American Optical Company
| Industry | Eye-wear |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1869 |
| Website | https://aoeyewear.com |
The American Optical Company, now known as AO Eyewear, was founded in 1869 as a merger of spectacle makers in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Spectacle-making had been established in the town in 1826 when William Beecher had set up a jewelry business there with an apprentice, Robert H. Cole. Cole subsequently bought the business and became the largest shareholder and first president of the American Optical Company. When he retired in 1891 and Beecher died in 1892, the volume of production in the town was about two million frames and a million pairs of lenses per year.[1][2]
Military contractor
U.S. Army Air Corps D-1 sunglasses
The first aviator style sunglasses contracted by the US military in 1935 were the U.S. Army Air Corps D-1 Sunglasses made by American Optical. They have a conspicuous USAC engraving on the hinged bridge. The D-1 flying goggle assembly was standardized on 13 August 1935, and was actually a pair of sun glasses with a rigid frame and plastic insulated arms. The D-1 sunglasses were superseded by the more comfortable AN6531 flying sun glasses (comfort cable) in November 1941.[3]
AN6531 military sunglasses
In the second half of the 1930s and early 1940s, a group of American firms kept developing sunglasses. The military "flying sun glasses (comfort cable)" were standardized in November 1941. They were produced in huge quantities (several million pieces) for pilots and sailors. The lenses were made to a joint standard shared by the U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Navy. As a result the lens carried an "AN" (Army/Navy) specification number: the AN6531. The U.S. Government specified the shape of the lens and the color, which was initially a green tinted lens that transmitted 50% of incoming visible daylight. This AN6531 Type 1 lens proved insufficient to protect pilot’s eyes from sun glare so this lens was superseded by the darker AN6531 Type 2 lens in rose smoke. Various contractors made the frames and ground the lenses. These included American Optical, Bausch & Lomb, The Chas. Fischer Spring Co., Willson Optical and Rochester Optical Co. Frame and hinge design varied slightly from contractor to contractor.[4] Despite being designed for utility, these glasses had advanced properties: teardrop-shaped and convex lenses, plastic nose pads and a prominent brow bar and featured flexible cable temples. The nickel plated frame was made of a copper based alloy to prevent offsetting compasses. the "teardrop" shape lens of the AN 6531 was designed to accommodate Air Force pilots who were constantly looking down at their instrument panel while in flight, and influenced all future Aviator style lens shapes.
The AN6531 Comfort Cable aviator sunglasses frame kept being issued by the U.S. military as No. MIL-G-6250 glasses after World War II with different lenses as Type F-2 (arctic) and Type G-2 aviator sunglasses but fitted with darker lenses until their substitute the Type HGU-4/P aviator sunglasses became available in the late 1950s.[5][6][7]
After World War II AN6531 Comfort Cable aviator sunglasses were available for civilians on the surplus market.[4]
Type HGU-4/P aviator sunglasses
In 1958 American Optical created the Flight Goggle 58 according to the then new U.S. Air Force Type HGU-4/P aviator sunglasses standard.[6] Type HGU-4/P sunglasses feature semi-rectangluar lenses with less lens surface area and are lighter compared to the preceding Type G-2 sunglasses. The HGU-4/P design frame allowed the visor to reliably clear the aviator's spectacles when a flight helmet is worn, and covers the full field of vision. The frame additionally features bayonet temples designed to slip under a flight helmet or other headgear and were more compatible with oxygen masks. They are commercially known as "Original Pilot Sunglass", and were issued by the U.S. military since 1959 to pilots shortly after the HGU4/P was officially recommended by military optometrists in November 1958.[5] The HGU-4/P design frame is also issued to military personnel that require various corrective clear or other type of lenses and allows corrected vision through the full field of vision. Besides the military type HGU-4/P aviator sunglasses were also issued to and used by NASA astronauts. HGU-4/P aviation flight glasses are still built to the guidelines of the MIL-S-25948 military specification, a document detailing the manufacturing specifications. One of the many specifications is that the neutral grey lenses used in Type HGU-4/P aviator sunglasses must transmit between 12% to 18% of incoming visible daylight whilst providing 'true' color and contrast distribution.[8][9] The military HGU-4/P Aviator and the Modified HGU-4/P Apache spectacles intended for Apache attack helicopter aircrew are under regular review to determine their functionality.[7]
References
- ^ J. William Rosenthal (1996), Spectacles and Other Vision Aids: A History and Guide to Collecting, Norman Publishing, pp. 54–61, ISBN 9780930405717
- ^ The Beginnings 1826-1872, AO Eyewear
- ^ "The first aviator sunglasses revealed!". 21 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Who really made those WWII aviator sunglasses? Part 5 of our investigation". 9 June 2014.
- ^ a b "The History of Aviator Sunglasses, Part 7 – The Air Force HGU-4/P". 30 June 2014.
- ^ a b "ATBG-DT AVN 558 SUBJECT: Report of Test, Project Nr AVN 5558, "Expedited Evaluation of the US Air Force Type HGU-h/P Sunglasses"" (PDF). 1959.
- ^ a b "Military Aircrew Eyewear Survey: Operational Issues". August 2013.
- ^ "MIL-S-25948 standard MILITARY SPECIFICATION SUNGLASSES, HGU - 4P (WITH CASE)" (PDF). 17 January 1984.
- ^ "Better Get Rid of the Cheap Sunglasses, Dilbert! by Lt. David M. Kennedy, VA-27". August 1984.