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Aerial toll house

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Death of Theodora and visions of spiritual trials

Historically, in the Eastern Orthodox Church, aerial toll houses (also called "telonia", from the Greek: τελωνεία / telonia, customs) are held by some to be traversed by the soul after death. This teaching says that "following a person's death the soul leaves the body, and is escorted to God by angels. During this journey the soul passes through an aerial realm, which is inhabited by wicked spirits (Ephesians 6:12). The soul encounters these demons at various points referred to as toll-houses where the demons then attempt to accuse it of sin and, if possible, drag the soul into hell."[1]

In some forms, the teaching is taught in hagiographical and other spiritual texts from quite early in the history of the Church, but it has never been formally promulgated by any ecumenical council.[1] A number of the Orthodox saints, modern elders and theologians have openly endorsed it, but some theologians and bishops, starting from the last century, have condemned it as heretical and gnostic in origin.[2] The content is somewhat similar to that propounded by John Climacus in The Ladder of Divine Ascent. Some say that given the amount of fear that comes along with the teaching, the love of Christ becomes misunderstood and is forgotten, but others suggest that fear is perfectly natural and salvific for Orthodox Christians.

Aerial toll houses are part of the particular judgment.[3]

Teaching

Demons showing a soul its sins at the third aerial toll house. Fresco of the Rila Monastery.

The most detailed account of the aerial toll-houses is found in the hagiography of Basil the New [ru], found in the Lives of Saints for 26 March (according to some E. Orthodox calendars, but not all), though some believe this Basil to be mistakenly attributed for this date, and believe the account to be heretical and spurious. In this rendering, Theodora, spiritual student of Basil, appeared to another student, the pious and holy layman Gregory. According to the story, Gregory had prayed to God and asked him to inform them of what happened to Theodora after her death. God answered his prayers (according to this account) by sending Theodora herself to Gregory; and told him, in great detail, about her journey through the toll houses.[4]

According to Theodora's teaching, every Christian has a demon who tempts him or her. These demons keep a record of every sin of thought or action they succeed in tempting a person to commit, though repented sins are erased from the demonic records. On the third day after the soul separates from the body, according to this account, it is carried by angels towards Heaven. On the way, souls must go past twenty aerial toll-houses. Each toll house is populated by demons devoted to particular sins. At each toll-house, demons demand that souls "pay" for their sins by giving an account of compensatory good deeds. If the soul is unable to compensate for a sin, the demons take it to hell.[4]

Toll houses

20 toll houses, fresco of the Rila Monastery

There are twenty toll-houses, though the number is not dogmatic, and different sources list varying numbers. On the first aerial toll-house, the soul is questioned about the sins of the tongue. The remainings are, in order, the toll-houses of:[4][5]

  • Lies
  • Slander
  • Gluttony
  • Laziness
  • Theft
  • Covetousness
  • Usury
  • Injustice
  • Envy
  • Pride
  • Anger
  • Remembering evil
  • Murder
  • Magic
  • Lust
  • Adultery
  • Sodomy
  • Heresy
  • Unmercifulness

Origin

Mentions of toll houses can be found in the hymnology of the Church, and in stories of the lives of some saints and their writings.

Prayers mentioning the aerial accusers can be found in Liturgical texts and official E. Orthodox books like the Slavonic Great Euchologion (The Great Book of Needs): "do thou banish from me the commander of the bitter toll-gatherers and ruler of the earth [...] O holy Theotokos" (Ode 8, Troparion 3).[6] Other church hymns say that the souls have to "pass through the rulers of darkness standing in the air"[7][8] In the Greek and Slavonic Euchologion, in the canon for the departure of the soul by St. Andrew, the following words are found in Ode 7: "All holy angels of the Almighty God, have mercy upon me and save me from all the evil toll-houses". In the Canon of Supplication at the Parting of the Soul in The Great Book of Needs are found the following references to the struggle of a soul passing through the toll houses: "Count me worthy to pass, unhindered, by the persecutor, the prince of the air, the tyrant, him that stands guard in the dread pathways, and the false accusation of these, as I depart from earth" (Ode 4, p. 77). "Do thou count me worthy to escape the hordes of bodiless barbarians, and rise through the aerial depths and enter into Heaven" (Ode 8, p. 81).

