Jump to content

Gospel of Jesus' Wife

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 69.140.5.140 (talk) at 18:13, 14 August 2020 (→Publication: correct misspelled name). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Gospel of Jesus' Wife, recto

The Gospel of Jesus' Wife is a papyrus fragment with Coptic text that includes the words, "Jesus said to them, 'my wife...'". The text received widespread attention when first publicized in 2012 for the implication that some early Christians believed that Jesus was married.

The fragment was first presented by Harvard Divinity School Professor Karen L. King,[1][2][3] who suggested that the papyrus contained a fourth-century Coptic translation of a gospel likely composed in Greek in the late second century.[4] Following an investigative Atlantic article by Ariel Sabar published online in June 2016,[5] King conceded that the evidence now "presses in the direction of forgery."[6]

Radiocarbon dating determined that the physical papyrus is medieval, and further analysis of the language led most scholars to conclude it was copied from the Gospel of Thomas.[7] The fragment's provenance and similarity to another fragment from the same anonymous owner widely believed to be fake further supported a consensus among scholars that the text is a modern forgery written on a scrap of medieval papyrus.[7]

Publication

After Professor Karen King's announcement of the existence of a papyrus fragment featuring the words "Jesus said to them, 'my wife...'" at the International Congress of Coptic Studies in Rome on September 18, 2012,[1][2] scholarly publication of the text with commentary was slated for the Harvard Theological Review in January 2013.[8] On January 3, 2013, King and Kathryn Dodgson (director of communications for Harvard Divinity School) confirmed to CNN that publication was being delayed pending the results of (in Dodgson's words) "further testing and analysis of the fragment, including testing by independent laboratories with the resources and specific expertise necessary to produce and interpret reliable results."[9] A revised version of the article appeared in the Harvard Theological Review in April 2014, together with several scientific reports on the testing of the papyrus.[10]

In response to Ariel Sabar's article in The Atlantic, the Harvard Theological Review issued a statement saying that it had never committed itself to the authenticity of the papyrus and refused to print a retraction of King's article.[11] Retraction Watch called the journal's decision "a cop-out of...Biblical proportions."[12]

Text

One side of the fragmentary text reads, word-for-word:

...not [to] me. My mother gave me life...The disciples said to Jesus,...deny. Mary is (not?) worthy of it. ...Jesus said to them, "My wife...she is able to be my disciple...Let wicked people swell up...As for me, I am with her in order to...an image ...

The opposite side of the text reads, word-for-word:

...my moth[er]...three...forth ...

The next two lines of this side feature illegible ink traces.[4]

Features

The fragment is rectangular, approximately 4 by 8 centimetres (1.6 in × 3.1 in). According to reports, "the fragment has eight incomplete lines of writing on one side and is badly damaged on the other side, with only three faded words and a few letters of ink that are visible, even with the use of infrared photography and computer-aided enhancement."[13]

King and AnneMarie Luijendijk, an associate professor of religion at Princeton University, named the fragment the "Gospel of Jesus's Wife" for reference purposes[14] but have since acknowledged that the name was inflammatory. Asked about her handling of the public disclosure of the fragment, King admitted that she had "...misjudged just how inflammatory that title would turn out to be". According to Tom Bartlett of The Chronicle of Higher Education, "she's been asking around for ideas on a new, less exciting name".[15] They further suggested the text was written by Egyptian Christians before AD 400; it is in the language they believed was used by those people at that time. They considered that the papyrus fragment comes from a codex, rather than a scroll, as text appears on both sides.[13] King has stated that the fragment should not be taken as proof that the historical Jesus got married.[8] Testing has dated the papyrus itself to somewhere between the seventh and ninth centuries, and Professor Christian Askeland of Indiana Wesleyan University has shown that the text is written in Lycopolitan, a Coptic dialect that fell out of use during or prior to the sixth century.[16]

With reference to the speculative source of the text on the fragment, King and Luijendijk used the term "gospel" in a capacious sense, as it includes all early Christian writings about Jesus' career.[4]

