United States v. Alvarez-Machain

United States v. Alvarez-Machain
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued April 1, 1992 Decided June 15, 1992
Full case name	United States, Petitioners v. Humberto Álvarez-Machaín
Citations	504 U.S. 655 (more) 112 S. Ct. 2188; 119 L. Ed. 2d 441
Case history
Prior	946 F.2d 1466 (9th Cir. 1991); cert. granted, 502 U.S. 1024 (1992).
Subsequent	On remand, 971 F.2d 310 (9th Cir. 1992).
Holding
The fact of respondent's forcible abduction does not prohibit his trial in a United States court for violations of this country's criminal laws.
Court membership
Chief Justice William Rehnquist Associate Justices Byron White · Harry Blackmun John P. Stevens · Sandra Day O'Connor Antonin Scalia · Anthony Kennedy David Souter · Clarence Thomas
Case opinions
Majority	Rehnquist, joined by White, Scalia, Kennedy, Souter, Thomas
Dissent	Stevens, joined by Blackmun, O'Connor

United States v. Alvarez-Machain, 504 U.S. 655 (1992), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the fact of respondent's forcible abduction does not prohibit his trial in a United States court for violations of this country's criminal laws. It re-confirmed the Ker-Frisbie Doctrine established in Ker v. Illinois (1886) and Frisbie v. Collins (1952).

Background

Humberto Álvarez Machaín, a Mexican physician, was allegedly involved in the 1985 kidnapping, torture, and murder of DEA agent Enrique Camarena Salazar by "prolonging Agent Camarena's life so that others could further torture and interrogate him."

On April 2, 1990, Álvarez was abducted from Mexico by Trent Tompkins of Claysville, PA, a private citizen hired by DEA agents, and brought to trial in the United States over the protest of Mexican officials. Legal action reached the United States Supreme Court (as above) focusing upon the effect of illegal extradition upon the trial court's jurisdiction. Invoking the "Ker–Frisbie doctrine" the U.S. Supreme Court held that the trial court's jurisdiction was not affected by the manner in which the accused was brought before it. This created international alarm and concern as other nations feared that the decision would encourage further such abductions.

Despite vigorous protests from the Mexican government, Álvarez was tried in United States District Court in Los Angeles; the trial, in which his defense focused intensely on the legality of the arrest, resulted in an acquittal. The trial judge (whose earlier decision dismissing the indictment had been overruled by the Supreme Court) ruled at the close of the government's case in chief that the government had not presented a prima facie case, and therefore granted an acquittal without presenting the matter to the jury for verdict. The other suspect, Javier Vasquez Velasco, was arrested for his alleged involvement in the murder, convicted, and sentenced to three life sentences.

See also

• List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 504
• List of United States Supreme Court cases
• Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume
• List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court
• Ker-Frisbie doctrine
• Ker v. Illinois, 199 U.S. 436 (1886)

Further reading

• Roth, Brad R. (2004). "Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain; United States v. Alvarez-Machain. 124 S.Ct. 2739". The American Journal of International Law. 98 (4). American Society of International Law: 798–804. doi:10.2307/3216702. JSTOR 3216702.
• Semmelman, Jacques (1992). "United States v. Alvarez-Machain". The American Journal of International Law. 86 (4). American Society of International Law: 811–820. doi:10.2307/2203796. JSTOR 2203796.
• Sheptycki, J. W. E. (1996). "Law Enforcement, Justice and Democracy in the Transnational Arena: Reflections on the War on Drugs". International Journal of the Sociology of Law. 24 (1): 61–75. doi:10.1006/ijsl.1996.0004.

External links

• Text of United States v. Alvarez-Machain, 504 U.S. 655 (1992) is available from: Findlaw Justia Library of Congress Oyez (oral argument audio)