View source for AV1

{{Short description|Open and royalty-free video coding format developed by the Alliance for Open Media}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{Distinguish|Audio Video Interleave{{!}}AVI|AVC1|VC-1}}
{{other uses}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox file format
| name          = AOMedia Video 1
| icon          = AV1 logo 2018.svg
| iconcaption   = 
| icon_size     = 200px
| screenshot    = 
| screenshot_size = 
| caption       = 
| _noextcode    = 
| extension     = <!-- or: | extensions = -->
| _nomimecode   = 
| mime          = video/AV1,<br />video/webm
| type_code     = 
| uniform_type  = 
| conforms_to   = 
| magic         = 
| developer     = [[Alliance for Open Media]]
| released      = {{Start date and age|2018|03|28|df=yes|p=yes}}
| latest_release_version = 1.0.0 Errata 1<ref name="av1-spec" />
| latest_release_date = {{Start date and age|2019|01|08|df=yes|p=yes}}
| genre         = [[Video coding format]]
| container_for = 
| contained_by  = {{Plainlist|
* [[Matroska]]
* [[WebM]] (nonstandard)
* [[ISOBMFF]]
* [[Real-time Transport Protocol|RTP]] ([[WebRTC]])
}}
| extended_from = {{Plainlist|
* [[VP10]]
* [[Daala]]
* [[Thor (video codec)|Thor]]
}}
| extended_to   = 
| standard      = [https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-spec/av1-spec.pdf AOM AV1]
| open          = Yes
| free          = See {{section link||Patent claims}}
| url           = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''AOMedia Video 1''' ('''AV1''') is an [[open format|open]], [[royalty-free]] [[video coding format]] initially designed for video transmissions over the Internet. It was developed as a successor to [[VP9]] by the [[Alliance for Open Media]] (AOMedia),<ref name="VP9 successor" /> a consortium founded in 2015 that includes [[Semiconductor industry|semiconductor]] firms, [[video on demand]] providers, video content producers, software development companies and web browser vendors. The AV1 bitstream specification includes a [[Reference implementation|reference]] [[video codec]].<ref name="av1-spec" /> In 2018, [[Facebook]] conducted testing that approximated real-world conditions, and the AV1 reference encoder achieved 34%, 46.2%, and 50.3% higher [[data compression]] than libvpx-vp9, [[x264]] High profile, and x264 Main profile respectively.<ref name="facebookav1tests" />

Like VP9, but unlike [[Advanced Video Coding|H.264]] (AVC) and [[High Efficiency Video Coding|H.265]] (HEVC), AV1 has a royalty-free licensing model that does not [[Reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing#Excluding costless distribution schemes|hinder adoption in open-source projects]].<ref name="tax" /><ref name="moz-avc-reluctance" /><ref name="eetimes-av1release" /><ref name="arstechnica-aom-announcement" /><ref name="VP9 successor" /><ref name="fsfe on frand" />

[[AVIF]] is an [[image file format]] that uses AV1 compression algorithms.

==History==
[[File:AV1-logo.svg|thumb|AV1 logo prior to 2018]]
The Alliance's motivations for creating AV1 included the high cost and uncertainty involved with the patent licensing of [[High Efficiency Video Coding|HEVC]], the [[Moving Picture Experts Group|MPEG]]-designed codec expected to succeed [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|AVC]].<ref name="cnet-aom-announcement" /><ref name="arstechnica-aom-announcement" /> Additionally, the Alliance's seven founding members – [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Cisco]], [[Google]], [[Intel]], [[Microsoft]], [[Mozilla]], and [[Netflix]] – announced that the initial focus of the video format would be delivery of high-quality web video.<ref name="cisco-AV1-release" /> The official announcement of AV1 came with the press release on the formation of the [[Alliance for Open Media]] on 1 September 2015. Only 42 days before, on 21 July 2015, HEVC Advance's initial licensing offer was announced to be an increase over the royalty fees of its predecessor, AVC.<ref name="hevc-2015" /> In addition to the increased cost, the complexity of the licensing process increased with HEVC. Unlike previous MPEG standards where the technology in the standard could be licensed from a single entity, [[MPEG LA]], when the HEVC standard was finished, two [[patent pool]]s had been formed with a third pool on the horizon. In addition, various patent holders were refusing to license patents via either pool, increasing uncertainty about HEVC's licensing. According to Microsoft's Ian LeGrow, an open-source, royalty-free technology was seen as the easiest way to eliminate this uncertainty around licensing.<ref name="cnet-aom-announcement" />

The negative effect of patent licensing on [[free and open-source software]] has also been cited as a reason for the creation of AV1.<ref name="arstechnica-aom-announcement" /> For example, building an H.264 implementation into [[Firefox]] would prevent it from being distributed free of charge since licensing fees would have to be paid to MPEG-LA.<ref name="openh264" /> [[Free Software Foundation Europe]] has argued that [[FRAND]] patent licensing practices make the free software implementation of standards impossible due to various incompatibilities with [[free-software license]]s.<ref name="fsfe on frand" />

Many of the components of the AV1 project were sourced from previous research efforts by Alliance members. Individual contributors had started experimental technology platforms years before: Xiph's/Mozilla's [[Daala]] published code in 2010, Google's experimental VP9 evolution project VP10 was announced on 12 September 2014,<ref name="CNETVP10September2014" /> and Cisco's [[Thor (video codec)|Thor]] was published on 11 August 2015. Building on the code base of VP9, AV1 incorporates additional techniques, several of which were developed in these experimental formats.<ref name="bitformat" />

Many companies are part of Alliance for Open Media, including [[Samsung]], [[Vimeo]], Microsoft, [[Netflix]], [[Mozilla]], [[AMD]], [[Nvidia]], Intel, [[Arm (company)|ARM]], Google, Facebook, Cisco, Amazon, [[Hulu]], [[VideoLAN]], [[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]], and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]. Apple is an AOMedia governing member, although it joined after the formation. The management of the AV1 streams has been officially included among the typological videos manageable by Coremedia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coremedia/kcmvideocodectype_av1/ |title=Apple Developer Documentation |website=developer.apple.com}}</ref>
The first version 0.1.0 of the AV1 reference codec was published on April 7, 2016. Although a soft [[feature freeze]] came into effect at the end of October 2017, development continued on several significant features. The [[bitstream format]], was projected to be frozen in January 2018 but was delayed due to unresolved critical bugs as well as further changes to transformations, syntax, the prediction of motion vectors, and the completion of legal analysis.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} 
The Alliance announced the release of the AV1 bitstream specification on March 28, 2018, along with a reference, software-based encoder and decoder.<ref name="Shilov 2018" /> On 25 June 2018, a validated version 1.0.0 of the specification was released.<ref name="Larabel 2018-06-25" /> 
On January 8, 2019, a validated ''version 1.0.0 with Errata 1'' of the specification was released.
Martin Smole from AOM member [[Bitmovin]] said that the computational efficiency was the greatest remaining challenge after the bitstream format freeze had been completed.<ref name="encoder speed" /> While working on the format, the encoder was not targeted for production use and speed optimizations were not prioritized. Consequently, the early version of AV1 was orders of magnitude slower than existing HEVC encoders. 
Much of the development effort was consequently shifted towards maturing the reference encoder. In March 2019, it was reported that the speed of the reference encoder had improved greatly and within the same order of magnitude as encoders for other common formats.<ref name="near-reasonable" />
On January 21, 2021, the [[MIME]] type of AV1 was defined as <code>video/AV1</code>. The usage of AV1 using this MIME type is restricted to [[Real-time Transport Protocol]] purposes only.<ref>{{cite web |title=video/AV1 |url=https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/video/AV1 |website=IANA |access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref>

==Purpose==
AV1 aims to be a video format for the web that is both [[state of the art|state-of-the-art]] and [[royalty free]].<ref name="VP9 successor" /> According to Matt Frost, head of strategy and partnerships in Google's Chrome Media team, "The mission of the Alliance for Open Media remains the same as the [[WebM]] project."<ref name="aom_mission"/>
A recurring concern in standards development, not least of royalty-free multimedia formats, is the danger of accidentally infringing on patents that their creators and users did not know about. This concern has been raised regarding AV1,<ref name="ip remains" /> and previously [[VP8]],<ref name="theregister-vp8" /> VP9,<ref name="comes of age" /> Theora<ref name="patents and standards" /> and [[Internet Video Coding|IVC]].<ref name="ivc" /> The problem is not unique to royalty-free formats, but it uniquely threatens their ''status'' as royalty-free.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Patent licensing
! scope="col" | AV1, [[VP9]], [[Theora]], [[Essential Video Coding|MPEG-5 Base profile]]
! scope="col" | [[Versatile Video Coding|VVC]], [[High Efficiency Video Coding|HEVC]], [[Advanced Video Coding|AVC]], [[Essential Video Coding|MPEG-5 Main profile]]

! scope="col" | [[GIF]], [[MP3]], [[MPEG-1]], [[MPEG-2]], [[MPEG-4 Part 2]]
|-
! scope="row" | By known patent holders
| {{free|Royalty-free}}
| {{nonfree|Royalty bearing}}
| rowspan="2" style="background: #9FF; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="free table-free" | Patents expired
|-
! scope="row" | By unknown patent holders
| colspan="2" style="background: #FFFFA7; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="unknown table-unknown"| Impossible to ascertain until the format is old enough that any patents would have expired (at least 20 years in [[TRIPS Agreement|WTO countries]])
|}

To fulfill the goal of being royalty free, the development process requires that no feature can be adopted before it has been confirmed independently by two separate parties to not infringe on patents of competing companies. In cases where an alternative to a patent-protected technique is not available, owners of relevant patents have been invited to join the Alliance (even if they were already members of another patent pool). For example, Alliance members Apple, Cisco, Google, and Microsoft are also licensors in MPEG-LA's patent pool for H.264.<ref name="ip remains" /> As an additional protection for the royalty-free status of AV1, the Alliance has a legal defense fund to aid smaller Alliance members or AV1 licensees in the event they are sued for alleged patent infringement.<ref name="ip remains" /><ref name="eetimes-av1release" /><ref name="multichannel-nab2018" />

Under patent rules adopted from the [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), technology contributors license their AV1-connected patents to anyone, anywhere, anytime based on reciprocity (i.e. as long as the user does not engage in patent litigation).<ref name="theregisterpatent license" /> As a defensive condition, anyone engaging in patent litigation loses the right to the patents of ''all'' patent holders.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}<ref name="aompatentlicense">{{cite web |title=Alliance for Open Media Patent License 1.0 |url=https://aomedia.org/license/patent-license/ |website=Alliance for Open Media |language=en |access-date=15 April 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415060334/https://aomedia.org/license/patent-license/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

This treatment of [[intellectual property rights]] (IPR), and its absolute priority during development, is contrary to extant MPEG formats like AVC and HEVC. These were developed under an IPR uninvolvement policy by their standardization organisations, as stipulated in the [[Open standard#ITU-T definition|ITU-T's definition of an open standard]]. However, MPEG's chairman has argued this practice has to change,<ref name="crisis" /> which it is:{{Citation needed|reason=No indication has been given that VVC or EVC will be going through a similar patent review|date=August 2020}} [[Essential Video Coding|EVC]] is also set to have a royalty-free subset,<ref name="meeting125">{{cite web |last1=Timmerer |first1=Christian |title=MPEG 125 Meeting Report |url=https://bitmovin.com/mpeg-125-meeting-report/ |publisher=[[Bitmovin]] |access-date=6 April 2019 |date=14 February 2019 |archive-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406114219/https://bitmovin.com/mpeg-125-meeting-report/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="req">{{cite web |title=Requirements for a New Video Coding Standard |url=https://mpeg.chiariglione.org/sites/default/files/files/standards/parts/docs/w17928.zip |access-date=6 April 2019 |date=12 October 2018 |archive-date=6 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406114230/https://mpeg.chiariglione.org/sites/default/files/files/standards/parts/docs/w17928.zip |url-status=live}}</ref> and will have switchable features in its bitstream to defend against future IPR threats.{{Citation needed|reason=legal analysis needed that turning off significant parts of the codec is an effective means of avoiding patent infringement|date=August 2020}}

The creation of royalty-free web standards has been a long-stated pursuit for the industry. In 2007, the proposal for [[HTML video]] specified [[Theora]] as mandatory to implement. The reason was that public content should be encoded in freely implementable formats, if only as a "baseline format", and that changing such a baseline format later would be hard because of network effects.<ref name="video element" />

The Alliance for Open Media is a continuation of Google's efforts with the WebM project, which renewed the royalty-free competition after Theora had been surpassed by AVC. For companies such as Mozilla that distribute free software, AVC can be difficult to support as a per-copy royalty is unsustainable given the lack of revenue stream to support these payments in free software (see [[FRAND#Excluding costless distribution schemes|FRAND § Excluding costless distribution]]).<ref name="tax" /> Similarly, HEVC has not successfully convinced all licensors to allow an exception for freely distributed software (see [[HEVC#Provision for costless software|HEVC § Provision for costless software]]).