Initial interpretations of the text

King told the International Congress of Coptic Studies that the text does not prove that Jesus had a wife. She noted that even as a translation of a 2nd-century AD Greek text, it would still have been written more than 100 years after the death of Jesus. According to King, the earliest and most reliable information about Jesus is silent on the question of his marital status.[17] King also said that the text (which she suggested is a fragment from a non-canonical gospel) showed that some early Christians believed that Jesus was married.[18] A Harvard News Office article reported that King dated the speculative Greek original to the second half of the second century because it shows close connections to other newly discovered gospels written at that time, particularly the Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of Mary, and the Gospel of Philip.[19]

King later, in a 2012 television documentary, commented on the possible implication of the papyrus fragment:

The question on many people's minds is whether this fragment should lead us to re-think whether Jesus was married. I think, however, what it leads us to do, is not to answer that question one way or the other, it should lead us to re-think how Christianity understood sexuality and marriage in a very positive way, and to recapture the pleasures of sexuality, the joyfulness and the beauties of human intimate relations.[20]

Ben Witherington, Professor of New Testament Interpretation at the Asbury Theological Seminary, said that while the text might contribute to the study of Gnosticism in the 2nd or 4th century, it should not be considered significant for those studying Jesus in a 1st-century historical context. He further explained that, "during the rise of the monastic movement, you had quite a lot of monk-type folks and evangelists who travelled in the company of a sister-wife" and that the term "wife" was open to interpretation.[21]

Father Henry Wansbrough echoed the same sentiments:

It will not have a great deal of importance for the Christian church. It will show that there was a group who had these beliefs in the second century—Christians or semi-Christians—who perhaps had not reflected enough on the implications of the canonical scriptures - to see that Jesus could not have been married. It's a historical interest, rather than a faith interest.[20]

Daniel B. Wallace of the Dallas Theological Seminary and others have suggested that the fragment appears to have been intentionally cut, most likely in modern times. They further suggest that this leads to the possibility that in context Jesus may not have even been speaking of a literal wife.[22]

The modern idea that Jesus was married is largely attributable to The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, a book by Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln that is considered a work of pseudohistory that relies on conspiracy theories.[23][24] Its thesis was that Jesus had been married to Mary Magdalene, and that the legends of the Holy Grail were symbolic accounts of his bloodline in Europe. This thesis became much more widely circulated after it was made the center of the plot of The Da Vinci Code, a best-selling 2003 novel by author Dan Brown.[8][25][21] King rejected any link between The Da Vinci Code and the Gospel of Jesus' Wife.[8]

Other text

The fragment also includes the line, "she will be able to be my disciple". The New York Times states that debates over whether Jesus married Mary Magdalene or another woman, as well as debates over whether or not he had female disciples can be traced to the early centuries of Christianity.[8] King, however, contends that, prior to the recently published papyrus fragment, no texts exist which claim that Jesus was married, but that the canonical gospels clearly imply that Jesus had female disciples.[8]

Provenance

Until June 2016, nothing definite was known about the provenance of the papyrus. Before the appearance of Ariel Sabar's article, it was reported that an anonymous owner had acquired the fragment in 1997 as part of a cache of papyri and other documents. This cache was said to have been purchased from a German-American collector who, in turn, had acquired it in the 1960s in East Germany.[26] Among the other documents in that cache were: (a) a type-written letter dated July 15, 1982 addressed to one Hans-Ulrich Laukamp from Prof. Dr. Peter Munro (Ägyptologisches Seminar, Freie Universität Berlin) which only mentions one of the papyri, reporting that a colleague, Prof. Fecht, had identified it as a 2nd – 4th-century AD fragment of the Gospel of John in Coptic, and giving recommendations as to its preservation; and (b) an undated and unsigned hand-written note in German and seemingly referring to the Gospel of Jesus' Wife fragment. According to this note, "Professor Fecht" believed it to be the only instance of a text in which Jesus uses direct speech to refer to a wife. Professor Gerhard Fecht was on the faculty of Egyptology at the Free University of Berlin. Laukamp died in 2001, Fecht in 2006 and Munro in 2009.[26]

