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that behaves as a single object and in which energy is required to split them. In quantum physics, a bound state is a quantum state of a particle subject...

system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy, called energy levels. This contrasts with...

lower bound (often abbreviated ELBO, also sometimes called the variational lower bound or negative variational free energy) is a useful lower bound on the...

and energy scale. The smaller the size of a bound system, the higher its associated binding energy. A bound system is typically at a lower energy level...

"Advanced Energy to Participate at Upcoming Investor Conferences". www.businesswire.com. 2021-08-03. Retrieved 2021-09-02. "Denver-bound energy-device manufacturer...

system, must be finite if the region of space and the energy are finite. The universal form of the bound was originally found by Jacob Bekenstein in 1981 as...

that remain bound to their atom spontaneously emit this energy as a photon, traveling in a random direction, and so drop back to lower energy levels. Thus...

solution of this equation for a bound system is discrete (a set of permitted states, each characterized by an energy level) which results in the concept...

bound nucleus meaning that it has the least average mass per nucleon. However, nickel-62 is the most tightly bound nucleus in terms of binding energy...

In physics and chemistry, ionization energy (IE) is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an isolated gaseous atom...

the hyperfine structure of bound lepton pairs, such as muonium and positronium. Since photons contribute to the stress–energy tensor, they exert a gravitational...

binding energy of a system is the minimum energy which must be added to it in order for the system to cease being in a gravitationally bound state. A...

A bound state in the continuum (BIC) is an eigenstate of some particular quantum system with the following properties: Energy lies in the continuous spectrum...

observed experimentally. There are also magnetic Aharonov–Bohm effects on bound energies and scattering cross sections, but these cases have not been experimentally...

in the universe, it appears that all but the nearest galaxies (which are bound to each other by gravity) recede at speeds that are proportional to their...

decay in the barrier of the well. This has the effect of reducing the bound energy states of the quantum well compared to the infinite well. A superlattice...

the upper bound on the integral of the instantaneous power (i.e., energy). This upper bound (taken over all T ≥ 0) is the available energy in the system...

binding energy in bound systems – in other words, the energy needed to break the system apart. The greater the mass defect, the larger the binding energy. The...

contains ground state (or unexcited) electrons in discrete energy levels or electron shells bound to the nucleus. The incident beam may excite an electron...

production refers to the production of organic matter, i.e., chemically bound energy, through processes such as photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. The organic...