widespread comparison of Clark to Eugene "Bull" Connor,[3] and to James Baldwin saying of Clark,
I suggest that what has happened to the white Southerner is in some ways much worse than what has happened to the Negroes there ... One has to assume that he is a man like me, but he does not know what drives him to use the club, to menace with a gun, and to use a cattle prod against a woman's breasts ... Their moral lives have been destroyed by a plague called color.[9]
At one SCLC protest, he arrested Amelia Boynton, who was well-respected in the community. Pictures of the arrest, during which the club-wielding Clark pushed Boynton to the ground, ran in The New York Times and The Washington Post. Ralph Abernathy of the SCLC mockingly nominated Clark for honorary membership in the Dallas County Voters League for "publicity services rendered". When Clark heard this on a surveillance tape made of the meeting, "[h]e'd scream bloody murder that he'd never do it again, he wouldn't fall into that trap again and go out the next day and do the same thing," said Wilson Baker, director of public safety.[10]
Bloody Sunday
On February 18, 1965, in Marion, Alabama, a peaceful protest march was met by Alabama state patrolmen, who beat the protesters after street lights suddenly went out.[11] A young protester, Jimmie Lee Jackson, attempted to protect his mother and octogenarian grandfather from police beating, and was shot in the stomach by Corporal James Bonard Fowler of the highway patrol.[11] Jackson died eight days later of his injuries. Clark was present on the police side at Marion, despite it being outside his jurisdiction.[6]
In response to the failed registration campaign, and as a direct response to the killing of Jackson, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's Director of Direct Action, James Bevel, initiated, called for, and organized a march from Selma to Montgomery.[2]
On March 7, 1965, around 600 protesters left Selma. Clark's officers and posse joined with Alabama state troopers in attacking the protesters on the Edmund Pettus Bridge on the outskirts of Selma in an event that came to be known as "Bloody Sunday", resulting in the hospitalization of over 60 protesters.[6] That evening, ABC interrupted the television premiere of Judgment at Nuremberg to show scenes of the violence to around 48 million Americans.[7][12] This was a critical event in the United States Congress passing the Voting Rights Act.[13]
In an obituary, The Washington Post noted:
Mr. Clark's most visible moment came March 7, 1965, at the start of a peaceful voting rights march from Selma to the capital city of Montgomery.
Mr. Clark and his men were stationed near Selma's Edmund Pettus Bridge. Alabama State Trooper John Cloud ordered the hundreds of marchers to disperse. When they did not, Mr. Clark commanded his mounted "posse" to charge into the crowd. Tear gas heightened the chaos, and protesters were beaten.
Captured on national television, the Bloody Sunday incident spurred widespread revulsion. Even Gov. George C. Wallace, who had earlier sparked a national showdown over a refusal to integrate public schools, reprimanded the state troopers and Mr. Clark.[3]
Views on Martin Luther King, Jr.
On July 22, 1965, the Texarkana, Texas local branch of the Citizen's Council, a white supremacist organization, sponsored Clark's appearance as a guest at their meeting.[14] During Clark's talk to the group, he recalled of Bloody Sunday, "they sent the so-called preachers."[14] He went on to further describe his response to Martin Luther King, Jr. in the following terms: "we decided to treat him like the common yellow cur dog that he is."[14]
Professional Accolades
According to his obituary, Clark served as the first vice-president of the National Sheriffs' Association and served as a president of the Alabama Sheriff's Association.[15]
Loss of sheriff's office
Mayor of Selma Joseph Smitherman and Wilson Baker wanted to blunt the force of the campaign by exercising restraint but the voter registration offices were Clark's responsibility.[12] In the 1966 election, following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Wilson Baker defeated Clark, in part because the Act allowed many African-Americans to register to vote and cast ballots against Clark.[3] Clark attempted to have suppressed 1,600 ballots cast for his opponent due to "irregularities", but court orders placed the votes back on record.[6]
Later life and death
Following his defeat, Clark sold mobile homes.[4][6] He also became involved in a number of shady enterprises. These included being a broker for 'the Tangible Risk Insurance Company' in Birmingham, which got him indicted with eight other men for mail fraud, to which he pleaded no contest. Then, in 1973, in North Carolina as general manager of the Pinehurst Mortgage & Loan Company, which turned out to be a loan sharking outfit; the company eventually accused Clark of embezzlement but the company itself folded in the face of securities law enforcement. By 1976 Clark was back in Alabama as an officer of 'International Coal & Mining', but one of his partners was prosecuted for fraud and embezzlement.[16] In 1978, a federal grand jury in Montgomery indicted Clark on charges of conspiring to smuggle three tons of marijuana from Colombia. Clark was sentenced to two years in prison and ended up serving nine months.[5] In 2006, he told the Montgomery Advertiser that concerning his actions during the civil rights movement, "Basically, I'd do the same thing today if I had to do it all over again."[4] He died at Elba Nursing and Rehabilitation Center in Elba, Alabama, on June 4, 2007 from a stroke and heart condition. Amelia Boynton Robinson, who Clark had arrested in 1965, attended his funeral.[17]
References
- ^ a b "Sheriff Jim Clark, segregationist icon, dies at 84", AP via NBC News, June 6, 2007
- ^ a b c d e f Jakoubek, Robert; Wagner, Heather (2004). Martin Luther King, Jr: civil rights leader. Infobase Publishing. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7910-8161-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g Adam Bernstein (June 7, 2007). "Ala. Sheriff James Clark; Embodied Violent Bigotry". The Washington Post. p. B07.
- ^ a b c d "Jim Clark, Sheriff Who Enforced Segregation, Dies at 84", The New York Times, June 7, 2007.
- ^ a b http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-2147
- ^ a b c d e f Newton, Michael (2007). The encyclopedia of American law enforcement. Infobase Publishing. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-8160-6290-4.
- ^ a b c McGuire, Danielle (2010). At the dark end of the street: black women, rape, and resistance : a new history of the civil rights movement from Rosa Parks to the rise of black power. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 175–179. ISBN 978-0-307-26906-5.
- ^ "Annie Lee Cooper Death News". Selam Times Journal. November 24, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
- ^ Rosset, Lisa (1990). James Baldwin. Holloway House Publishing. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-87067-564-5.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b Fleming, John (March 6, 2005), "The Death of Jimmie Lee Jackson", The Anniston Star, archived from the original on August 29, 2008, retrieved January 21, 2008
- ^ a b "Washington University in St Louis, Sheriff Jim Clark". Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2007.
- ^ "Ala. Ex-Sheriff Dies; Civil Rights Foe". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. June 6, 2007.[dead link]
- ^ a b c "Aug 6, 1965 Issue | Texas Observer Print Archives". issues.texasobserver.org. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
- ^ https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/montgomeryadvertiser/obituary.aspx?n=james-gardner-clark&pid=156236495
- ^ James Reston, Jr., Clark and Pritchett – A Comparison of two notorious southern lawmen, Southern Cultures, vol. 22, no.1 (Winter 2016) pages 53–54.
- ^ "Amelia Boynton Robinson, activist beaten on Selma bridge, dies at 104"
External links
- History of the Selma actions
- Obituary of Jim Clark (economist.com)