Cycloamylose
Cycloamyloses are cyclic α-1,4 linked glucans comprising dozens or hundreds of glucose units. Chemically they are similar to the much smaller cyclodextrins, which are typically composed of 6, 7 or 8 glucose units.
Discovery
Cycloamyloses were discovered as a result of studies of the function of 4-α-glucanotransferase, also known as disproportionating enzyme or D-enzyme (EC 2.4.1.25) isolated from potato.[1]
Synthesis
Upon incubation of D-enzyme with high molecular weight amylose, a product was obtained with decreased ability to form a blue complex with iodine, without reducing or non-reducing ends, and resistant to hydrolysis by glucoamylase (an exoamylase). Takaha and Smith deduced that the product was a cyclic polymer, which they confirmed by mass spectrometry and acid hydrolysis, and showed that it comprised between 17 and several hundred glucose units.[2] It was subsequently shown that D-enzyme could create complex cycloglucans from amylopectin.[3] Similar 4-α-glucanotransferases from bacteria and other organisms have also been shown to produce cycloglucans upon incubation with amylose or amylopectin.
Structure
While the structures of cyclodextrins are planar circles, the structure of cycloamyloses with 10 to 14 glucose units were determined to be circular with strain-induced band-flips and kinks.[4][5] In contrast the structure of a larger cycloamylose with 26 glucose units was determined to comprise two short left-handed V-amylose helices in antiparallel arrangement.[6][7]
Applications
Cycloamyloses contain cavities in the helices which are capable of accommodating guest molecules, which suggested applications in chemical technologies.[8] Cycloamylose is used in artificial chaperone technology for the refolding of denatured proteins. Cycloglucans have physicochemical properties that make them useful in food and manufacturing.
References
- ^ Takaha, T.; Yanase, M.; Okada, S.; Smith, S. M. (1993-01-15). "Disproportionating enzyme (4-alpha-glucanotransferase; EC 2.4.1.25) of potato. Purification, molecular cloning, and potential role in starch metabolism". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268 (2): 1391–1396. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 7678257.
- ^ Takaha, Takeshi; Yanase, Michiyo; Takata, Hiroki; Okada, Shigetaka; Smith, Steven M. (1996-02-09). "Potato D-enzyme Catalyzes the Cyclization of Amylose to Produce Cycloamylose, a Novel Cyclic Glucan". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (6): 2902–2908. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.6.2902. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8621678.
- ^ Takaha, Takeshi; Yanase, Michiyo; Takata, Hiroki; Okada, Shigetaka; Smith, Steven M. (1998-06-18). "Cyclic Glucans Produced by the Intramolecular Transglycosylation Activity of Potato D-Enzyme on Amylopectin". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 247 (2): 493–497. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8817. PMID 9642157.
- ^ Jacob, Joël; Geßler, Katrin; Hoffmann, Daniel; Sanbe, Haruyo; Koizumi, Kyoko; Smith, Steven M.; Takaha, Takeshi; Saenger, Wolfram (1998-03-16). "Strain-Induced "Band Flips" in Cyclodecaamylose and Higher Homologues". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 37 (5): 605–609. doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19980316)37:5<605::aid-anie605>3.0.co;2-c. ISSN 1521-3773. PMC 1147477. PMID 3827863.
- ^ Jacob, Joël; Geβler, Katrin; Hoffmann, Daniel; Sanbe, Haruyo; Koizumi, Kyoko; Smith, Steven M; Takaha, Takeshi; Saenger, Wolfram (1999-12-12). "Band-flip and kink as novel structural motifs in α-(1→4)-d-glucose oligosaccharides. Crystal structures of cyclodeca- and cyclotetradecaamylose". Carbohydrate Research. 322 (3–4): 228–246. doi:10.1016/S0008-6215(99)00216-5.
- ^ Saenger, Wolfram; Jacob, Joël; Gessler, Katrin; Steiner, Thomas; Hoffmann, Daniel; Sanbe, Haruyo; Koizumi, Kyoko; Smith, Steven M.; Takaha, Takeshi (1998-01-01). "Structures of the Common Cyclodextrins and Their Larger AnaloguesBeyond the Doughnut". Chemical Reviews. 98 (5): 1787–1802. doi:10.1021/cr9700181. PMID 11848949.
- ^ Gessler, Katrin; Usón, Isabel; Takaha, Takeshi; Krauss, Norbert; Smith, Steven M.; Okada, Shigetaka; Sheldrick, George M.; Saenger, Wolfram (1999-04-13). "V-Amylose at atomic resolution: X-ray structure of a cycloamylose with 26 glucose residues (cyclomaltohexaicosaose)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 96 (8): 4246–4251. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.4246G. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.8.4246. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 16317. PMID 10200247.
- ^ Takaha, Takeshi; Smith, Steven M. (1999-01-01). "The Functions of 4-α-glucanotransferases and their use for the Production of Cyclic Glucans". Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews. 16 (1): 257–280. doi:10.1080/02648725.1999.10647978. PMID 10819082.