The toll house doctrine can be found for example in the Life of Saint Anthony the Great written by Athanasius of Alexandria,[9] in the life of Basil the New and Theodora,[10][5] in the homilies of Cyril of Alexandria,[11][5] or in a discourse of Abba Isaiah.[12][13] Some authors of the Philokalia, "an authoritative anthology of writings on the prayer of the heart",[14] taught about the toll houses. For example, Saint Theodoros the Great Ascetic [fr] instructs to "reflect on the dreadful reckoning that is to come, how the harsh keepers of the toll homes will bring before as one by one the actions, words and thoughts which they suggested but which we accepted and made our own".[15] The same way, Saint John of Karpathos wrote: "When the soul leaves the body, the enemy advances to attack it, fiercely reviling it and accusing it of its sins in a harsh and terrifying manner. But if a soul enjoys the love of God and has faith in Him, even though in the past it has often been wounded by sin, it is not frightened by the enemy's attacks and threats."[16]

"The tradition of the tollgates was firmly established throughout the east long before the end of late antiquity, although it received typically Byzantine elaboration in the tenth-century Life of Basil the Younger (d. 944)."[10]

Contemporary situation

19th-century saints Ignatius Brianchaninov[17] and Theophan the Recluse[18] insisted not only on the truthfulness of but also on the necessity of this teaching in the spiritual life of a Christian.

A number of contemporary church figures support the teaching on toll-houses, including Ephraim (Moraitis),[19] Constantine Cavarnos,[20] Abp Seraphim (Rose),[21] Met. Hierotheos (Vlachos),[22] John of Shanghai and San Francisco,[23] Justin Popović in his Dogmatics of the Orthodox Church,[5] and Michael Pomazansky.[3] However, Eastern Orthodox theologian David Bentley Hart considers this teaching as an heresy,[24] and Eastern Orthodox theologian Adnan Trabulsi opposes the toll houses teaching.[2] Eastern Orthodox theologian Dr Paul Ladouceur[25] considers the Life of Saint Basil to be a forgery; furthermore, he writes that the toll-house teaching "is not the sole strand of thinking on the afterlife within the Orthodox tradition. It is not unusual in Orthodoxy to have different and even apparently overlapping elements within the overall tradition, on matters on which there exist no formal church dogmas. It is thus misleading and erroneous to present toll-house theology as 'the teaching of the Orthodox Church' when in reality it is only part of Orthodox tradition concerning the afterlife."[26] Likewise, Prof. of Religious Studies Stephen J. Shoemaker wrote: "The truth of the matter is that the state of the dead was never precisely defined in the Orthodox tradition, and just as in other matters related to the afterlife, 'the Byzantines had no ‘system’ around the last things. Eschatology remained for them an open horizon within theology'"[27]

The Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia had a session on "a controversy raised by Deacon Lev. Puhalo", the main opponent of the toll-house teaching. The resolution says the Holy Synod "demands the cessation in our magazines of controversy", "this controversy must be ended on both sides" and that "Deacon Lev Puhalo is forbidden to lecture in the parishes".[28]

Controversy

See also: Theologoumenon

The opponents of toll houses argue that it is a form of gnosticism, or neo-gnosticism, and claim that the teaching is opposed to the Church's catechism and other Orthodox teachings.[2] Michael Azkoul argues that Seraphim Rose is its only contemporary theological proponent. Rose, an American Orthodox hieromonk and theologian, wrote a book on the subject, The Soul After Death. While Ignatius Brianchaninov, John Maximovich, Rose and Metropolitan Hierotheos Vlachos endeavored to demonstrate that this teaching is derived from patristic and other church sources, his opponents, among them Azkoul and Archbishop Lazar Puhalo (a retired hierarch in the Orthodox Church in America, who had previously been defrocked from the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia), found his conclusions questionable.[29] Moreover, opponents of the teaching argue that it emphasizes fear and guilt as a way of keeping believers "in line", while ignoring the forgiveness of Jesus Christ, who, according to Orthodox Christian teaching, came to earth to save the world and humanity when they least deserved it. On that account, the emphasis of the spiritual life thus changes from communion with a God of love, to fear of demons.