In June 2016, Ariel Sabar published an article in The Atlantic which identified the previous owner of the papyrus as Walter Fritz, rather than Laukamp, and provided further evidence for supposing that the papyrus was a forgery.[5] Fritz initially denied being the papyrus' owner, but later admitted to it.[27] Fritz was a former Egyptology student who left his job at a German museum after items from the museum went missing.[27] For several years, he ran pornography websites featuring his wife, who believes that she can channel God and Michael the Archangel; she had even published a book of sayings that she believes God transmitted through her. The Atlantic speculated that Fritz may have been motivated to forge the text by financial issues — Fritz had recently been unable to sell his house — or a desire to make The Da Vinci Code a reality; he denies having any financial problems, but had seen The Da Vinci Code's film adaptation. Sabar had found that Fritz once ran an art website where he sold artworks which resembled ancient manuscripts. Fritz denied that he or anyone else forged the Gospel of Jesus' Wife, but admitted that he might have been able to do so had he tried. Fritz also stressed to Sabar that he never once claimed that the Gospel of Jesus' Wife was a genuinely ancient text.[5]

Authenticity

Initial evaluations

Before King published the discovery of the fragment, she asked AnneMarie Luijendijk and fellow papyrologist Roger S. Bagnall of the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at New York University to review the fragment. They determined that it was likely authentic, both because of the skills which would have been required to forge the fragment and because the papyrus seemed to have been in a collection for many years without having been announced. Luijendijk and Bagnall both doubted that the text was forged.[8] Giovanni Maria Vian, the editor of L'Osservatore Romano, the Vatican's official newspaper, dismissed the fragment as fake.[25] In a television documentary about the fragment that was presented on the Smithsonian Channel in September 2012, Professor Alberto Camplani of Sapienza University of Rome suggested that he considered it more likely to be authentic.[20]

Immediately after King's presentation of the fragment in Rome, doubts began to be expressed about its authenticity. Further investigation of the language and the script and comparison with the clearly forged Gospel of John belonging to the same group of papyri corroborated the initial doubts. By the end of 2014, there was a general consensus that the papyrus was a fake.[7] Eventually, Ariel Sabar's tracing of the provenance to Walter Fritz in 2016 provided the final proof, and King conceded that the evidence "presse[d] in the direction of forgery."[6]

Others noted that the handwriting, grammar, shape of the papyrus, and the ink's color and quality made it suspect.[28] Professor Francis Watson of Durham University published a paper on the papyrus fragment suggesting that the text was a "patchwork of texts" from the Gospel of Thomas which had been copied and assembled in a different order.[29] In summer, 2015, Professor Watson edited and introduced six articles in the journal New Testament Studies, all arguing against authenticity of the text; these articles have been put online by Professor Mark Goodacre of Duke University.[30]

In defense of the text's authenticity, Ariel Shisha-Halevy, Professor of Linguistics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a leading expert on the Coptic language, concluded that the language itself offered no evidence of forgery. King also found examples from a new discovery in Egypt that has the same kind of grammar, showing that at least one unusual case is not unique. While some experts continue to disagree about the other case, King notes that newly discovered texts often feature grammatical or spelling oddities which expand our understanding of the Coptic language.[31]

Radiocarbon dating

A radiocarbon dating analysis of the papyrus by the Arizona Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory in 2013 dated the papyrus to between 404 and 209 BC. However, the cleaning protocol had to be interrupted during processing to preserve the fragment. A second analysis was performed by Harvard University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution found a mean date of AD 741.[32] A Raman spectroscopy analysis at Columbia University found that the ink was consistent with those in manuscripts from 400 BC to AD 700–800. These analyses suggest that the fragment as a material artifact is probably medieval and not modern.[33]

Analysis of text

However, while the papyrus itself is medieval in origin, further analysis has suggested that the text itself includes additional errors that suggest it is not authentic.[16][34][35][36]