The performance goals include "a step up from VP9 and HEVC" in efficiency for a low increase in [[analysis of algorithms|complexity]]. [[NETVC]]'s efficiency goal is 25% improvement over HEVC.<ref name="netvc" /> The primary complexity concern is for software decoding, since hardware support will take time to reach users. However, for [[WebRTC]], live encoding performance is also relevant, which is Cisco's agenda: [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]] is a manufacturer of [[videoconferencing]] equipment, and their Thor contributions aim at "reasonable compression at only moderate complexity".<ref name="integrating-thor" />

Feature-wise, AV1 is specifically designed for [[real-time application]]s (especially WebRTC) and higher resolutions (wider color [[gamut]]s, higher [[frame rate]]s, [[ultra-high-definition television|UHD]]) than typical usage scenarios of the current generation (H.264) of video formats, where it is expected to achieve its biggest efficiency gains. It is therefore planned to support the color space from [[Rec. 2020|ITU-R Recommendation BT.2020]] and up to 12 bits of [[Color depth|precision]] per color component.<ref name="streamingmedia-2016-06-03" /> AV1 is primarily intended for [[Lossy compression|lossy encoding]], although [[lossless compression]] is supported as well.<ref name="github" />

==Technology==
{{See also|VP9#Technology|Daala#Technology}}
AV1 is a traditional block-based [[frequency transform]] format featuring new techniques. Based on Google's VP9,<ref name="basis" /> AV1 incorporates additional techniques that mainly give encoders more coding options to enable better adaptation to different types of input.
[[File:The Technology Inside Av1.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Processing stages of an AV1 encoder with relevant technologies associated with each stage]]

{{Infobox software
| name = libaom
| screenshot = Aomenc-screenshot-2020-01-23.png
| developer = Alliance for Open Media
| released = 
| latest_release_version = 3.9.1<ref>{{Cite web|title=libaom 3.9.1 release|url=https://aomedia.googlesource.com/aom/+/refs/tags/v3.9.1|website=aomedia.googlesource.com}}</ref>
| latest_release_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|br=1|2024|06|05}}
| programming language = [[C (programming language)|C]], [[assembly language|assembly]]
| license = [[BSD 2-Clause License]] ([[free software]])
| website = [https://aomedia.googlesource.com/aom/ aomedia.googlesource.com/aom]
}}

The Alliance published a [[reference implementation]] written in [[C (programming language)|C]] and [[assembly language]] (<code>aomenc</code>, <code>aomdec</code>) as [[free software]] under the terms of the [[BSD 2-Clause License]].<ref name="license" /> Development happens in public and is open for contributions, regardless of AOM membership.
The development process was such that coding tools were added to the reference code base as ''experiments'', controlled by flags that enable or disable them at build time, for review by other group members as well as specialized teams that helped with and ensured hardware friendliness and compliance with intellectual property rights (TAPAS).
When the feature gained some support in the community, the experiment was enabled by default, and ultimately had its flag removed when all of the reviews were passed.<ref name="streamingmedia-2017-08-30" /> Experiment names were lowercased in the ''configure'' script and uppercased in [[conditional compilation]] flags.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
To better and more reliably support HDR and color spaces, corresponding metadata can now be integrated into the video bitstream instead of being signaled in the container.

===Partitioning===
[[File:AV1 coding unit partitioning.svg|thumb|upright|10 ways for subpartitioning coding units – into squares (recursively), rectangles, or mixtures thereof ("T-shaped")]]
Frame content is separated into adjacent same-sized blocks referred to as superblocks. Similar to the concept of a [[macroblock]], superblocks are square-shaped and can either be of size 128×128 or 64×64 pixels. Superblocks can be divided in smaller blocks according to different partitioning patterns. The four-way split pattern is the only pattern whose partitions can be recursively subdivided. This allows superblocks to be divided into partitions as small as 4×4 pixels.
[[File:AV1 Partitioning.svg|alt=|thumb|Diagram of the AV1 superblock partitioning. It shows how 128×128 superblocks can be split all the way down to 4×4 blocks. As special cases, 128×128 and 8×8 blocks can't use 1:4 and 4:1 splits, and 8×8 blocks can't use T-shaped splits.]]
"T-shaped" partitioning patterns are introduced, a feature developed for VP10, as well as horizontal or vertical splits into four stripes of 4:1 and 1:4 aspect ratio. The available partitioning patterns vary according to the block size, both 128×128 and 8×8 blocks can't use 4:1 and 1:4 splits. Moreover, 8×8 blocks can't use T-shaped splits.

Two separate predictions can now be used on spatially different parts of a block using a smooth, oblique transition line (''wedge-partitioned prediction'').{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} This enables more accurate separation of objects without the traditional staircase lines along the boundaries of square blocks.

More encoder parallelism is possible thanks to configurable prediction dependency between tile rows (<code>ext_tile</code>).<ref name="ittiam-ibc" />

===Prediction===
AV1 performs internal processing in higher precision (10 or 12 bits per sample), which leads to quality improvement by reducing rounding errors.

Predictions can be combined in more advanced ways (than a uniform average) in a block (''compound prediction''), including smooth and sharp transition gradients in different directions (''wedge-partitioned prediction'') as well as implicit masks that are based on the difference between the two predictors. This allows the combination of either two inter predictions or an inter and an intra prediction to be used in the same block.<ref name="VP10" />{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

A frame can reference 6 instead of 3 of the 8 available frame buffers for temporal (inter) prediction while providing more flexibility on bi-prediction<ref name="ibc2018-talk-codec-wars" /> (<code>ext_refs</code>{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}).

The ''Warped Motion'' (<code>warped_motion</code>)<ref name="ittiam-ibc" /> and ''Global Motion'' (<code>global_motion</code>{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}) tools in AV1 aim to reduce redundant information in [[motion vector]]s by recognizing patterns arising from camera motion.<ref name="ittiam-ibc" /> They implement ideas that were attempted in preceding formats like e.g. MPEG-4 ASP, albeit with a novel approach that works in three dimensions. There can be a set of warping parameters for a whole frame offered in the bitstream, or blocks can use a set of implicit local parameters that get computed based on surrounding blocks.

''Switch frames'' (S-frame) are a new inter-frame type that can be predicted using already-decoded reference frames from a higher-resolution version of the same video to allow switching to a lower resolution without the need for a full keyframe at the beginning of a video segment in the [[adaptive bitrate streaming]] use case.<ref name="Streaming Media 2017-10-11" />

====Intra prediction ====
[[Intra-frame coding|Intra prediction]] consists of predicting the pixels of given blocks only using information available in the current frame. Most often, intra predictions are built from the neighboring pixels above and to the left of the predicted block. The DC predictor builds a prediction by averaging the pixels above and to the left of block.

Directional predictors extrapolate these neighboring pixels according to a specified angle. In AV1, 8 main directional modes can be chosen. These modes start at an angle of 45 degrees and increase by a step size of 22.5 degrees up until 203 degrees. Furthermore, for each directional mode, six offsets of 3 degrees can be signaled for bigger blocks, three above the main angle and three below it, resulting in a total of 56 angles (<code>ext_intra</code>).

The "TrueMotion" predictor was replaced with a [[Paeth filter|Paeth]] predictor which looks at the difference from the known pixel in the above-left corner to the pixel directly above and directly left of the new one and then chooses the one that lies in direction of the smaller gradient as predictor. A palette predictor is available for blocks with up to 8 dominant colors, such as some computer screen content. Correlations between the luminosity and the color information can now be exploited with a predictor for chroma blocks that is based on samples from the luma plane (<code>cfl</code>).<ref name="ittiam-ibc" /> In order to reduce visible boundaries along borders of inter-predicted blocks, a technique called [[Motion compensation#Overlapped block motion compensation|overlapped block motion compensation]] (OBMC) can be used. This involves extending a block's size so that it overlaps with neighboring blocks by 2 to 32 pixels, and blending the overlapping parts together.<ref name="feldman-obmc" />

===Data transformation===
To transform the error remaining after prediction to the frequency domain, AV1 encoders can use square, 2:1/1:2, and 4:1/1:4 rectangular [[Discrete cosine transform|DCT]]s (<code>rect_tx</code>),<ref name="ibc2018-talk-codec-wars" /> as well as an asymmetric [[Discrete sine transform|DST]]<ref name="Han Saxena Melkote Rose 2011" /><ref name="negge-depth-packt" /><ref name="negge-depth-slides" /> for blocks where the top and/or left edge is expected to have lower error thanks to prediction from nearby pixels, or choose to do no transform (identity transform).

It can combine two one-dimensional transforms in order to use different transforms for the horizontal and the vertical dimension (<code>ext_tx</code>).<ref name="ittiam-ibc" /><ref name="ibc2018-talk-codec-wars" />

===Quantization===
AV1 has new optimized quantization matrices (<code>aom_qm</code>).<ref>{{cite web |title=av1/encoder/av1_quantize.c - aom - Git at Google |url=https://aomedia.googlesource.com/aom/+/1870382ccff79c037622c3c14bf114928298362e/av1/encoder/av1_quantize.c |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=aomedia.googlesource.com |archive-date=12 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912161955/https://aomedia.googlesource.com/aom/+/1870382ccff79c037622c3c14bf114928298362e/av1/encoder/av1_quantize.c |url-status=live}}</ref> The eight sets of quantization parameters that can be selected and signaled for each frame now have individual parameters for the two chroma planes and can use spatial prediction. On every new superblock, the quantization parameters can be adjusted by signaling an offset.

===Filters===
In-loop filtering combines Thor's constrained low-pass filter and Daala's directional deringing filter into the ''Constrained Directional Enhancement Filter'', <code>cdef</code>. This is an edge-directed conditional replacement filter that smooths blocks roughly along the direction of the dominant edge to eliminate [[ringing artifacts]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hacks.mozilla.org/2018/06/av1-next-generation-video-the-constrained-directional-enhancement-filter |title=The Constrained Directional Enhancement Filter |author=Christopher Montgomery |date=28 July 2018 |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=Mozilla Hacks}}</ref>

There is also the ''loop restoration filter'' (<code>loop_restoration</code>) based on the [[Wiener filter]] and self-[[guided filter|guided restoration filters]] to remove blur artifacts due to block processing.<ref name="ittiam-ibc" />

''[[Film grain]] synthesis'' (<code>film_grain</code>) improves coding of noisy signals using a parametric video coding approach.
Due to the randomness, inherent to film grain noise, this signal component is traditionally either very expensive to code or prone to get damaged or lost, possibly leaving serious coding artifacts as residue. This tool circumvents these problems using analysis and synthesis, replacing parts of the signal with a visually similar synthetic texture based solely on subjective visual impression instead of objective similarity. It removes the grain component from the signal, analyzes its non-random characteristics, and instead transmits only descriptive parameters to the decoder, which adds back a synthetic, pseudorandom noise signal that's shaped after the original component. It is the visual equivalent of the Perceptual Noise Substitution technique used in AC3, AAC, Vorbis, and Opus audio codecs.

===Entropy coding===
Daala's [[Entropy coding|entropy coder]] (<code>daala_ec</code>{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}), a non-binary [[arithmetic coding|arithmetic coder]], was selected for replacing VP9's binary entropy coder. The use of ''non-binary'' arithmetic coding helps evade patents but also adds bit-level parallelism to an otherwise serial process, reducing clock rate demands on hardware implementations.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} This is to say that the effectiveness of modern binary arithmetic coding like [[CABAC]] is being approached using a greater alphabet than binary, hence greater speed, as in [[Huffman code]] (but not as simple and fast as Huffman code).
AV1 also gained the ability to adapt the symbol probabilities in the arithmetic coder per coded symbol instead of per frame (<code>ec_adapt</code>).<ref name="ittiam-ibc" />

AV1 has provisions for temporal and spatial scalability.<ref name="rtp"/>

==Quality and efficiency==
A first comparison from the beginning of June 2016<ref name="golem20160609" /> found AV1 roughly on par with HEVC, as did one using code from late January 2017.<ref name="elecard_comparison" />

In April 2017, using the 8 enabled experimental features at the time (of 77 total), [[Bitmovin]] was able to demonstrate favorable [[Video quality|objective metrics]], as well as visual results, compared to HEVC on the ''[[Sintel]]'' and ''[[Tears of Steel]]'' short films.<ref>{{cite web |title=AV1 Demo by Mozilla and Bitmovin |url=https://demo.bitmovin.com/public/firefox/av1/ |access-date=19 July 2020 |website=demo.bitmovin.com |archive-date=28 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128175615/http://demo.bitmovin.com/public/firefox/av1/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A follow-up comparison by Jan Ozer of ''Streaming Media Magazine'' confirmed this, and concluded that "AV1 is at least as good as HEVC now".<ref name="ozer_compares_hevc" /> Ozer noted that his and Bitmovin's results contradicted a comparison by [[Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications]] from late 2016<ref name="comparison_by_hhi" /> that had found AV1 65.7% less efficient than HEVC, underperforming even H.264/AVC which they concluded as being 10.5% more efficient. Ozer justified this discrepancy by having used encoding parameters endorsed by each encoder vendor, as well as having more features in the newer AV1 encoder.<ref name="comparison_by_hhi" /> Decoding performance was at about half the speed of VP9 according to internal measurements from 2017.<ref name="Streaming Media 2017-10-11" />

