Louisa Nottidge
Louisa Nottidge (1802-1858) was a British woman whose unjust detention in a lunatic asylum attracted widespread public attention in mid-19th century England. In that period several similar cases emerged in the newspapers of sane persons being incarcerated in lunatic asylums for the convenience or financial gain of their immediate families. The most prominent, other than Louisa Nottidge, was the case of Rosina Bulwer Lytton. This public fascination and anger was exploited by the writer Wilkie Collins, who published the best-selling novel The Woman in White in 1860. The case of Louisa Nottidge has remained of interest with respect to the rights of psychiatric patients,[1] women's rights,[2] and the conflict between freedom of religion and the legal process.[3]
Childhood
Louisa Jane Nottidge was born at her grandmother's house, Fulling Mill House, Bocking, Essex, in 1802.[4] Her parents, Josias Nottidge (1762–1844) and Emily Pepys (1775–1863), were wealthy wool clothiers who worked fulling mills in Bradford Street, Bocking and in Wixoe, Suffolk. From 1794 her parents lived at a large house, with an eight-acre estate, called Rose Hill (Floriston Hall) in Wixoe. Louisa reported that from her early youth her reading had been directed mainly towards religious texts.[5] She attended church regularly, with her six sisters and four brothers.
The Agapemone
In 1843 a revivalist clergyman, Rev. Henry James Prince, preached at the church of Stoke, near Wixoe.[6] On the death of Josias Nottidge in 1844, the five unmarried sisters each inherited the sum of £6,000.[7] Prince persuaded them to contribute to the founding of a religious community in Somerset, to be called the Agapemone, or Abode of Love.[7] In 1845 the sisters travelled to Somerset with a view to residing at the new community; en route Prince persuaded three of the sisters—Harriet, Agnes and Clara—to marry three clergymen from the Agapemone.[7] They were married in Swansea, on the same day, in 1845.[7] Before the passage of the Married Women's Property Act 1882, all of a wife's assets passed automatically to her husband.
Abduction
Prince then encouraged Louisa to join her sisters at the Agapemone. After she had travelled to Somerset, her mother Emily feared the spiritual and financial influence that Prince had established over her daughters. Emily instructed her son Edmund, her nephew Edward Nottidge, and her son-in-law, Frederick Ripley, to travel down to Somerset and to rescue her unmarried daughter Louisa. The three men succeeded in removing Louisa against her will in November 1846, and imprisoned her in Ripley's villa by Regent's Park (12 Woburn Place).[8] Following her persistent claims regarding the divinity of Prince, her mother enlisted medical aid and had her certified insane, and then placed her in Moorcroft House Asylum, Hillingdon.[9] Dr. Stilwell, the presiding physician, made notes on her condition and treatment, recorded in The Lancet.[10]
Escape
Louisa escaped from the asylum in January 1848, travelling across London to meet Reverend William Cobbe from the Agapemone at a hotel in Cavendish Square. Cobbe was the brother of the campaigner Frances Power Cobbe. However, Louisa was recaptured two days later at Paddington Station.[11] Cobbe alerted the Commissioners in Lunacy, whose report by Bryan Procter led to her release in May 1848.[9]
Nottidge v Ripley and Another (1849)
Louisa then sued her brother, cousin and brother-in-law, Ripley, for abduction and false imprisonment in Nottidge v. Ripley and Another (1849); the trial was reported daily in The Times newspaper.[9] Bryan Procter was called as a professional medical witness. The Lord Chief Baron pronounced a famous dictum that: "You ought to liberate every person who is not dangerous to himself or to others." Louisa won the case with damages, proving that she had been illegally detained. Louisa then returned to the Agapemone, transferring her wealth to Prince, and remained there until her death in 1858.[7]
In 1850 Charles Dickens reported on the case of Louisa Nottidge and the Agapemone.[12]
Nottidge v Prince (1860)
In 1860 Louisa's brother and executor, Ralph Nottidge, sued Prince to recoup the money that she had given him as a result of his undue influence over her, in the case of Nottidge v. Prince (1860), reported daily in The Times newspaper.[13] The Nottidges won the case, with costs.[14] Punch Magazine then launched a campaign to encourage Prince to emigrate to America, to join Brigham Young and his Mormons in the Utah desert.
Legacy
Harriet Martineau wrote, in her biography of Bryan Procter,[15] the following:
"For many years Mr Procter held the lucrative but not very congenial appointment of Commissioner of Lunacy; the responsibility of which was irksome, and occasionally (as in the case of Miss Nottidge, who was carried off from The Agapemone) alarming to a man of sensitive nature, and a hater of conflict."
Wilkie Collins dedicated his novel The Woman in White to Bryan Procter, poet and Commissioner for Lunacy.
Nottidge's case meant that the situation of women imprisoned in "lunatic asylums" was now squarely in the public eye.
References
- ^
- Scull, Andrew T. Social Order/Mental Disorder: Anglo-American Psychiatry in Historical Perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
- Scull, Andrew T. The Theory and Practice of Civil commitment. Michigan Law Review 82:101-117 (1984) via JSTOR. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
- ^
- Mitchell, Sally. Frances Power Cobbe: Victorian Feminist, Journalist, Reformer. Charlottesville (Va): University of Virginia Press, 2004.
- Loewenthal, Kate Miriam. The Psychology of Religion: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Oneworld, 2000
- ^
- McCormick, Donald. Temple of Love. New York: Citadel Press, 1965
- Knox, Ronald Arbuthnott. Enthusiasm: A Chapter in the History of Religion: with Special Reference to the XVII and XVIII Centuries. Oxford: Oxford University Press at The Clarendon Press, 1962
- ^ Essex Record Office, Baptisms at St Mary's Church, Bocking / 1851 Census, place of birth entry, Bocking
- ^ Dr. Stilwell's History of the Case of Miss Nottidge, The Lancet, July 21, 1849
- ^ Spiritual Wives, Vol 2, William Hepworth Dixon, 1868
- ^ a b c d e Spiritual Wives,
- ^ Nottidge v. Ripley and Another (1849), reported in The Times: June 25–27, 1849
- ^ a b c Nottidge v. Ripley and Another (1849)
- ^ The Lancet, 21 July 1849
- ^ Nottidge v. Ripley and Another (1849) / Frances Power Cobbe: Victorian Feminist, Journalist and Reformer, Sally Mitchell, 2004
- ^ The Household Narrative of Current Events - May 1850, p110, Dickens
- ^ Nottidge v. Prince (1860), The Times: June 5–9, and July 26, 1860
- ^ Parry, Edward Abbott. The Drama of the Law. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1924. p.138+.
- ^ Biographical Sketches 1852-1875: Barry Cornwall, Harriet Martineau