Opponents of the teaching also consider it similar to the intermediary state taught by the Catholic Church in its doctrine of purgatory. While some say that the toll houses are only metaphorical, others believe in a real but not physical representation of "stations of taxation", where demons have the right to ask their victims to account for their wrongdoings, and actually let the victim go if a good enough payment (of victim's good deeds) is offered. For example, in the hagiography of Basil the New, the angels accompanying Theodora through the toll houses repeatedly exchange gold coins–representing the prayers of Basil–to the demons, in order that Theodora might be allowed to pass through. The idea of payment of good deeds being offered to the demons shares some aspects with the Roman Catholic teaching on merits, but in the case of the Catholic Church, the merits in question are not primarily individual but those of Christ and the saints administered by the church. Indeed, Gennadios Scholarios, Patriarch of Constantinople from 1454 to 1464, "stated that the trial of the 'tollgates' was, in fact, the Byzantine equivalent of purgatory, minus the fireworks".[10]

However, two dedicated chapters in the book The Departure of the Soul According to the Teaching of the Orthodox Church allegedly reveal for the first time over 100 falsifications, misrepresentations, and errors in Puhalo's and Azkoul's writings. Puhalo reportedly falsified reproduction of several ancient icons and falsified translations of the writings and lives of several saints, while Azkoul is said to have falsified several patristic texts. Both writers' works are asserted to contain an inordinate number of gross misrepresentations and errors, all attempting to support their allegedly incorrect opinions about the Orthodox teaching on the toll-houses.[30]

Most Orthodox Christians are not aware of the teaching, which has become "popularized" only since the publication of the book by Seraphim Rose. Opponents of the doctrine point to its lack of systematic theological expression among any father of the church, the uncritical acceptance of some patristic and hagiography sources, and the absence of precise theological definition as deficiencies in its proclamation.