Tests from [[Netflix]] in 2017, based on measurements with [[Peak signal-to-noise ratio|PSNR]] and [[Video Multimethod Assessment Fusion|VMAF]] at 720p, showed that AV1 was about 25% more efficient than VP9 (libvpx).<ref name="Netflix" /> Tests from [[Facebook]] conducted in 2018, based on [[Peak signal-to-noise ratio|PSNR]], showed that the AV1 reference encoder was able to achieve 34%, 46.2% and 50.3% higher [[data compression]] than libvpx-vp9, x264 High profile, and x264 Main profile respectively.<ref name="Baumgartner 2019" /><ref name="facebookav1tests">{{cite web |date=10 April 2018 |title=AV1 beats x264 and libvpx-vp9 in practical use case |url=https://engineering.fb.com/video-engineering/av1-beats-x264-and-libvpx-vp9-in-practical-use-case/ |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=Facebook Engineering |language=en-US |archive-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105053533/https://engineering.fb.com/video-engineering/av1-beats-x264-and-libvpx-vp9-in-practical-use-case/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Tests from [[Moscow State University]] in 2017 found that VP9 required 31% and HEVC 22% more bitrate than AV1 in order to achieve similar levels of quality.<ref name="MSU2017-1" /> The AV1 encoder was operating at speed "2500–3500 times lower than competitors" due to the lack of optimization (which was not available at that time).<ref name="MSU2017-2" />
Tests from [[University of Waterloo]] in 2020 found that when using a mean opinion score (MOS) for 2160p (4K) video AV1 had the bitrate saving of 9.5% compared to HEVC and 16.4% compared to VP9. They also concluded that at the time of the study at 2160p the AV1 video encodes on average took 590× longer compared to encoding with AVC; while HEVC took on average 4.2× longer and VP9 took on average 5.2× longer than AVC respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=AVC, HEVC, VP9, AVS2 or AV1? — A Comparative Study of State-of-the-art Video Encoders on 4K Videos |url=https://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~z70wang/publications/iciar19_encoderCompare.pdf |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126220022/https://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~z70wang/publications/iciar19_encoderCompare.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ivc.uwaterloo.ca/database/4KVQA/201908/scores.txt |access-date=16 September 2020 |title=resultscores |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128010333/http://ivc.uwaterloo.ca/database/4KVQA/201908/scores.txt |url-status=live}}</ref>

The latest encoder comparison by Streaming Media Magazine as of September 2020, which used moderate encoding speeds, [[Video Multimethod Assessment Fusion|VMAF]], and a diverse set of short clips, indicated that the open-source libaom and SVT-AV1 encoders
took about twice as long time to encode as x265 in its "veryslow" preset while using 15-20% less bitrate, or about 45% less bitrate than ''x264 veryslow''. The best-in-test AV1 encoder, Visionular's Aurora1, in its "slower" preset, was as fast as ''x265 veryslow'' while saving 50% bitrate over ''x264 veryslow''.<ref name="ozer-sept-2020"/>

CapFrameX tested the GPUs performance with AV1 decoding.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.capframex.com/tests/AV1%2BVideo%2BDecoding%2Bon%2BIntel%2BArc%2BA770 |title=CapFrameX - AV1 Video Decoding on Intel Arc A770 - Blog |website=CapFrameX}}</ref> On 5 October 2022, Cloudflare announced that it has a beta player.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://community.cloudflare.com/t/new-play-live-streams-and-recordings-using-the-av1-codec-open-beta/424580/2|title=New: Play live streams and recordings using the AV1 codec (open beta) - #2 by Bink - Stream - Cloudflare Community}}</ref>

==Profiles and levels==
===Profiles===
AV1 defines three profiles for decoders which are Main, High, and Professional. The Main profile allows for a bit depth of 8 or 10&nbsp;bits per sample with 4:0:0 (greyscale) and 4:2:0 (quarter) [[Chroma subsampling|chroma sampling]]. The High profile further adds support for 4:4:4 chroma sampling (no subsampling). The Professional profile extends capabilities to full support for 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2 (half) and 4:4:4 chroma sub-sampling with 8, 10 and 12 bit color depths.<ref name="Shilov 2018" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Feature comparison between AV1 profiles
! colspan="2" style="background: none;" |
!Main (0)
!High (1)
! Professional (2)
|-
| colspan="2" |Bit depth
|8 or 10
|8 or 10
|8, 10 & 12
|-
| rowspan="4" |Chroma subsampling
|4:0:0
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
|4:2:0
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
|4:2:2
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
|4:4:4
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|}

===Levels===
{{Technical|section|date=September 2023}}
AV1 defines levels for decoders with maximum variables for levels ranging from 2.0 to 6.3.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annex A: Profiles and Levels |url=http://aomedia.org/av1/specification/annex-a/ |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=Alliance for Open Media |language=en |archive-date=17 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317142039/http://aomedia.org/av1/specification/annex-a/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The levels that can be implemented depend on the hardware capability.

Example resolutions would be 426×240@30{{nbsp}}fps for level 2.0, 854×480@30{{nbsp}}fps for level 3.0, 1920×1080@30{{nbsp}}fps for level 4.0, 3840×2160@60{{nbsp}}fps for level 5.1, 3840×2160@120{{nbsp}}fps for level 5.2, and 7680×4320@120{{nbsp}}fps for level 6.2. Level 7 has not been defined yet.<ref>{{cite web |title=GitHub: AV1 Profiles and Levels |url=https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-spec/#annex-a-profiles-and-levels |access-date=13 February 2018 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201144004/https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-spec/#annex-a-profiles-and-levels |url-status=live}}</ref>
<div style="overflow: auto">
{| class="wikitable"
!seq_level_idx
!Level
!MaxPicSize<br />(Samples)
!MaxHSize<br />(Samples)
!MaxVSize<br />(Samples)
!MaxDisplayRate<br />(Hz)
!MaxDecodeRate<br />(Hz)
!MaxHeader<br />Rate (Hz)
!MainMbps<br />(Mbit/s)
!HighMbps<br />(Mbit/s)
!Min Comp Basis
!Max Tiles
!Max Tile Cols
!Example
|-
|0
|2.0
|147456
|2048
|1152
|4,423,680
|5,529,600
|150
|1.5
| -
|2
|8
|4
|426×240@30fps
|-
|1
|2.1
|278784
|2816
|1584
|8,363,520
|10,454,400
|150
|3.0
| -
|2
|8
|4
|640×360@30fps
|-
|4
|3.0
|665856
|4352
|2448
|19,975,680
|24,969,600
|150
|6.0
| -
|2
|16
|6
|854×480@30fps
|-
|5
|3.1
|1065024
|5504
|3096
|31,950,720
|39,938,400
|150
|10.0
| -
|2
|16
|6
|1280×720@30fps
|-
|8
|4.0
|2359296
|6144
|3456
|70,778,880
|77,856,768
|300
|12.0
|30.0
|4
|32
|8
|1920×1080@30fps
|-
|9
|4.1
|2359296
|6144
|3456
|141,557,760
|155,713,536
|300
|20.0
|50.0
|4
|32
|8
|1920×1080@60fps
|-
|12
|5.0
|8912896
|8192
|4352
|267,386,880
|273,715,200
|300
|30.0
|100.0
|6
|64
|8
|3840×2160@30fps
|-
|13
|5.1
|8912896
|8192
|4352
|534,773,760
|547,430,400
|300
|40.0
|160.0
|8
|64
|8
|3840×2160@60fps
|-
|14
|5.2
|8912896
|8192
|4352
|1,069,547,520
|1,094,860,800
|300
|60.0
|240.0
|8
|64
|8
|3840×2160@120fps
|-
|15
|5.3
|8912896
|8192
|4352
|1,069,547,520
|1,176,502,272
|300
|60.0
|240.0
|8
|64
|8
|3840×2160@120fps
|-
|16
|6.0
|35651584
|16384
|8704
|1,069,547,520
|1,176,502,272
|300
|60.0
|240.0
|8
|128
|16
|7680×4320@30fps
|-
|17
|6.1
|35651584
|16384
|8704
|2,139,095,040
|2,189,721,600
|300
|100.0
|480.0
|8
|128
|16
|7680×4320@60fps
|-
|18
|6.2
|35651584
|16384
|8704
|4,278,190,080
|4,379,443,200
|300
|160.0
|800.0
|8
|128
|16
|7680×4320@120fps
|-
|19
|6.3
|35651584
|16384
|8704
|4,278,190,080
|4,706,009,088
|300
|160.0
|800.0
|8
|128
|16
|7680×4320@120fps
|}
</div>

==Supported container formats==
Standardized:
*  [[ISO base media file format]]:<ref name="isobmff" /> the ISOBMFF containerization spec by AOMedia was the first to be finalized and the first to gain adoption. This is the format used by YouTube.
*  [[Matroska]]: version 1 of the Matroska containerization spec<ref name="matroska" /> was published in late 2018.<ref name="matroska merge" />

Unfinished standards:
*[[MPEG transport stream|MPEG Transport Stream]] (MPEG TS)<ref name="mpegts" />
*  [[Real-time Transport Protocol]]: a preliminary RTP packetization spec by AOMedia defines the transmission of AV1 OBUs (''Open Bitstream Units''<ref>{{cite web |title=Open Bitstream Unit |url=https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-spec/#obu-syntax |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>) directly as the RTP payload.<ref name="rtp"/> It defines an RTP header extension that carries information about video frames and their dependencies, which is of general usefulness to [[#Scalable video coding|§ scalable video coding]]. The carriage of raw video data also differs from for example MPEG TS over RTP in that other streams, such as audio, must be carried externally.

Not standardized:
*WebM: as a matter of formality, AV1 has not been sanctioned into the subset of Matroska known as WebM as of late 2019.<ref name="WebM Container Guidelines" /> However support has been present in libwebm since May 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=b0c873282b27a62ede57288397c346f7941f9454 - webm/libwebm - Git at Google |url=https://chromium.googlesource.com/webm/libwebm/+/b0c873282b27a62ede57288397c346f7941f9454 |access-date=7 April 2022 |website=chromium.googlesource.com}}</ref>
*  On2 IVF: this format was inherited from the first public release of VP8, where it served as a simple development container.<ref name="webm initial commit" /> rav1e also supports this format.<ref name="rav1e-github" />
*  Pre-standard WebM: Libaom featured early support for WebM before Matroska containerization was specified; this has since been changed to conform to the Matroska spec.<ref name="libaom matroska" />

==Adoption==
===Content providers===
AV1 video is usually accompanied with [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]] or [[Opus (audio format)|Opus]] audio in an ISO base media file format ([[MP4]]) container.

In October 2016, Netflix stated they expected to be an early adopter of AV1.<ref name="netflix-royaltyfree-2016" /> On 5 February 2020, Netflix began using AV1 to stream select titles on [[Android (operating system)|Android]], providing 20% improved compression efficiency over their VP9 streams.<ref name="netflix-feb-2020" /> On 9 November 2021, Netflix announced it had begun streaming AV1 content to a number of TVs with AV1 decoders as well as the [[PlayStation 4#PlayStation 4 Pro|PlayStation 4 Pro]].<ref name="netflix-nov-2021"/>

[[File:YouTube AV1 video with Opus audio stat screenshot.png|upright=1.35|thumb|YouTube shows video statistics with the AV1 video codec and [[Opus (audio format)|Opus]] audio codec.]]
In 2018, [[YouTube]] began deploying AV1, starting with its AV1 Beta Launch Playlist. According to the description, the videos are (to begin with) encoded at high bitrate to test decoding performance, and YouTube has "ambitious goals" for rolling out AV1. YouTube for [[Android TV]] supports playback of videos encoded in AV1 on capable platforms as of version 2.10.13, released in early 2020.<ref name="youtubeapp" /> In 2020, YouTube started serving videos at [[8K resolution]] in AV1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube now streaming 8K video on 8K TVs with AV1 support |url=https://www.flatpanelshd.com/news.php?subaction=showfull&id=1588919283 |access-date=13 February 2023 |website=FlatpanelsHD}}</ref>

In February 2019, Facebook followed its own positive test results, by saying it would gradually roll out the AV1 codec as soon as browser support emerges, starting with its most popular videos.<ref name="Baumgartner 2019" /> Also in 2022, its parent company [[Meta Platforms|Meta]] expressed interest in SVT-AV1 as in the meantime Google engineer Matt Frost spoke at the ending on YouTube's Intel channel that an intention was to carry out a first test in 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PH-N8zwCs8k |title=Hardware-accelerated AV1 Video Encoding &#124; Intel Chip Chat ep. 717 |date=31 May 2022 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> when hardware acceleration will be introduced and widespread, but on the latest May video by Streaming Media the status was unknown and no statements from the AOMedia were expressed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=156017 |title=Which Streaming Codecs Do Netflix and Facebook Use? |first=Tyler |last=Nesler |website=streamingmedia.com |language=en-US |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref>
MSVP (Meta Scalable Video Processor) was announced<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://2022.ieeeicip.org/industry-workshops/ |title=Industry Workshops – ICIP 2022 |date=15 October 2022 |access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref> and the symposis was published in a popular scientific research website on 15 October 2022.