In October 2012, Andrew Bernhard observed that there is a close resemblance between Grondin's Interlinear of the Gospel of Thomas and the text that the forger appeared to have used to compose the text of the Gospel. Karen King has now made available the interlinear translation provided to her by the owner of the papyrus, and Bernhard has shown that every line shows evidence of copying from Grondin's Interlinear.[37]

Given the extraordinary similarities between the two different texts, it seems highly probable that Gos. Jes. Wife is indeed a "patchwork" of Gos. Thom. Most likely, it was composed after 1997 when Grondin's Interlinear was first posted online.[37]

Leo Depuydt of Brown University found it ridiculous that in the Gospel of Jesus' Wife, the word "my" in the phrase "my wife" is written in bold, as if to stress the idea that Jesus was married. Depuydt also said that he had never seen bold writing used in a single Coptic text before. He wrote: "The effect is something like: 'My wife. Get it? MY wife. You heard that right.' The papyrus fragment seems ripe for a Monty Python sketch…. If the forger had used italics in addition, one might be in danger of losing one's composure."[38] Christian Askeland's linguistic analysis of the text shows that it is in a dialect which fell out of use well before AD 741. He concluded that the text must have been written on a fragment of medieval papyrus by a modern forger.[16] Dr. Askeland also found it suspicious that the author of the fragment wrote the same letter in different ways.[35] In addition, Askeland showed that the fragment is "a match for a papyrus fragment that is clearly a forgery." This second fragment, containing part of the Gospel of John, belongs to the same anonymous owner, and is now overwhelmingly considered a fake. This is because that fragment of the Gospel of John appeared to have been copied from every second line of an online translation of John's Gospel in an ancient Coptic dialect called Lycopolitan; also, the Lycopolitan language died out prior to the sixth century, and the John fragment was carbon-dated to somewhere between the seventh and ninth centuries. Askeland argues that the John fragment was written by the same person, in the same ink, and with the same instrument as the Gospel of Jesus' Wife.[16][36] Professor King felt that these concerns were legitimate, but that there was still a chance that the gospel was authentic.[35] The Atlantic reported that despite King's reservations, the text was widely considered a fake.[7] King later conceded, saying that evidence suggests that the Gospel of Jesus' Wife is a forgery.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Trifunov, David (September 18, 2012). ""Gospel of Jesus's Wife" revealed in Rome by Harvard scholar". Global Post. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  2. ^ a b Trifunov, David (September 19, 2012). "Was Jesus married? New papyrus fragment fuels debate". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  3. ^ Bartlett, Tom (October 1, 2012). "The Lessons of Jesus' Wife debate". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  4. ^ a b c "The Gospel of Jesus's Wife: A New Coptic Gospel Papyrus". Harvard Divinity School. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
  5. ^ a b c Ariel Sabar. "The Unbelievable Tale of Jesus's Wife". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  6. ^ a b c Sabar, Ariel. "The Scholar Who Discovered the 'Jesus's Wife' Fragment Now Says It's Likely a Fake". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d Joel Baden and Candida Moss (December 2014). "The Curious Case of Jesus's Wife". The Atlantic.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Goodstein, Laurie (September 18, 2012). "A Faded Piece of Papyrus Refers to Jesus' Wife". The New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  9. ^ Marrapodi, Eric (January 3, 2013). "'Jesus Wife' fragment gets more testing, delays article". CNN Belief Blog. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  10. ^ Karen L. King (April 2014). ""Jesus said to them, 'My wife…'": A New Coptic Gospel Papyrus" (PDF). Harvard Theological Review. 107 (2).
  11. ^ Wangsness, Lisa (June 21, 2016). "Harvard Theological Review won't retract 'Jesus's Wife' paper". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
