Project NIMROD
 Danger to aviation by microbursts. | |
| Date | 15 May through 30 June 1978 |
|---|---|
| Location | Greater Chicago |
| Also known as | Northern Illinois Meteorological Research On Downburst |
| Participants | NCAR and University of Chicago under the direction of Ted Fujita and Ramesh Srivastava |
| Outcome | Documented downbursts, microbursts and other severe wind events with thunderstorms. |
Project NIMROD (Northern Illinois Meteorological Research On Downburst) was meteorological field study of severe thunderstorms and their damaging winds. It was conducted in the region of the Greater Chicago, Illinois, United States, from 15 May through 30 June 1978. Data collected were from single cell thunderstorms as well as mesoscale convective systems, such as bow echoes. Using Doppler weather radars and damage clues on the ground, the team studied mesocyclones, downbursts and gust fronts. NIMROD was the first time that microbursts, very localized strong downdrafts under thunderstorms, were detected which help improve airport and public safety by the development of systems like the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar and the Low-level windshear alert system.
Description
The project was set up by Ted Fujita and Ramesh Srivastava from University of Chicago with research assistants Roger Wakimoto and Gregory S. Forbes, as well as researcher Jim Wilson from NCAR.[1] The NIMROD network included 3 Doppler weather radars disposed in a triangular baseline at approximately 60 km from one to the other and 27 mobile automatic weather station from NCAR forming a mesonet in and around the area[2][3]. Two of the radars were operating in C-band (CP-3 and CP-4), the other was the CHILL Doppler S band radar with multi-elevation PPI and operating continuously. About 200 rawinsondes were released at 30 to 60-min intervals from the coordination position as needed on experiment days[2][3].
O’Hare International Airport was chosen because one of the major objectives was also to determine the low-level winds in and around major airports. It was in corn fields area and late spring timeframe was chosen as damage to the corn could be used as indicators of high velocity wind at the surface.[2] Nominal height of wind sensors was 4 m although some of the stations were located in the suburbs while others were in open fields. The mesonet data was obtained at 1-min resolution[2]. Network operations were directed from the NCAR CP-3 radar site while US National Weather Service local bureau notified the team of significant downburst and/or tornadic events, and even assisted in damage surveys.[2]
Aim and Results
Studies on downdrafts from thunderstorms have been few and the extension of their effects were not well known. Dr Fujita suspected that localized downdraft, later called microbursts, were responsible for damage on the ground and a weather hazard involved in some airplane crashes like the one on 24 June 1975 Eastern Airlines Flight 66 during landing at New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport, killing 113 and injuring 11.[4]
Fujita had hypothesized during the inquiry that the cause was such phenomena from his previous study of the effects of the damage caused by the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki in August 1945, and some unexplained damages during the 1974 Super Outbreak of tornadoes.[5] However, there was strong resistance from the meteorological community.[6] He convinced the National Science Foundation and NCAR to fund projects to study thunderstorms downdrafts.[6] NIMROD was the first large scale experiment to study this phenomena and it was the first time that Fujita had used Doppler radar data, having no previous experience in the interpretation of their data, but was rapidly confortable with them.[6]
Shortly after the start of the field program, the first recorded microburst on Doppler radar was viewed on the CP-3 radar at Yorkville, Illinois, on 29 May 1978. On the first scan of a thunderstorm, the Doppler velocity display showed a doublet of inbound-outbound velocities which was followed by observation of a gust front. Data obtained during the whole project permitted to describe the 3 dimensions motion of the air in thunderstorms and their structure as single cells, multi-cells, bow echoes or other types.[6][7]
Legacy
This first experiment have been followed by numerous ones since 1978. One can name (JAWS Joint Airport and Weather Studies) in 1982 and MIST (Microburst and Severe Thunderstorm Experiment) in 1986 led by Fujita[6] and the VORTEX projects. All of them leading to better understanding of summer severe weather for airport and public safety.[6][8]
References
- ^ David Atlas (1990). "5.1: Basic Field Experiments". Radar in Meteorology: Battan Memorial and 40th Anniversary Radar Meteorology Conference. Boston: American Meteorological Society. p. 669.
- ^ a b c d e Earth Observing Laboratory. "Northern Illinois Meteorological Research On Downburst". NCAR. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
- ^ a b Robert E. Peterson Jr. (October 1984). "A Triple-Doppler Radar Analysis of a Discretely Propagating Multicell Convective Storm". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 40 (20). AMS: 2973–2990. Bibcode:1984JAtS...41.2973P. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2973:ATDRAO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0469.
- ^ "Aircraft Accident Report, Eastern Airlines, Inc. Boeing 727–225, N8845E, John F. Kennedy International Airport, Jamaica, New York, June 24, 1975" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. March 12, 1976. AAR/76/08. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ T. Theodore Fujita (March 1, 1976). Spearhead echo and downburst near the approach end of a John F. Kennedy Airport runway, New York City (PDF) (Report). Retrieved February 9, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f Wilson, James W.; Wakimoto, Roger M. (January 2001). "The Discovery of the Downburst: T. T. Fujita's Contribution". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 82 (1): 49–62. Bibcode:2001BAMS...82...49W. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0049:TDOTDT>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0477.
- ^ Roger M. Wakimoto (July 1982). "The Life Cycle of Thunderstorm Gust Fronts as Viewed with Doppler radar and Rawindsounde Data". Monthly Weather Review. 110 (7). AMS: 1060–1082. Bibcode:1982MWRv..110.1060W. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<1060:TLCOTG>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0027-0644. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
- ^ National Severe Storms Laboratory (2020). "Vortex@NSSL". National Weather Service. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
Bibliography
- Fujita, T. T. (1978). Manual of downburst identification for project Nimrod (PDF). Satellite and Mesometeorology Research Paper. Vol. 156. Dept. of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|lay-url=ignored (help). - Fujita, T. T. (1978). Objective, operation, and results of Project NIMROD. 11th Conf. on Severe Local Storms. Kansas City, MO: Amer. Meteor. Soc. pp. 259–266..