On 4 November 2022, the AV1 codec was announced with the article of Meta technology blog and with [[Mark Zuckerberg]] on [[Instagram Reels]] which shows AV1 codec compared with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. Citing "Our Instagram engineering team developed a way to dramatically improve video quality. We made basic video processing 94% faster."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/CkihQRtO5yO/ |title=Mark Zuckerberg on Instagram: "Our Instagram engineering team developed a way to dramatically improve video quality. We made basic video processing 94% faster so we can now use more advanced codecs like the one on the right. This is especially helpful on slower internet connections, but it improves the experience for everyone." |website=Instagram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://engineering.fb.com/2022/11/04/video-engineering/instagram-video-processing-encoding-reduction/ |title=Reducing Instagram's basic video compute time by 94 percent |first=Chris |last=Wiltz |date=4 November 2022}}</ref> Android has preliminary native AV1 playback.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://engineering.fb.com/2023/02/21/video-engineering/av1-codec-facebook-instagram-reels/ |title=How Meta brought AV1 to Reels |website=engineering.fb |date=21 February 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://netint.com/meta-about-av1_six-key-takeaways/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115180534/https://netint.com/meta-about-av1_six-key-takeaways/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 November 2022 |title=Meta AV1 Delivery Presentation: Six Key Takeaways |first=Jan |last=Ozer |website=netint.com |date=15 November 2022 |access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref>

In June 2019, [[Vimeo]]'s videos in the "Staff picks" channel were available in AV1 and Opus.<ref name="vimeo-lightread" /> Vimeo is using and contributing to Mozilla's Rav1e encoder and expects, with further encoder improvements, to eventually provide AV1 support for all videos uploaded to Vimeo as well as the company's "Live" offering.<ref name="vimeo-lightread" />

On 30 April 2020, [[iQIYI]] announced support for AV1 for users on PC web browsers and Android devices, according to the announcement, as the first Chinese video streaming site to adopt the codec.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://crweworld.com/article/news-provided-by-pr-newswire/1514661/iqiyi-becomes-the-first-chinese-video-streaming-site-to-support-av1-video-codec |title=iQIYI Becomes the First Chinese Video Streaming Site to Support AV1 Video Codec |website=CRWE World |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607053834/http://crweworld.com/article/news-provided-by-pr-newswire/1514661/iqiyi-becomes-the-first-chinese-video-streaming-site-to-support-av1-video-codec |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] deployed AV1 for its most popular content in 2022 or 2023,<ref name="twitch-AV1-2019" /> with universal support projected to arrive in 2024 or 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.twitch.tv/en/2024/01/08/introducing-the-enhanced-broadcasting-beta/|title=Introducing the Enhanced Broadcasting Beta|website=blog.twitch.tv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://help.twitch.tv/s/article/multiple-encodes?language=en_US|title=Twitch Help Portal|website=help.twitch.tv}}</ref>

In April 2021, [[Roku]] removed the YouTube TV app from the Roku streaming platform after a contract expired. It was later reported that Roku streaming devices do not use processors that support the AV1 codec. In December 2021, YouTube and Roku agreed to a multiyear deal to keep both the YouTube TV app and the YouTube app on the Roku streaming platform. Roku had argued that using processors in their streaming devices that support the royalty-free AV1 codec would increase costs to consumers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/12/roku-vs-google-drama-winds-down-as-companies-forge-multi-year-youtube-deal/ |first=Andrew |last=Cunningham |title=Roku and Google settle YouTube feud just a day before the app would have been pulled |work=arstechnica.com |date=8 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/roku-google-youtube-tv-apps-1235129044/ |title=Roku, Google Reach Long-Term Deal for YouTube and YouTube TV |first=Todd |last=Spangler |date=8 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |work=variety.com}}</ref>

In January 2022, [[Bilibili]] rolled out H.265 HEVC and AV1 encoding to videos with high view-count, while videos with lower view-count are only available in H.264 AVC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilibili.com/read/cv15024182|title=b站网页端部分视频启用AV1编码|website=www.bilibili.com}}</ref>

In July 2024, [[DMM.com]] deployed AV1 on its DMM.TV service, becoming the first Japanese company to do so.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ezekiel Frederik Ruru |url=https://mediaformasi.com/2024/07/televisi-digital-jepang-dmm-tv-ubah-codec-siaran-ke-av1/ |title=Televisi Digital Jepang, DMM TV, Ubah Codec Siaran ke AV1 |website=Media Formasi |access-date=August 9, 2024 |date=July 24, 2024|language=id}}</ref>

===Software implementations===
* Libaom is the [[reference implementation]]. It includes an encoder (aomenc) and a decoder (aomdec). As the former research codec, it has the advantage of being made to justifiably demonstrate efficient use of every feature, but at the general cost of encoding speed. At feature freeze, the encoder had become problematically slow, but dramatic speed optimizations with negligible efficiency impact have subsequently been made.<ref name="lca2019 encoding speed" /><ref name="near-reasonable" />
* SVT-AV1 includes an open-source encoder and decoder developed primarily by Intel in collaboration with Netflix<ref name="Armasu 2019" /><ref name="Introducing SVT-AV1" /> with a special focus on [[Thread (computing)|threading]] performance. They implemented in Cidana Corporation (Cidana Developers) and Software Implementation Working Group (SIWG).<sup>{{what?|date=October 2024}}</sup> In August 2020, the Alliance for Open Media Software Implementation Working Group adopted SVT-AV1 as their production encoder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aomedia.org/press%20releases/aomedia-software-implementation-working-group-to-bring-av1-to-more-video-platforms/|title=AOMedia Software Implementation Working Group to Bring AV1 to More Video Platforms &#124; Alliance for Open Media}}</ref> SVT-AV1 1.0.0 was released on 22 April 2022. SVT-AV1 2.0.0 was released on 13 March 2024.
* rav1e is an encoder written in [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]] and [[assembly language]] from the [[Xiph.Org Foundation]].<ref name="rav1e-github" /> rav1e takes the opposite developmental approach to aomenc: start out as the simplest (therefore fastest) conforming encoder, and then improve efficiency over time while remaining fast.<ref name="lca2019 encoding speed" />
* dav1d is a decoder written in assembly and [[C99]] focused on speed and portability, associated with [[VideoLAN]].<ref name="dav1d" /> The first official version (0.1) was released in December 2018.<ref name="Kempf Kempf 2018" /> Version 0.3 was announced in May 2019 with further optimizations demonstrating performance 2 to 5 times faster than aomdec.<ref name="dav1d-0.3-release" /> Version 0.5 was released in October 2019.<ref name="jklempfrelease" /> Firefox 67 switched from Libaom to dav1d as a default decoder in May 2019.<ref name="firefox67-release" /> In 2019, dav1d v0.5 was rated the best decoder in comparison to libgav1 and libaom.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/@ewoutterhoeven/av1-is-ready-for-prime-time-part-2-decoding-performance-d3428221313 |title=AV1 is ready for prime time Part 2: Decoding performance |date=10 October 2019 |access-date=9 February 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214213730/https://medium.com/@ewoutterhoeven/av1-is-ready-for-prime-time-part-2-decoding-performance-d3428221313 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Cisco AV1 is a proprietary live encoder that Cisco developed for its [[Webex]] [[teleconference]] products. The encoder is optimized for latency<ref name="cisco-bav" /> and the constraint of having a usable [[CPU]] footprint as with a "commodity laptop".<ref name="cisco-frog" /> Cisco stressed that at their operating point – high speed, low latency – the large toolset of AV1 does not preclude a low encoding complexity.<ref name="cisco-bav" /> Rather, the availability of tools for screen content and scalability in all profiles enabled them to find good compression-to-speed tradeoffs, better even than with HEVC;<ref name="cisco-frog" /> Compared to their previously deployed H.264 encoder, a particular area of improvement was in high resolution screen sharing.<ref name="cisco-bav" />
* libgav1 is a decoder written in [[C++11]] released by Google.<ref>{{cite web |title=codecs/libgav1 - Git at Google |url=https://chromium.googlesource.com/codecs/libgav1/ |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=chromium.googlesource.com}}</ref>

Other vendors had announced encoders, including EVE for AV1,<ref name="two-orioles-website" /> NGCodec,<ref name="ngcodec-encoder" /> Socionext,<ref name="socionext-fpga" /> Aurora<ref name="visionular" /> and MilliCast.<ref name="medium" />

===Software support===
{{Directory|section|reason=This must be cut down to a paragraph. [[WP:NOTDIR]] [[WP:RS]]|date=January 2024}}
Web browsers:
*[[Firefox]] (software decoder since version 67.0, released in May 2019: enabled by default on all desktop platforms - Windows, macOS and Linux for both 32-bit and 64-bit systems).<ref name="MozHacks 05 2019" /> Hardware decoder on compatible platforms since version 100.0, released on 3 May 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last=Amadeo |first=Ron |date=21 March 2022 |title=Firefox will efficiently play AV1 video—if you have a brand-new GPU |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/03/firefox-will-efficiently-play-av1-video-if-you-have-a-brand-new-gpu/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 March 2022 |title=Mozilla is finally adding AV1 support to Firefox a full two years after Chrome and Edge |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/mozilla-is-finally-adding-av1-support-to-firefox-a-full-two-years-after-chrome-and-edge/ |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Android Police |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Google Chrome]]: decoder since version 70, October 2018<ref name="Slashdot2223241" /> - encoder since 90, 14 April 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last=Li |first=Abner |date=15 April 2021 |title=Chrome 90 rolling out: AV1 encoder optimized for video calls, easily hide Reading List |url=https://9to5google.com/2021/04/14/chrome-90-mac-windows-stable/ |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=[[9to5Google]] |language=en-US |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512174812/https://9to5google.com/2021/04/14/chrome-90-mac-windows-stable/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]] (since version 57, 28 November 2018)<ref name="Techdows 2018" /><ref name="Opera 57" />
* [[Microsoft Edge]] (since Windows 10 [[Windows 10 version history#Version 1809 (October 2018 Update)|October 2018 Update]] (1809) with AV1 Video Extension add-on,<ref name="Slashdot0213211" /> and natively since version 121 released in January 2024.)<ref>{{cite web |last=dan-wesley |date=January 26, 2024 |title=Microsoft Edge release notes for Stable Channel |url=https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/deployedge/microsoft-edge-relnote-stable-channel |access-date=January 31, 2024 |website=learn.microsoft.com}}</ref>
* [[Vivaldi (web browser)|Vivaldi]] (since October 2018)<ref>{{cite web |title=Vivaldi.com « Blog « Desktop Snapshots |date=18 October 2018 |url=https://vivaldi.com/blog/v1v4ld1-br0w53r-5n4p5h07-1337-17/ |publisher=Vivaldi.com |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511024205/https://vivaldi.com/blog/v1v4ld1-br0w53r-5n4p5h07-1337-17/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Brave (web browser)|Brave]]
*[[SeaMonkey]] 2.53.5 (since November 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=SeaMonkey 2.53.5 Release Notes |url=https://www.seamonkey-project.org/releases/seamonkey2.53.5/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=The SeaMonkey® Project}}</ref>
*[[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] 17.0 (since September 2023) on [[iPhone 15 Pro]], [[iPhone 15 Pro Max]], [[iPhone 16]] and Mac computers with [[Apple M3]] SoCs<ref name="safari17">{{Cite web |last=Simmons |first=Jen |date=2023-09-18 |title=WebKit Features in Safari 17.0 |url=https://webkit.org/blog/14445/webkit-features-in-safari-17-0/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=WebKit |quote=Safari 17.0 adds support for AV1 video on devices with hardware decoding support, like iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max.}}</ref><ref name="Safari 17 Release Notes">{{cite web | url=https://developer.apple.com/documentation/safari-release-notes/safari-17-release-notes | title=Safari 17 Release Notes }}</ref><ref name="applem3">{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Tom |date=October 31, 2023 |title=Apple's new M3 chips have big GPU upgrades focused on gaming and pro apps |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/10/30/23938676/apple-m3-chip-gpu-upgrade-hardware-accelerated-ray-tracing-gaming-specs-release-date |access-date=November 1, 2023 |website=[[The Verge]] |quote=Apple is also, for the first time, shipping an AV1 decoder with its M3 family of chips so owners will benefit from more power-efficient playback of AV1 content.}}</ref>