  12. ^ Marcus, Adam (June 21, 2016). "Coptic cop-out? Religion journal won't pull paper based on bogus 'gospel'". Retraction Watch. Retrieved June 28, 2016. The venerable publication about religious matters is refusing to retract a 2014 article by a noted scholar of early Christianity despite evidence that the article — about Jesus's wife — was based on a forgery. [...] However, the journal issued a statement about the article, a cop-out of — bear with us — Biblical proportions.
  13. ^ a b Kaleem, Jaweed (September 18, 2012). ""The Gospel Of Jesus' Wife," New Early Christian Text, Indicates Jesus May Have Been Married". The Huffington Post. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  14. ^ "Harvard scholar's discovery suggests Jesus had a wife". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. September 18, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
  15. ^ Bartlett, Tom (October 1, 2012). "The Lessons of Jesus' Wife". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  16. ^ a b c d Pattengale, Jerry (May 1, 2014). "How the 'Jesus' Wife' Hoax Fell Apart". The Wall Street Journal.
  17. ^ Wangsness, Lisa (September 18, 2012). "Harvard professor identifies scrap of papyrus suggesting some early Christians believed Jesus was married". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  18. ^ "Ancient text has Jesus referring to 'my wife'". CBC News. September 18, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  19. ^ "HDS scholar announces existence of new early Christian gospel from Egypt". Harvard Divinity School. September 18, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  20. ^ a b c The Gospel of Jesus's Wife, directed by Andy Webb (Blink Films for Smithsonian Channel, September 2012)
  21. ^ a b Boyle, Alan (September 18, 2012). "Reality check on Jesus and his "wife"". NBC News. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  22. ^ Wallace, Daniel B. (September 18, 2012). "Reality check on Jesus and his "wife"". danielbwallace.com. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  23. ^ Miller, Laura (February 22, 2004). "The Last Word; The Da Vinci Con". The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2008.
  24. ^ Morley, Neville (1999). Writing Ancient History. Cornell University Press. p. 19. ISBN 0-8014-8633-5.
  25. ^ a b O'Leary, Naomi (September 28, 2012). ""Gospel of Jesus' wife" fragment is a fake, Vatican says". Reuters. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  26. ^ a b Sabar, Ariel (September 18, 2012). "The Inside Story of the Controversial New Text About Jesus". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
  27. ^ a b Wangsness, Lisa (May 23, 2017). "'Jesus's wife' papyrus likely fake, scholar says". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
  28. ^ Kaleem, Jaweed (September 18, 2012). "Jesus Wife" Research Leads To Suspicions That Artifact Is A Fake". The Huffington Post. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  29. ^ Brown, Andrew (September 18, 2012). "Gospel of Jesus's Wife is fake, claims expert". The Guardian. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  30. ^ Goodacre, Mark (June 25, 2015). "NT Blog: Gospel of Jesus' Wife in New Testament Studies".
  31. ^ "Q&A The Gospel of Jesus's Wife". Harvard University. Archived from the original on 2014-04-27. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
  32. ^ King, Karen L. (2014). "Jesus said to them, 'My wife...': A New Coptic Papyrus Fragment". Harvard Theological Review. 107 (2): 131–159. doi:10.1017/S0017816014000133. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  33. ^ Goodstein, Laurie (April 10, 2014). "Papyrus Referring to Jesus' Wife Is More Likely Ancient Than Fake, Scientists Say". The New York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  34. ^ Jarus, Owen (April 25, 2014). "Authenticity Of The 'Gospel Of Jesus's Wife' Called Into Question". The Huffington Post. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
  35. ^ a b c Goodstein, Laurie (May 4, 2014). "Fresh Doubts Raised About Papyrus Scrap Known as 'Gospel of Jesus' Wife'". The New York Times.
  36. ^ a b Baden, Joel S.; Moss, Candida R. (April 29, 2014). "New clues cast doubt on 'Gospel of Jesus' Wife'". CNN.
  37. ^ a b Bernhard, Andrew (October 11, 2012). "How The Gospel of Jesus's Wife Might Have Been Forged" (PDF). gospels.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
  38. ^ Depuydt, Leo (September 22, 2012). "The Alleged Gospel of Jesus's Wife: Assessment and Evaluation of Authenticity". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Jesus%27_Wife&oldid=972965851"