On Numbers and Games
 First edition | |
| Author | John Horton Conway |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Series | Academic Press, Inc. |
| Genre | Mathematics |
| Publisher | A K Peters / CRC Press |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | |
| Pages | 242 pp. |
| ISBN | 978-1568811277 |
On Numbers and Games is a mathematics book by John Horton Conway first published in 1976.[1] The book is written by a pre-eminent mathematician, and is directed at other mathematicians. The material is, however, developed in a playful and unpretentious manner and many chapters are accessible to non-mathematicians. Martin Gardner discussed the book at length, particularly Conway's construction of surreal numbers, in his Mathematical Games column in Scientific American in September 1976.[2]
The book is roughly divided into two sections: the first half (or Zeroth Part), on numbers, the second half (or First Part), on games. In the first section, Conway provides an axiomatic construction of numbers and ordinal arithmetic, namely, the integers, reals, the countable infinity, and entire towers of infinite ordinals, using a notation that is essentially an almost trite (but critically important) variation of the Dedekind cut. As such, the construction is rooted in axiomatic set theory, and is closely related to the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms. The section also covers what Conway (adopting Knuth's nomenclature) termed the "surreal numbers".
Conway then notes that, in this notation, the numbers in fact belong to a larger class, the class of all two-player games. The axioms for greater than and less than are seen to be a natural ordering on games, corresponding to which of the two players may win. The remainder of the book is devoted to exploring a number of different (non-traditional, mathematically inspired) two-player games, such as nim, hackenbush, and the map-coloring games col and snort. The development includes their scoring, a review of Sprague–Grundy theorem, and the inter-relationships to numbers, including their relationship to infinitesimals.
The book was first published by Academic Press Inc in 1976, ISBN 0-12-186350-6, and re-released by AK Peters in 2000 (ISBN 1-56881-127-6).
Synopsis
A game in the sense of Conway is a position in a contest between two players, Left and Right. Each player has a set of games called options to choose from in turn. Games are written {L|R} where L is the set of Left's options and R is the set of Right's options.[3] At the start there are no games at all, so the empty set (i.e., the set with no members) is the only set of options we can provide to the players. This defines the game {|}, which is called 0. We consider a player who must play a turn but has no options to have lost the game. Given this game 0 there are now two possible sets of options, the empty set and the set whose only element is zero. The game {0|} is called 1, and the game {|0} is called -1. The game {0|0} is called * (star), and is the first game we find that is not a number.
All numbers are positive, negative, or zero, and we say that a game is positive if Left has a winning strategy, negative if Right has a winning strategy, or zero if the second player has a winning strategy. Games that are not numbers have a fourth possibility: they may be fuzzy, meaning that the first player has a winning strategy. * is a fuzzy game.[4]
See also
References
- ^ Fraenkel, Aviezri S. (1978). "Review: On numbers and games, by J. H. Conway; and Surreal numbers, by D. E. Knuth" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 84 (6): 1328–1336. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1978-14564-9.
- ^ Mathematical Games, September 1976 Scientific American Volume 235, Issue 3
- ^ Alternatively, we often list the elements of the sets of options to save on braces. This causes no confusion as long as we can tell whether a singleton option is a game or a set of games.
- ^ Dierk Schleicher and Michael Stoll, An Introduction to Conway's Games and Numbers, Moscow Math Journal 6 2 (2006), 359-388