Video players:
* [[VLC media player]] (since version 3.0)<ref name="Tung 2018" />
*[[mpv (media player)|mpv]] (since version 0.29.0)<ref>{{cite web |date=22 July 2018 |title=MPV 0.29.0 release notes |url=https://github.com/mpv-player/mpv/blob/v0.29.0/RELEASE_NOTES |access-date=10 December 2021 |website=GitHub |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Xine-lib]] (since 1.2.10)
* [[IINA]] (since version 1.1.0 beta 1; 2 September 2020; decoding support)<ref>{{cite web |title=Release IINA 1.1.0 beta 1 · iina/iina |url=https://github.com/iina/iina/releases/tag/v1.1.0-beta1 |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=GitHub |language=en}}</ref>
*[[PotPlayer]] (since version 1.7.14804, 16 October 2018).<ref name="potplayer" />
*[[K-Lite Codec Pack]] (since version 14.4.5, 13 September 2018)<ref name="K-Lite" />
*[[Media Player Classic]] (since version 1.8.1, 14 September 2018)<ref>{{cite web |title=Release 1.8.1 · clsid2/mpc-hc · GitHub |website=[[GitHub]] |url=https://github.com/clsid2/mpc-hc/releases/tag/1.8.1}}</ref>
*[[MX Player]] (since version 1.24.1, 7 May 2020)

Encoder front-ends:
*[[FFmpeg]] (libaom support since version 4.0, rav1e support since version 4.3, SVT-AV1 support since version 4.4)
*[[HandBrake]] (since version 1.3.0, 9 November 2019 decoding support;<ref name="handbrake" /> since version 1.6.0, 29 December 2022, SVT-AV1 and QSV AV1 encoding support)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |date=29 December 2022 |title=HandBrake video transcoder adds official AV1 codec support in latest release |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/12/handbrake-video-transcoder-adds-official-av1-codec-support-in-latest-release/ |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref>
*[[Bitmovin]] Encoding (since version 1.50.0, 4 July 2018)<ref name="bitmovin" />

Video editors:
*[[DaVinci Resolve]] (since version 17.2, May 2021, decoding support; since version 17.4.6, March 2022, Intel Arc hardware encoding support, since version 18.1, November 2022, Nvidia hardware encoding support, AMD hardware encoding support added with version 18.5 )

Others:
* [[GStreamer]] (since version 1.14)<ref name="Larabel 2018-03-20" />
* [[OBS Studio]] (libaom and SVT-AV1 support since 27.2 Beta 1)<ref name="phoronix-obs-beta"/> and since OBS Studio 29.1 Beta 1 encoding with GPUs that support it (QSV, NVENC, VCN 4.0) as well as AV1 streaming transmission on YouTube and also other platforms via RTMP (Real Time Messaging Protocol), YouTube joins SRT Alliance.
* [[MKVToolNix]] (adoption of final av1-in-mkv spec since version 28)
* [[MediaInfo]] (since version 18.03)<ref name="Serea 2018" />
* [[Google Duo]] (since April 2020)<ref name="google-duo" />
* [[Adobe Audition]] (decoding support, preview video)
* [[Avidemux]] (since version 2.76, 7 July 2020; decoding support)
* [[VDPAU]] (since version 1.5, 7 March 2022; decoding support)

===Operating system support===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
|+ AV1 support by different operating systems
|-
! scope="col" | 
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;" | [[Microsoft Windows]]
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;" | [[macOS]]
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;" | [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] / [[Linux]]
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;" | [[ChromeOS]]
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;" | [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
! scope="col" style="width: 15%;" | [[iOS]]
|-
! scope="row" | Codec support
| {{yes}} 
| {{yes}} 
| {{yes}} 
| {{yes}} 
| {{yes}} 
| {{yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | Container support
| 
* [[ISO base media file format]] (.mp4)
* [[WebM]] (.webm)
* [[Matroska]] (.mkv)
| 
* [[ISO base media file format]] (.mp4)
* [[WebM]] (.webm)
| 
* [[ISO base media file format]] (.mp4)
* [[WebM]] (.webm)
* [[Matroska]] (.mkv)
| 
| 
* [[ISO base media file format]] (.mp4)
* [[WebM]] (.webm)
* [[Matroska]] (.mkv)
| 
* [[ISO base media file format]] (.mp4)
* [[WebM]] (.webm)
|-
! scope="row" | Notes
|
* Support introduced in Windows 10 [[Windows 10 version history#Version 1809 (October 2018 Update)|October 2018 Update]] (1809) with AV1 Video Extension add-on for free download<ref name="Slashdot0213211" />
* Support for hardware acceleration added in Windows 10 [[Windows 10 version history#Version 1909 (November 2019 Update)|November 2019 Update]] (1909)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tenforums.com/windows-10-news/166069-av1-hardware-accelerated-video-support-rolling-out-windows-10-a.html |title=AV1 Hardware Accelerated Video support rolling out on Windows 10 - Windows 10 Forums |access-date=5 March 2021 |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922124450/https://www.tenforums.com/windows-10-news/166069-av1-hardware-accelerated-video-support-rolling-out-windows-10-a.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Supported in [[Universal Windows Platform]] apps like [[Microsoft Movies & TV|Films & TV]]
| 
* [[macOS Ventura]] has support for AVIF images, but not AV1 playback
* [[macOS Sonoma]] has support for AVIF images, AV1 hardware decoding support for devices with hardware decoding support, like Macs with [[Apple M3]] SoCs.<ref name="Safari 17 Release Notes"/><ref name="applem3"/>
| 
| Supports decoding, from ChromeOS 70 onward 
| Supported since [[Android 10]]<ref name="androidQbeta" /><ref name="android10" /><ref name="android10release" />
| 
* [[iOS 16]] has support for AVIF images, but not AV1 playback
* [[iOS 17]] has support for AV1 playback on devices with hardware decoding support, like [[iPhone 15 Pro]], [[iPhone 15 Pro Max]] and [[iPhone 16]].<ref name="safari17"/>
|}

===Hardware===
{{Directory|section|date=January 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+ Comparison of AV1 hardware
! Company
!Product
! {{verth|Decode}}
! {{verth|Encode}}
! Profile
! Throughput<br />(single core){{Clarify |reason=Most GPUs  perform encoding on a dedicated ASIC where the concept of a "core" may or may not apply;  is this a useful metric for any modern hardware codec?|date=June 2023}}
! Throughput<br />(max){{Clarify |reason=Does this refer to encoding or decoding?  AMD can encode at higher resolutions (cinema 8k @ 8192x4352 vs. display 8k) of HEVC and AV1 than it can decode.  All streams at once or the highest available resolutions?|date=June 2023}}
! Ref
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[AMD]]
|[[RDNA 2]] (excluding Navi 24)
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|Main (0)
|
|8K30 10-bit
|<ref name="rdna2av1patch">{{cite web |last1=Deucher |first1=Alex |date=2020 |title=[PATCH 2/4] drm/amdgpu: add VCN 3.0 AV1 registers |url=https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/amd-gfx/2020-September/053779.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918112059/https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/amd-gfx/2020-September/053779.html |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="msftav1hardwareonwin10">{{cite web |title=AV1 Hardware Accelerated Video on Windows 10 |url=https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/media-at-microsoft/av1-hardware-accelerated-video-on-windows-10/ba-p/1765451 |website=TECHCOMMUNITY.MICROSOFT.COM |access-date=11 October 2020 |language=en |date=9 October 2020 |archive-date=10 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010092846/https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/media-at-microsoft/av1-hardware-accelerated-video-on-windows-10/ba-p/1765451 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AMD GPU Decoder Device Information |url=https://bluesky-soft.com/en/dxvac/deviceInfo/decoder/amd.html |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=bluesky-soft.com |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127161501/https://bluesky-soft.com/en/dxvac/deviceInfo/decoder/amd.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andermahr |first=Wolfgang |date=2020-11-18 |title=AMD Radeon RX 6800 und RX 6800 XT im Test: "Big Navi" mit RDNA 2 im Detail |url=https://www.computerbase.de/2020-11/amd-radeon-rx-6800-xt-test/2/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=ComputerBase |language=de}}</ref>
|-
|[[RDNA 3]]
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
| 8K60 (10-bit encode, 12-bit decode)
|<ref name="rdna3">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=3 November 2022 |title=AMD Reveals Radeon RX 7900 XTX and 7900 XT: First RDNA 3 Parts To Hit Shelves in December |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/17638/amd-reveals-radeon-rx-7900-xtx-and-7900-xt-first-rdna-3-parts-to-hit-shelves-in-december |website=AnandTech |language=en-US |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="AMF_Github">{{cite web |publisher=AMD |title=Advanced Media Framework - AMF Release 1.4.28 Notes |url=https://github.com/GPUOpen-LibrariesAndSDKs/AMF/releases/tag/v1.4.28 |website=Github |date=December 13, 2022 |language=en-US |access-date=June 6, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|RDNA 3.5
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|4K60
|
|-
|Alveo MA35D
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Ryan |title=AMD Announces Alveo MA35D Media Accelerator: AV1 Video Encode at 1W Per Stream |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/18805/amd-announces-alveo-ma35d-media-accelerator-av1-video-encode-at-1w-per-stream |access-date=6 April 2023 |website=www.anandtech.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xilinx.com/content/dam/xilinx/publications/product-briefs/1978700-alveo-ma35d-product-brief.pdf|title=Product brief|website=xilinx.com|access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref>  
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Amlogic]]
| S905X4
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
| 4K120
| 8K
| rowspan="3" | <ref name="Aufranc" />
|-
| S908X
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
| 8K60
|
|-
| S805X2
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
| 1080p
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
|[[Apple A17 Pro|A17 Pro]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
|4K60
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apple unveils iPhone 15 Pro and iPhone 15 Pro Max |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2023/09/apple-unveils-iphone-15-pro-and-iphone-15-pro-max/ |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Apple A18|A18 / A18 Pro]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Apple M3|M3 series]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Apple M4|M4 series]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Broadcom Corporation|Broadcom]]
| BCM7218X
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
|
| 4K
| <ref name="broadcom-bcm7218x" />
|-
| [[Chips&Media]]
| WAVE510A<br />WAVE627<ref>{{cite web |title=4k Video Codecs |url=https://www.chipsnmedia.com/4k |access-date=18 June 2021 |website=Chips&Media, Inc. |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200358/https://www.chipsnmedia.com/4k |url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| Main (0)
| 4K60
| 4K120
| <ref name="chipsnmedia" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Google]]
|[[Google Tensor#Original|Tensor Original]] / [[Tensor G2|G2]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
|4K60
|
|<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Frumusanu |first=Andrei |date=2 November 2021 |title=Google's Tensor inside of Pixel 6, Pixel 6 Pro: A Look into Performance & Efficiency |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/17032/tensor-soc-performance-efficiency |website=AnandTech |access-date=21 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Google Tensor G3|Tensor G3]]
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|4K60
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wojciechowska |first1=Kamila |title=Exclusive: Everything you want to know about the Pixel 8's processor leaked |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/pixel-8-tensor-g3-specs-3331398/ |website=Android Authority |date=3 June 2023 |publisher=Authority Media |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Intel]]
|[[Intel Xe|Xe]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|Main (0)
|8K 10-bit<ref name="intelmediadriver">{{cite web |title=intel/media-driver |url=https://github.com/intel/media-driver/releases/tag/intel-media-20.3.0 |access-date=30 September 2020 |website=GitHub |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204235545/https://github.com/intel/media-driver/releases/tag/intel-media-20.3.0 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|<ref name="phoronixintel">{{cite web |last=Larabel |first=Michael |date=9 July 2020 |title=Intel Gen12/Xe Graphics Have AV1 Accelerated Decode - Linux Support Lands |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Intel-Gen12-Xe-AV1-Decode-Media |website=Phoronix |access-date=10 July 2020 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710065930/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Intel-Gen12-Xe-AV1-Decode-Media |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="anandtechxelp">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Ryan |title=The Intel Xe-LP GPU Architecture Deep Dive: Building Up The Next Generation |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/15973/the-intel-xelp-gpu-architecture-deep-dive-building-up-from-the-bottom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816002207/https://www.anandtech.com/show/15973/the-intel-xelp-gpu-architecture-deep-dive-building-up-from-the-bottom |archive-date=16 August 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020 |website=www.anandtech.com}}</ref><ref name="msftav1hardwareonwin10"/><ref name="archday">{{cite web |title=Architecture Day 2020 |url=https://newsroom.intel.com/press-kits/architecture-day-2020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817014402/https://newsroom.intel.com/press-kits/architecture-day-2020/ |archive-date=17 August 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020 |website=Intel Newsroom}}</ref>
|-
|[[Intel Xe#Intel Xe 2|Xe 2]]
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
| 
| 8K 10-bit
| 8K 10-bit
|
|-
|[[Intel Arc|Arc]]
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|8K60
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Intel Arc Graphics – Let's Play |url=https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/docs/arc-discrete-graphics/overview.html |website=Intel |language=en-US |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Spille |first=Carsten |date=2022-12-30 |title=Nice Try: Drei Desktop-Grafikkarten mit Intels Arc-Grafikchips |url=https://www.heise.de/select/ct/2023/2/2230115502533092980 |access-date=2024-08-28 |work=c't |pages=112–115 |language=de |volume=2023 |issue=2 |issn=0724-8679}}</ref>
|-
|Data Center GPU Flex Series
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Ryan |date=17 February 2022 |title=Intel's Arctic Sound-M Server Accelerator To Land Mid-2022 With Hardware AV1 Encoding |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/17266/intels-arctic-soundm-server-accelerator-to-land-mid2022-with-hardware-av1-encoding |website=AnandTech |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/introducing-intel-data-center-gpu-flex-series.html |title=Introducing Intel Data Center GPU Flex Series for the Intelligent... |website=Intel}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[MediaTek]]
| Dimensity [[List of MediaTek systems on chips#Dimensity 1000 Series|1000 series]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
| 4K60
| 4K60
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://corp.mediatek.com/news-events/press-releases/mediatek-brings-prem-ium-features-to-high-tier-5g-smartphones-with-new-6nm-dimensity-900-5g-chipset |title=MediaTek Brings Premium Features to High Tier 5G Smartphones with New 6nm Dimensity 900 5G Chipset &#124; MediaTek |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513112912/https://corp.mediatek.com/news-events/press-releases/mediatek-brings-prem-ium-features-to-high-tier-5g-smartphones-with-new-6nm-dimensity-900-5g-chipset |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://corp.mediatek.com/news-events/press-releases/mediatek-launches-6nm-dimensity-1200-flagship-5g-soc-with-unrivaled-ai-and-multimedia-for-powerful-5g-experiences |title=MediaTek Launches 6nm Dimensity 1200 Flagship 5G SoC with Unrivaled AI and Multimedia for Powerful 5G Experiences &#124; MediaTek |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513112912/https://corp.mediatek.com/news-events/press-releases/mediatek-launches-6nm-dimensity-1200-flagship-5g-soc-with-unrivaled-ai-and-multimedia-for-powerful-5g-experiences |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mediatek.com/products/smartphones-2/mediatek-dimensity-1300 |title=MediaTek Dimensity 1300 |website=MediaTek}}</ref>
|-
| Dimensity [[List of MediaTek systems on chips#Dimensity 8000 Series|8000 series]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mediatek.com/products/smartphones-2/mediatek-dimensity-8000 |title=MediaTek Dimensity 8000 |website=MediaTek}}</ref>
|-
| Dimensity [[List of MediaTek systems on chips#Dimensity 9000 Series|9000 series]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
| 8K30
| 
| <ref>{{cite web |title=MediaTek Officially Launches Dimensity 9000 Flagship Chip And… |url=https://corp.mediatek.com/news-events/press-releases/mediatek-officially-launches-dimensity-9000-flagship-chip-and-announces-adoption-by-global-device-makers |date=25 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://corp.mediatek.com/news-events/press-releases/mediatek-launches-flagship-dimensity-9200-chipset-for-incredible-performance-and-unmatched-power-savings |title=MediaTek Launches Flagship Dimensity 9200 Chipset for Incredible… |date=18 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[List of MediaTek systems on chips#MT96XX|MT96XX series]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
| 4K60 10-bit
| 4K60 10-bit
| <ref name="mt9638">{{cite web |title=MT9638 |url=https://www.mediatek.com/products/digitalTv/mt9638 |website=MediaTek |date=3 March 2021 |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303111124/https://www.mediatek.com/products/digitalTv/mt9638 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[List of MediaTek systems on chips#MT99XX|MT9950]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
|8K30
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=MediaTek {{!}} S900 (MT9950) {{!}} Flagship 8K TV SoC |url=https://www.mediatek.com/products/digital-tv/s900-mt9950 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=MediaTek |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[List of MediaTek systems on chips#Pentonic Series|Pentonic series]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |NETINT
|Quadra T1 (1x Codensity G5 ASIC)
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|4x 4K60 10-bit streams
|4x 4K60 10-bit streams
|<ref name="rethinkresearch">{{cite web |last=Davies |first=Alex |date=18 March 2021 |title=AV1 succumbs to royalty wars as first commercial hardware transcoder arrives |url=https://rethinkresearch.biz/articles/av1-succumbs-royalty-wars-first-commercial-hardware-transcoder-arrives/ |website=Rethink Research |access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="semianalysis">{{cite web |last=Patel |first=Dylan |title=Meet NETINT: The Startup Selling Datacenter VPUs To ByteDance, Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, And More |url=https://www.semianalysis.com/p/meet-netint-the-startup-selling-to |website=SemiAnalysis |access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Quadra T2 (2x Codensity G5 ASICs)
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|4x 4K60 10-bit streams
|8x 4K60 10-bit streams
|<ref name="rethinkresearch"/><ref name="semianalysis"/>
|-
|Quadra T4 (4x Codensity G5 ASICs)
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|4x 4K60 10-bit streams
|16x 4K60 10-bit streams
|<ref name="rethinkresearch"/><ref name="semianalysis"/>
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Nvidia]]
|[[GeForce 30 series|GeForce 30]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|Main (0)
|8K60 10-bit
|
|<ref name="usheringampere">{{cite web |title=GeForce RTX 30 Series GPUs: Ushering In A New Era of Video Content With AV1 Decode |url=https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/news/rtx-30-series-av1-decoding/ |website=Nvidia |language=en-US |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901174216/https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/news/rtx-30-series-av1-decoding/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="msftav1hardwareonwin10"/><ref>{{cite web |title=V1.0NVIDIA AMPERE GA102 GPU ARCHITECTURE |url=https://www.nvidia.com/content/dam/en-zz/Solutions/geforce/ampere/pdf/NVIDIA-ampere-GA102-GPU-Architecture-Whitepaper-V1.pdf |website=Nvidia |access-date=24 November 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116100855/https://www.nvidia.com/content/dam/en-zz/Solutions/geforce/ampere/pdf/NVIDIA-ampere-GA102-GPU-Architecture-Whitepaper-V1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[GeForce 40 series|GeForce 40]]
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|Main (0)
|8K60 10-bit
|2x 8K60 10-bit