References

  1. ^ a b Werbiansky, Andrew. "Death and the Toll House Contraversy [sic]". Saint Luke the Evangelist Orthodox Church. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  2. ^ a b c "Against the Gnostic Story of the Judging Demons - the "Toll-Houses"". constans_wright.tripod.com. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
  3. ^ a b Pomazansky, Michael (2005). "Addendum On the question of the 'Toll-Houses'". Orthodox Dogmatic Theology: A Concise Exposition. Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood. ISBN 978-0-938635-69-7. OCLC 82600287 – via IntraText.
  4. ^ a b c "St. Theodora's Journey Through the Aerial Toll-Houses". orthodoxinfo.com. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  5. ^ a b c d Popović, Justin. "БОГОЧОВЕК КАО СУДИЈА - Есхатологија - Посебни суд" [THE MAN-GOD AS A JUDGE - Eschatology - Special Court]. Догматика Православне Цркве [Dogmatics of the Orthodox Church]. Vol. 3, part 2.
  6. ^ The Great Book of Needs, St Tikhon's Monastery Press
  7. ^ January 27, The Recovery of the Holy Relics of our Father among the Saints John Chrysostom, Troparion 1, Ode 5 of Orthros: "Grant me to pass untroubled through the host of noetic satraps and the tyrannic battalion of the lower air in the hour of my departure..."
  8. ^ Parakletike, Friday Vespers, Second Mode: "When my soul is about to be separated violently from the members of the body, then, O Bride of God, come to my aid; scatter the counsels of the fleshless enemies and shatter their millstones, by which they seek to devour me mercilessly; that, unhindered, I may pass through the rulers of darkness standing in the air."
  9. ^ Athanasius of Alexandria (1980). "The Life and Affairs of our Holy Father Anthony (Written and dispatched to the monks abroad)". Athanasius: The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus. Translated by Gregg, Robert C. § 66. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. pp. 80. ISBN 0-8091-2295-2.
  10. ^ a b c Constas, Nicholas (2001). ""To Sleep, Perchance to Dream": The Middle State of Souls in Patristic and Byzantine Literature". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 55: 91–124. doi:10.2307/1291814. JSTOR 1291814 – via Academia.edu.
  11. ^ Cyril of Alexandria Ephesi praedicata depoito Nestorio, ACO.14(52.405D) as referenced by Lampe, G. W. H., A Patristic Greek Lexicon, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1961, p.1387
  12. ^ "1: Rules for the Brothers who live with Him". Abba Isaiah of Scetis Ascetic Discourses. Translated by Chryssavgis, John; Penkett, Pachomios (Robert). Cistercian Publications, Inc. 2002. p. 40. ISBN 0-87907-5503. Keep death before your eyes daily, and be concerned about how you will leave this body, pass the powers of darkness that will meet you in the air, and encounter God without hindrance, foreseeing the awesome day of his judgement and reward for all our deeds, works, and thoughts.
  13. ^ Archpriest Oleg Stenyayev. "How angels help us pass through the tollhouses. Examples from the Lives of the Saints". Православие.RU. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
  14. ^ Phillips, Suzette (2009-09-10). "ANONYMOUS. (mid-nineteenth century). The Way of a Pilgrim". In Holder, Arthur (ed.). Christian Spirituality: The Classics. p. 294. doi:10.4324/9780203874721. ISBN 978-0415776028.
  15. ^ St Theodoros the Great Ascetic (1990) [1981]. "A Century of Spiritual Texts". In Palmer, G. E. H. (ed.). The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Compiled by St Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain and St Makarios of Corinth. Vol. 2. Faber & Faber. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-571-26876-4.
  16. ^ Saint John of Karpathos (1984) [1979]. "For the Encouragement of the Monks in India who had Written to Him: One Hundred Texts". In Palmer, G. E. H. (ed.). The Philokalia: The Complete Text. Compiled by St Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain and St Makarios of Corinth. Vol. 1. Faber & Faber. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-571-26616-6. OCLC 978256777.
  17. ^ Brianchaninov, Ignatius. "35. Воздушные мытарства" [Aerial toll houses]. Собрание сочинений святителя Игнатия (Брянчанинова) [Collected Works of St. Ignatius (Brianchaninov)]. Vol. 3, Слово о чувственном и о духовном видении духов. Слово о смерти.
  18. ^ St. Theophan the Recluse (1995). "36. The Mystery of Repentance and Communion". The Spiritual Life : And how to be Attuned to It. Translated by Dockham, Alexandra. St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood. pp. 166–169. ISBN 0-938635-36-0.
  19. ^ Vid. Ephraim, Elder, Counsels from the Holy Mountain, St. Anthony's Greek Orthodox Monastery, Arizona, 1999, pp. 436, 447.
  20. ^ Cavarnos, Constantine, The Future Life According to Orthodox Teaching, Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies, Etna, California, 1985, pp. 24-26.
  21. ^ Seraphim Rose. "Answer to a Critic: Appendix III from The Soul After Death". orthodoxinfo.com. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  22. ^ Hierotheos (Vlachos). "The Taxing of Souls". orthodoxinfo.com. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  23. ^ "Life After Death by St. John Maximovitch, a description of the first 40 days after death". www.orthodox.net. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
  24. ^ Hart, David Bentley (2019-05-08). "Nor Height Nor Depth: On the Toll Houses". Public Orthodoxy. Retrieved 2020-07-11. the teaching of the toll houses might very well be regarded as the very epitome of heresy
  25. ^ "Faculty | Orthodox School of Theology at Trinity College". www.trinityorthodox.ca. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
  26. ^ Ladouceur, Paul (2017-08-18). "Orthodox Theologies of the Afterlife: Review of "The Departure of the Soul"". Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
  27. ^ Shoemaker, Stephen J. (2017-10-17). "Aerial Toll Houses, Provisional Judgment, and the Orthodox Faith". Public Orthodoxy. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
  28. ^ Azkoul, Michael. "Introduction". The Toll-House Myth: The Neo-Gnosticism of Fr. Seraphim Rose.
  29. ^ "Chapter Seven - On the Falsifications, Misrepresentations, and Errors of Those Who Oppose the Teaching of the Orthodox Church". The Departure of the Soul According to the Teaching of the Orthodox Church: A Patristic Anthology. 2016. pp. 720–911. ISBN 978-1-945699-00-9. OCLC 982492609.

Further reading

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