Li Yongfang
Li Yongfang (Chinese: 李永芳; died 1634) was a Chinese general of the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty best known for being the first general defecting to the Qing dynasty, due to the Ming dynasty losing the city of Fushun in Liaoning to the Qing.[1][2][3][4][5]
Battle of Fushun
The Battle of Fushun would be the first military conflict between the Later Jin and the Ming dynasty. Li Yongfang only had 1,200 men under his command.[6] The Jin army assailed the city walls with siege ladders and the unprepared garrison gave their lives in a hasty defense. Li and his lieutenant, Zhao Yipeng, decided to surrender on the condition that no one was to be harmed. Nurhaci agreed to the terms and entered the city.
Li's defection to the Manchus was possible only because the Chinese official saw in the Manchu system the opportunity of serving a Manchu ruler without abandoning his Chinese cultural and political experience. He was only the first of a number of Chinese who surrendered or were captured and entered Manchu service in an administration that adapted many Chinese methods.[6] Nurhaci's granddaughter by his son Abatai married Li as a result of his defection to the Qing.[7][8][9][10] The offspring of Li received the "Third Class Viscount" (三等子爵; sān děng zǐjué) title.[11]
Qing dynasty
Li Yongfang later fought as a lieutenant-general at the side of Nurhaci and participated in the Later Jin invasion of Joseon. Although spared and given privileged status as one of the first to defect, Li lost Nurhaci's confidence in 1622 when he opposed the khan's desire to massacre any Chinese refugees who sought to escape his rule. Despite this, Li remained ambivalent towards Ming overtures trying to re-enlist him in their army. Li Yongfang died in 1634 with the rank of viscount. All nine of his sons continued to provide service to the imperial throne.[12]
Li is the father of Li Shuaitai and the great great great grandfather of Li Shiyao (李侍堯).[13][14]
References
- ^ Anne Walthall (2008). Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History. University of California Press. pp. 148–. ISBN 978-0-520-25444-2.
- ^ Frederic Wakeman (1 January 1977). Fall of Imperial China. Simon and Schuster. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-0-02-933680-9.
- ^ Kenneth M. Swope (23 January 2014). The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-44. Routledge. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-1-134-46209-4.
- ^ Frederic E. Wakeman (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
- ^ Mark C. Elliott (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7.
- ^ a b Swope 2014, p. 12.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-12-03. Retrieved 2019-01-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-10-07. Retrieved 2016-06-30.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-10-07. Retrieved 2019-01-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ https://read01.com/aP055D.html
- ^ Evelyn S. Rawski (15 November 1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0.
- ^ Wakeman 1985, p. 61-62.
- ^ http://www.dartmouth.edu/~qing/WEB/LI_SHIH-YAO.html
- ^ http://12103081.wenhua.danyy.com/library1210shtml30810106630060.html