|<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ultimate GeForce GPU Comparison |url=https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/graphics-cards/compare/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=NVIDIA |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=http://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-delivers-quantum-leap-in-performance-introduces-new-era-of-neural-rendering-with-geforce-rtx-40-series |title=NVIDIA Delivers Quantum Leap in Performance, Introduces New Era of Neural Rendering With GeForce RTX 40 Series |website=NVIDIA Newsroom}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/geforce/news/rtx-40-series-and-studio-updates-for-content-creation/ |title=Creativity At The Speed of Light: GeForce RTX 40 Series Graphics Cards Unleash Up To 2X Performance in 3D Rendering, AI, and Video Exports For Gamers and Creators |website=NVIDIA}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://developer.nvidia.com/nvidia-video-codec-sdk |title=Nvidia Video Codec SDK |date=20 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Qualcomm]]
|[[List of Qualcomm Snapdragon systems on chips#Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 (2023)|Snapdragon 8 Gen 2]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
|
|8K60
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 Mobile Platform |url=https://www.qualcomm.com/products/application/smartphones/snapdragon-8-series-mobile-platforms/snapdragon-8-gen-2-mobile-platform |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=www.qualcomm.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[List of Qualcomm Snapdragon systems on chips#Snapdragon 8/8s Gen 3 (2024)|Snapdragon 8/8s Gen 3]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[List of Qualcomm Snapdragon systems on chips#Snapdragon X series|Snapdragon X Plus/Elite]]
| {{ya}}
| {{ya}}
|Main (0)
|4K120 10-bit
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Snapdragon X Elite |url=https://www.qualcomm.com/products/mobile/snapdragon/pcs-and-tablets/snapdragon-x-elite |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=QUALCOMM |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Realtek]]
| RTD1311
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
|
| 4K
| <ref name="realtek-4k-decoder" />
|-
| RTD2893
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
|
| 8K
| <ref name="realtek-8k-decoder" /><ref name="AnandTechRTD2893" />
|-
| [[Rockchip]]
| RK3588
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
| 
| 4K60 10-bit
|
| <ref name="cnx-rk3588" />
|-
| [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]]
|[[Exynos#Exynos 2000 series|Exynos 2000 series]]
| {{ya}}
| {{na}}
|
|8K30
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Exynos 2100 {{!}} Processor |url=https://semiconductor.samsung.com/emea/processor/mobile-processor/exynos-2100/ |website=Samsung Semiconductor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Exynos 2200 {{!}} Processor |url=https://www.samsung.com/semiconductor/minisite/exynos/products/mobileprocessor/exynos-2200/ |website=Samsung Semiconductor |language=en |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Patent claims==
In early 2019, Sisvel, a Luxembourg-based company, claimed to be forming a [[patent pool]] of patents essential to AV1.<ref name="sisvel-mux" /> This development has not caused Google to reevaluate its planned AV1 usage<ref>{{
cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.webmproject.org/about/faq/#patent-pool-questions |website=The WebM Project |access-date=15 April 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922124446/https://www.webmproject.org/about/faq/#patent-pool-questions |url-status=live

}}</ref> and the Alliance for Open Media has stated they remain confident that AV1 still overcomes the environment of "high patent royalty requirements and licensing uncertainty".<ref name="aom-statement" /> Sisvel began selling licenses to the pool, which contains patents from [[Philips]], [[GE]], [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone|NTT]], [[Ericsson]], [[Dolby]], and [[Toshiba]] in 2020.<ref name="cnet-1050" /> [[Unified Patents]] has been tracking challenges to various patents in the pool.<ref>{{

cite web|title=News and Views #AV1|access-date=20 February 2024|website=Unified Patents|date=8 January 2024 |url=https://www.unifiedpatents.com/insights?tag=AV1

}}</ref>

On 7 July 2022, it was revealed that the [[European Union]]'s [[antitrust]] regulators had opened an investigation into [[Alliance for Open Media|AOM]] and its licensing policy. It said this action may be restricting the innovators' ability to compete with the AV1 technical specification, and also eliminate incentives for them to innovate.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chee |first=Foo Yun |date=7 July 2022 |title=EXCLUSIVE EU antitrust regulators probing tech group AOM's video licensing policy |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/exclusive-eu-antitrust-regulators-probing-tech-group-aoms-video-licensing-policy-2022-07-07/ |access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref>
{{blockquote|The Commission has information that AOM and its members may be imposing licensing terms (mandatory royalty-free cross licensing) on innovators that were not a part of AOM at the time of the creation of the AV1 technical, but whose patents are deemed essential to (its) technical specifications}}
On 23 May 2023, the European Commission decided to close the investigation while taking no further action. But in an email they reiterated that the closure does not constitute a finding of compliance or non-compliance with EU antitrust laws.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chee |first=Foo Yun |date=2023-05-23 |title=Tech group AOM's video licensing policy no longer in EU antitrust crosshairs |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/eu-antitrust-regulators-drop-probe-into-tech-groups-video-licensing-policy-2023-05-23/ |access-date=2023-05-26}}</ref>

In October 2023, patent pool operator [[Avanci]] announced the start of a new licensing program targeting video streaming operators that use AV1 in addition to H.265, H.266, VP9, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-18 |title=Avanci Video Launched as Licensing Platform for Internet Streaming Services |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20231018819236/en/Avanci-Video-Launched-as-Licensing-Platform-for-Internet-Streaming-Services |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref>

==AV1 Image File Format (AVIF)==
{{Main|AVIF}}
AV1 Image File Format (AVIF) is an [[image file format]] specification for storing still images or image sequences compressed with AV1 in the [[High Efficiency Image File Format|HEIF]] file format.<ref name="aomediacodec.github.io av1-avif" /> It competes with HEIC which uses the same [[Container format|container]] format, built upon [[ISOBMFF]], but [[High Efficiency Video Coding|HEVC]] for compression.

==See also==
* [[Versatile Video Coding]] – a competing proprietary codec

==References== 
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="netvc">{{cite web |first=Sebastian |last=Grüner |publisher=golem.de |date=19 July 2016 |url=https://www.golem.de/news/ietf-netvc-der-naechste-videocodec-soll-25-prozent-besser-sein-als-h-265-1607-122199.html |title=Der nächste Videocodec soll 25 Prozent besser sein als H.265 |language=de |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-date=3 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303045259/https://www.golem.de/news/ietf-netvc-der-naechste-videocodec-soll-25-prozent-besser-sein-als-h-265-1607-122199.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="CNETVP10September2014">{{cite news |title=Google's Web-video ambitions bump into hard reality |first=Stephen |last=Shankland |publisher=[[CNET]] |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/googles-web-video-ambitions-run-into-industry-reality/ |date=12 September 2014 |access-date=13 September 2014 |archive-date=29 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329093904/https://www.cnet.com/news/googles-web-video-ambitions-run-into-industry-reality/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="VP9 successor">{{cite web |first=Steven |last=Zimmerman |url=https://www.xda-developers.com/av1-future-video-codecs-google-hevc/ |title=Google's Royalty-Free Answer to HEVC: A Look at AV1 and the Future of Video Codecs |publisher=XDA Developers |date=15 May 2017 |access-date=10 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614042710/https://www.xda-developers.com/av1-future-video-codecs-google-hevc/ |archive-date=14 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="aom_mission">{{cite web |last1=Frost |first1=Matt |title=VP9-AV1 Video Compression Update |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDNpIGBayoE&t=1286s |access-date=10 August 2021 |date=16 January 2020 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810212434/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDNpIGBayoE&t=1286s |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Shilov 2018">{{cite web |last1=Shilov |first1=Anton |title=Alliance for Open Media Releases Royalty-Free AV1 1.0 Codec Spec |url=https://anandtech.com/show/12601 |website=AnandTech |date=30 March 2018 |access-date=2 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226022722/https://www.anandtech.com/show/12601/alliance-for-open-media-releases-royaltyfree-av1-10-codec-spec |archive-date=26 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Larabel 2018-06-25">{{cite web |last1=Larabel |first1=Michael |title=AOMedia AV1 Codec v1.0.0 Appears Ready For Release |url=https://phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=AOMedia-AV1-1.0.0-Tagged |website=Phoronix |access-date=27 June 2018 |date=25 June 2018 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182048/https://phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=AOMedia-AV1-1.0.0-Tagged |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- unused <ref name="3.5.0-release">{{cite web |title=refs/tags/v3.5.0 - aom - Git at Google |url=https://aomedia.googlesource.com/aom/+/refs/tags/v3.5.0 |website=aomedia.googlesource.com |access-date=22 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004024246/https://aomedia.googlesource.com/aom/+/refs/tags/v3.5.0 |url-status=live}}</ref> -->

<ref name="encoder speed">{{cite web |url=https://www.v-net.tv/2018/02/15/race-on-to-bring-av1-open-source-codec-to-market-as-code-freezes/ |title=Race on to bring AV1 open source codec to market, as code freezes |last=Hunter |first=Philip |date=15 February 2018 |website=Videonet |publisher=Mediatel Limited-GB |access-date=19 March 2018 |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712180301/https://www.v-net.tv/2018/02/15/race-on-to-bring-av1-open-source-codec-to-market-as-code-freezes/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ip remains">{{cite web |access-date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=124134 |title=AV1 Is Finally Here, but Intellectual Property Questions Remain |first=Jan |last=Ozer |work=Streaming Media Magazine |date=28 March 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802045632/http://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=124134 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="theregister-vp8">{{cite web |last1=Metz |first1=Cade |title=Google open video codec may face patent clash |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/21/mpegla_mulls_patent_license_for_webm/ |website=The Register |access-date=16 February 2020 |date=21 May 2010 |archive-date=10 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810205907/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/21/mpegla_mulls_patent_license_for_webm/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="eetimes-av1release">{{cite web |last1=Yoshida |first1=Junko |title=Streaming Group to Pit AV1 Against H.265 |url=https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1333129 |website=EE Times |publisher=AspenCore, Inc |access-date=4 April 2019 |date=28 March 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404171842/https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1333129 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="multichannel-nab2018">{{cite web |last1=Baumgartner |first1=Jeff |title=NAB 2018: Hardware Support a Big Step Ahead for AV1 |url=https://www.multichannel.com/news/hardware-support-big-step-ahead-av1 |website=Multichannel |publisher=Publishing Limited Quay House |access-date=4 April 2019 |date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404151522/https://www.multichannel.com/news/hardware-support-big-step-ahead-av1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="comes of age">{{cite web |access-date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=111550&PageNum=2 |title=VP9 Finally Comes of Age, But Is it Right for Everyone? |first=Jan |last=Ozer |date=June 2016 |archive-date=22 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062507/http://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=111550&PageNum=2 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="patents and standards">{{cite journal |access-date=21 April 2018 |url=https://ifosslr.org/index.php/ifosslr/article/view/21/45 |title=Patents and their effect on Standards: Open video codecs for HTML5 |first=Silvia |last=Pfeiffer |journal=Journal of Open Law, Technology & Society |date=December 2009 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=131–138 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214002749/https://ifosslr.org/index.php/ifosslr/article/view/21/45 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ivc">{{cite web |access-date=21 April 2018 |url=http://blog.chiariglione.org/a-crisis-the-causes-and-a-solution/ |title=A crisis, the causes and a solution |first=Leonardo |last=Chiariglione |date=28 January 2018 |quote=two tracks in MPEG: one track producing royalty free standards (Option 1, in ISO language) and the other the traditional Fair Reasonable and Non Discriminatory (FRAND) standards (Option 2, in ISO language). (…) The Internet Video Coding (IVC) standard was a successful implementation of the idea (…). Unfortunately 3 companies made blank Option 2 statements (of the kind "I may have patents and I am willing to license them at FRAND terms"), a possibility that ISO allows. MPEG had no means to remove the claimed infringing technologies, if any, and IVC is practically dead. |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417204415/http://blog.chiariglione.org/a-crisis-the-causes-and-a-solution/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="crisis">{{cite web |access-date=21 April 2018 |url=http://blog.chiariglione.org/a-crisis-the-causes-and-a-solution/ |title=A crisis, the causes and a solution |first=Leonardo |last=Chiariglione |date=28 January 2018 |quote=How could MPEG achieve this? Thanks to its "business model" that can simply be described as: produce standards having the best performance as a goal, irrespective of the IPR involved. |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417204415/http://blog.chiariglione.org/a-crisis-the-causes-and-a-solution/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="theregisterpatent license">{{cite web |title=Web giants gang up to take on MPEG LA, HEVC Advance with royalty-free streaming codec |url=https://www.theregister.com/2015/09/01/alliance_for_open_media/ |website=www.theregister.com |access-date=15 October 2020 |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017061358/https://www.theregister.com/2015/09/01/alliance_for_open_media/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="video element">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juer_YCitJE&t=11m50s |title=Proposal for the HTML 5 video element (Google TechTalks) |first=Håkon |last=Wium Lie |access-date=3 January 2019 |publisher=Google Video, later YouTube |date=29 March 2007 |quote=Flash is today the baseline format on the web. The problem with Flash is that it's not an open standard. It's a proprietary format, it hasn't been documented, and it probably requires the payment of licenses if you are going to (…) write software for it (…) The web community has always been based on open standards. This has been what the web was founded on, where HTML started. That's why we developed the PNG image format – we wanted a freely implementable open standard to hold the content we are putting out there. Our content is too valuable to put into some locked format. This goes back all the way to SGML, in which the mantra was "own your data". (…) If we look at open standards for video today (…), there is one which I believe is the right one, and that's called Ogg Theora. |archive-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225215723/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juer_YCitJE&t=11m50s |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="tax">{{cite web |title=An Invisible Tax on the Web: Video Codecs |url=https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2018/07/11/royalty-free-web-video-codecs/ |access-date=4 January 2019 |date=11 July 2018 |quote=Mozilla uses Cisco's OpenH264 in Firefox. If not for Cisco's generosity, Mozilla would be paying estimated licensing fees of $9.75 million a year. |archive-date=5 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105042754/https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2018/07/11/royalty-free-web-video-codecs/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="integrating-thor">{{cite web |url=https://sigport.org/sites/default/files/docs/icip_presentation_clpf.pdf |title=Integrating Thor tools into the emerging AV1 codec |first1=Steinar |last1=Midtskogen |first2=Arild |last2=Fuldseth |first3=Gisle |last3=Bjøntegaard |first4=Thomas |last4=Davies |quote=What can Thor add to VP9/AV1? Since Thor aims for reasonable compression at only moderate complexity, we considered features of Thor that could increase the compression efficiency of VP9 and/or reduce the computational complexity. |date=13 September 2017 |access-date=2 October 2017 |archive-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225215755/https://sigport.org/sites/default/files/docs/icip_presentation_clpf.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="streamingmedia-2016-06-03">{{cite web |url=https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/What-is-AV1-111497.aspx |title=What is AV1? |last=Ozer |first=Jan |date=3 June 2016 |website=Streaming Media Magazine |publisher=[[Information Today, Inc.]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126103839/http://streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/What-Is-.../What-is-AV1-111497.aspx |archive-date=26 November 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 November 2016 |quote=...&nbsp;Once available, YouTube expects to transition to AV1 as quickly as possible, particularly for video configurations such as UHD, HDR, and high frame rate videos&nbsp;...&nbsp;Based upon its experience with implementing VP9, YouTube estimates that they could start shipping AV1 streams within six months after the bitstream is finalized.&nbsp;...}}</ref>

<ref name="bitformat">{{cite news |first=Romain |last=Bouqueau |title=A view on VP9 and AV1 part 1: specifications |publisher=[[GPAC Project on Advanced Content]] |url=https://www.gpac-licensing.com/2016/07/12/vp9-av1-bitstream-format/ |date=12 June 2016 |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711073657/https://www.gpac-licensing.com/2016/07/12/vp9-av1-bitstream-format/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="basis">{{cite web |first=Jan |last=Ozer |date=26 May 2016 |url=https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/-111334.aspx |title=What Is VP9? |publisher=Streaming Media |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920082113/https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/-111334.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="license">{{cite web |url=https://aomedia.googlesource.com/aom/+/master/LICENSE |title=LICENSE - aom - Git at Google |publisher=Aomedia.googlesource.com |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926085905/https://aomedia.googlesource.com/aom/+/master/LICENSE |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="streamingmedia-2017-08-30">{{cite web |last1=Ozer |first1=Jan |title=AV1: A status update |website=Streaming Media Magazine |url=https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/AV1-A-Status-Update-120214.aspx |access-date=14 September 2017 |date=30 August 2017 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214002912/https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/AV1-A-Status-Update-120214.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ittiam-ibc">{{cite web |title=Analysis of the emerging AOMedia AV1 video coding format for OTT use-cases |url=https://show.ibc.org/__media/Technical-Papers-2017/S-Sethuraman---ANALYSIS-OF-THE-EMERGING-AOMEDIA-AV1-VIDEO-CODING-FORMAT-FOR-OTT-USE-CASES.pdf |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920095629/https://show.ibc.org/__media/Technical-Papers-2017/S-Sethuraman---ANALYSIS-OF-THE-EMERGING-AOMEDIA-AV1-VIDEO-CODING-FORMAT-FOR-OTT-USE-CASES.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="VP10">{{citation |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Debargha |last2=Su |first2=Hui |last3=Bankoski |first3=Jim |last4=Converse |first4=Alex |last5=Han |first5=Jingning |last6=Liu |first6=Zoe |last7=Xu |first7=Yaowu |editor1-first=Andrew G |editor1-last=Tescher |publisher=International Society for Optics and Photonics |journal=SPIE Optical Engineering+ Applications |title=An overview of new video coding tools under consideration for VP10 – the successor to VP9 |series=Applications of Digital Image Processing XXXVIII |volume=9599 |year=2015 |pages=95991E |doi=10.1117/12.2191104 |bibcode=2015SPIE.9599E..1EM |s2cid=61317162}}</ref>

<ref name="ibc2018-talk-codec-wars">{{cite AV media |url=https://ibc.gallery.video/ibctv2018/detail/videos/ibc2018-videos/video/5835474804001/ibc2018-conference:-tech-talks:-codec-wars |minutes=28 |type=Recorded talk |people=Ian Trow |date=16 September 2018 |access-date=18 September 2018 |title=Tech Talks: Codec wars |publisher=IBC 2018 Conference}}</ref>

<ref name="Streaming Media 2017-10-11">{{cite web |title=Demuxed: A Video Engineer's Nirvana |first=Jan |last=Ozer |website=Streaming Media Magazine |date=11 October 2017 |url=https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=121015 |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711161828/https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=121015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="feldman-obmc">{{cite AV media |date=7 May 2019 |publication-date=6 January 2020 |last=Feldman |first=Christian |title=VES104. AV1/VVC Update |medium=Talk |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4HbMi0Pq4s&t=9m33s |access-date=8 January 2020 |time=9 minutes 33 seconds |work=Streaming Media Magazine}}</ref>

<ref name="Han Saxena Melkote Rose 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Han |first1=Jingning |last2=Saxena |first2=Ankur |last3=Melkote |first3=Vinay |last4=Rose |first4=Kenneth |title=Jointly Optimized Spatial Prediction and Block Transform for Video and Image Coding |journal=IEEE Transactions on Image Processing |date=29 September 2011 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=1874–1884 |url=http://www.scl.ece.ucsb.edu/pubs/pubs_A/a12_2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713213155/http://www.scl.ece.ucsb.edu/pubs/pubs_A/a12_2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2012 |access-date=12 February 2019 |citeseerx=10.1.1.367.5662 |doi=10.1109/tip.2011.2169976 |pmid=21965209 |s2cid=9507669}}</ref>

<ref name="negge-depth-packt">{{cite web |title=Mozilla shares how AV1, the new open source royalty-free video codec, works |url=https://hub.packtpub.com/mozilla-shares-how-av1-the-new-the-open-source-royalty-free-video-codec-works/ |access-date=21 December 2018 |date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711073353/https://hub.packtpub.com/mozilla-shares-how-av1-the-new-the-open-source-royalty-free-video-codec-works/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="negge-depth-slides">{{cite web |title=Into the Depths:The Technical Details Behind AV1 |url=https://xiph.org/~negge/MHV2018.pdf |access-date=21 December 2018 |date=31 July 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016175645/https://people.xiph.org/~negge/MHV2018.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="golem20160609">{{cite web |first=Sebastian |last=Grüner |website=golem.de |date=9 June 2016 |url=https://www.golem.de/news/daala-entwickler-freie-videocodecs-teilweise-besser-als-h-265-1606-121413.html |title=Freie Videocodecs teilweise besser als H.265 |language=de |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-date=3 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303043305/https://www.golem.de/news/daala-entwickler-freie-videocodecs-teilweise-besser-als-h-265-1606-121413.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="elecard_comparison">{{cite web |title=Results of Elecard's latest benchmarks of AV1 compared to HEVC |url=https://www.elecard.com/news/results-of-elecards-latest-benchmarks-of-av1-compared-to-hevc |access-date=14 June 2017 |date=24 April 2017 |quote=The most intriguing result obtained after analysis of the data lies in the fact that the developed codec AV1 is currently equal in its performance with HEVC. The given streams are encoded with AV1 update of 2017.01.31 |archive-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226130511/https://www.elecard.com/news/results-of-elecards-latest-benchmarks-of-av1-compared-to-hevc |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ozer_compares_hevc">{{cite web |last1=Ozer |first1=Jan |title=HEVC: Rating the contenders |url=https://streaminglearningcenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Comparing_Best_HEVC_Codec.pdf |publisher=Streaming Learning Center |access-date=22 May 2017 |archive-date=10 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610220725/http://streaminglearningcenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Comparing_Best_HEVC_Codec.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="comparison_by_hhi">{{cite conference |first1=D. |last1=Grois |first2=T. |last2=Nguyen |first3=D. |last3=Marpe |title=Coding efficiency comparison of AV1/VP9, H.265/MPEG-HEVC, and H.264/MPEG-AVC encoders |conference=IEEE Picture Coding Symposium (PCS) |year=2016 |url=http://iphome.hhi.de/marpe/download/Preprint-Performance-Comparison-AV1-HEVC-AVC-PCS2016.pdf |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517035431/http://iphome.hhi.de/marpe/download/Preprint-Performance-Comparison-AV1-HEVC-AVC-PCS2016.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Netflix">{{cite news |url=https://streaminglearningcenter.com/codecs/netflix-on-av1.html |title=Netflix on AV1 |date=30 November 2017 |work=Streaming Learning Center |access-date=8 December 2017 |archive-date=9 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044238/https://streaminglearningcenter.com/codecs/netflix-on-av1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MSU2017-1">{{cite web |url=http://compression.ru/video/codec_comparison/hevc_2017/MSU_HEVC_comparison_2017_P5_HQ_encoders.pdf |title=MSU Codec Comparison 2017 |date=17 January 2018 |access-date=9 February 2018 |archive-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002340/http://compression.ru/video/codec_comparison/hevc_2017/MSU_HEVC_comparison_2017_P5_HQ_encoders.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="MSU2017-2">{{cite news |url=https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/AV1-Beats-VP9-and-HEVC-on-Quality-if-Youve-Got-Time-says-Moscow-State-122945.aspx |title=AV1 Beats VP9 and HEVC on Quality, if You've Got Time, says Moscow State |last=Ozer |first=Jan |date=30 January 2018 |work=Streaming Media Magazine |access-date=9 February 2018 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214002647/https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/AV1-Beats-VP9-and-HEVC-on-Quality-if-Youve-Got-Time-says-Moscow-State-122945.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Baumgartner 2019">{{cite web |last=Baumgartner |first=Jeff |title=Facebook: Tests Show AV1 Streaming Performance Is Exceeding Expectations |website=Multichannel |date=8 February 2019 |url=https://www.multichannel.com/blog/facebook-tests-show-av1-streaming-performance-exceeding-expectations |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214061316/https://www.multichannel.com/blog/facebook-tests-show-av1-streaming-performance-exceeding-expectations |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="isobmff">{{cite web |url=https://cdn.rawgit.com/AOMediaCodec/av1-isobmff/v1.0.0/ |title=AV1 Codec ISO Media File Format Binding |website=cdn.rawgit.com |access-date=14 September 2018 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214002715/https://cdn.rawgit.com/AOMediaCodec/av1-isobmff/v1.0.0/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="matroska">{{cite web |title=AOM AV1 codec mapping in Matroska/WebM |url=https://cellar-wg.github.io/matroska-specification/codec/av1.html |access-date=19 December 2018 |date=3 December 2018 |archive-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816142459/http://cellar-wg.github.io/matroska-specification/codec/av1.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="matroska merge">{{cite web |title=Matroska AV1 support |website=[[GitHub]] |url=https://github.com/cellar-wg/matroska-specification/issues/229 |access-date=19 December 2018 |date=12 September 2018 |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606152108/https://github.com/cellar-wg/matroska-specification/issues/229 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="WebM Container Guidelines">{{cite web |title=WebM Container Guidelines |url=https://www.webmproject.org/docs/container/ |access-date=19 December 2018 |date=28 November 2017 |archive-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214231910/https://www.webmproject.org/docs/container/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="webm initial commit">{{cite web |url=https://chromium.googlesource.com/webm/libvpx/+/0ea50ce9cb4b65eee/examples/simple_encoder.txt |title=Simple Encoder |access-date=17 January 2019 |date=18 May 2010 |quote=IVF files will not generally be used by your application. |archive-date=17 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117122247/https://chromium.googlesource.com/webm/libvpx/+/0ea50ce9cb4b65eee/examples/simple_encoder.txt |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="rav1e-github">{{cite web |url=https://github.com/xiph/rav1e |title=The fastest and safest AV1 encoder. |website=[[GitHub]] |access-date=9 April 2018 |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529191714/https://github.com/xiph/rav1e |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="libaom matroska">{{cite web |title=WebM output in libaom |url=https://bugs.chromium.org/p/aomedia/issues/detail?id=2027 |access-date=19 December 2018 |date=1 November 2018 |archive-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230554/https://bugs.chromium.org/p/aomedia/issues/detail?id=2027 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="lca2019 encoding speed">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qubPzBcYCTw&t=33m44s |title=Linux Conference Australia 2019: The AV1 Video Codec |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=5 February 2019 |date=24 January 2019 |quote=We have been focusing on freezing the bitstream and getting the quality, not necessarily making things fast. This is a graph of the [encoding] speed of AV1 over its development process. You can se that as we near the end of that process, we started making things faster again, and it's now two orders of magnitude faster than it was at its slowest point. So that's going to improve. And this is a corresponding graph of the quality. (…) So you can see that even as it has continued to get much faster, the quality hasn't really gone down. (…) We wanted to approach this from the other end, so we started an encoder of our own, called rav1e, and the idea is that we would start out always being fast, and then try to make it better over time. |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606151744/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qubPzBcYCTw&t=33m44s |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Armasu 2019">{{cite web |last=Armasu |first=Lucian |title=Intel Releases Open Source Encoder for Next-Gen AV1 Codec |website=Tom's Hardware |date=4 February 2019 |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-svt-av1-open-source-encoder,38551.html |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922124514/https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-svt-av1-open-source-encoder,38551.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="dav1d">{{cite web |url=http://www.jbkempf.com/blog/post/2018/Introducing-dav1d |title=Introducing dav1d: a new AV1 decoder |access-date=6 January 2019 |date=1 October 2018 |archive-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220142741/http://www.jbkempf.com/blog/post/2018/Introducing-dav1d |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Kempf Kempf 2018">{{cite web |last=Kempf |first=Jean-Baptiste |title=First release of dav1d, the AV1 decoder |website=personal website of Jean-Baptiste Kempf |date=11 December 2018 |url=http://www.jbkempf.com/blog/post/2018/First-release-of-dav1d |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120110941/http://www.jbkempf.com/blog/post/2018/First-release-of-dav1d |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="MozHacks 05 2019">{{cite web |last=Egge |first=Nathan |title=Firefox brings you smooth video playback with the world's fastest AV1 decoder |website=Mozilla Hacks |date=23 May 2019 |url=https://hacks.mozilla.org/2019/05/firefox-brings-you-smooth-video-playback-with-the-worlds-fastest-av1-decoder/ |access-date=30 May 2019 |archive-date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530093223/https://hacks.mozilla.org/2019/05/firefox-brings-you-smooth-video-playback-with-the-worlds-fastest-av1-decoder/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Slashdot2223241">{{cite web |title=Chrome 70 Arrives With Option To Disable Linked Sign-Ins, PWAs On Windows, and AV1 Decoder |website=Slashdot |url=https://slashdot.org/story/18/10/16/2223241 |date=16 October 2018 |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711055948/https://slashdot.org/story/18/10/16/2223241 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Techdows 2018">{{cite web |title=How to Play AV1 Videos on YouTube in Chrome 70, Firefox, Vivaldi, Opera |website=Techdows |date=19 October 2018 |url=https://techdows.com/2018/10/play-av1-videos-youtube-chrome-70-firefox-vivaldi-opera.html |access-date=26 February 2019 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182810/https://techdows.com/2018/10/play-av1-videos-youtube-chrome-70-firefox-vivaldi-opera.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Opera 57">{{cite news |url=https://blogs.opera.com/desktop/2018/11/opera-57-stable/ |title=Opera 57 with smarter news and Netflix recommendations |date=28 November 2018 |work=Opera Desktop |access-date=13 December 2018 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716194609/https://blogs.opera.com/desktop/2018/11/opera-57-stable/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Tung 2018">{{cite web |last=Tung |first=Liam |title=VideoLAN: VLC 3.0's huge update brings Chromecast support, 360-degree video |website=ZDNet |date=12 February 2018 |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/videolan-vlc-3-0s-huge-update-brings-chromecast-support-360-degree-video/ |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308212311/https://www.zdnet.com/article/videolan-vlc-3-0s-huge-update-brings-chromecast-support-360-degree-video/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Larabel 2018-03-20">{{cite web |last1=Larabel |first1=Michael |title=GStreamer 1.14.0 Released With WebRTC Support, AV1 Video & Better Rust Bindings |website=Phoronix |date=20 March 2018 |url=https://phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=GStreamer-1.14.0-Released |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181908/https://phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=GStreamer-1.14.0-Released |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!--<ref name="Streaming Media 2018-09-27">{{cite web |title=Time to Start Testing: FFmpeg Turns 4.0 and Adds AV1 Support |website=Streaming Media Magazine |date=27 September 2018 |url=https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=127685 |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710222216/https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=127685 |url-status=live}}</ref>-->

<ref name="Serea 2018">{{cite news |last=Serea |first=Razvan |url=https://www.neowin.net/news/mediainfo-1803 |title=MediaInfo 18.03 |work=Neowin |date=20 March 2018 |access-date=3 May 2018 |archive-date=4 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504011509/https://www.neowin.net/news/mediainfo-1803 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Slashdot0213211">{{cite web |title=Microsoft Launches Free AV1 Video Codec For Windows 10 |website=Slashdot |url=https://slashdot.org/story/18/11/10/0213211 |date=10 November 2018 |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711142105/https://slashdot.org/story/18/11/10/0213211 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="aomediacodec.github.io av1-avif">{{cite web |url=https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-avif/ |title=AV1 Image File Format (AVIF) |website=aomediacodec.github.io |access-date=25 November 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129220820/https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-avif/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="near-reasonable">{{cite news |last1=Ozer |first1=Jan |title=Good News: AV1 Encoding Times Drop to Near-Reasonable Levels |url=https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/Featured-Articles/Good-News-AV1-Encoding-Times-Drop-to-Near-Reasonable-Levels-130284.aspx |access-date=4 March 2019 |date=4 March 2019 |archive-date=5 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305040653/https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/Featured-Articles/Good-News-AV1-Encoding-Times-Drop-to-Near-Reasonable-Levels-130284.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="sisvel-slc">{{cite web |last1=Ozer |first1=Jan |title=Sisvel Announces Patent Pools for VP9 and AV1 |url=https://streaminglearningcenter.com/blogs/sisvel-announces-patent-pools-for-vp9-and-av1.html |website=Stream Learning Center |access-date=4 April 2019 |date=28 March 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404102628/https://streaminglearningcenter.com/blogs/sisvel-announces-patent-pools-for-vp9-and-av1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> -->

<ref name="sisvel-mux">{{cite web |last1=Cluff |first1=Phil |title=Did Sisvel just catch AOM with their patents down? |url=https://mux.com/blog/did-sisvel-just-catch-aom-with-their-patents-down/ |website=Mux.com |access-date=4 April 2019 |date=28 March 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404102626/https://mux.com/blog/did-sisvel-just-catch-aom-with-their-patents-down/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="arstechnica-aom-announcement">{{cite web |last1=Bright |first1=Peter |title=Microsoft, Google, Amazon, others, aim for royalty-free video codecs |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/09/microsoft-google-amazon-others-aim-for-royalty-free-video-codecs/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=Condé Nast |access-date=5 April 2019 |date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711045400/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/09/microsoft-google-amazon-others-aim-for-royalty-free-video-codecs/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="cisco-AV1-release">{{cite web |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Jonathan |title=Introducing the Industry's Next Video Codec: AV1 |url=https://blogs.cisco.com/collaboration/av1-video-codec |website=Cisco Blogs |publisher=Cisco Systems |access-date=15 April 2019 |date=28 March 2018 |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426033153/https://blogs.cisco.com/collaboration/av1-video-codec |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="fsfe on frand">{{cite web |title=Why is FRAND bad for Free Software? |url=https://fsfe.org/activities/os/why-frand-is-bad-for-free-software.en.html |access-date=8 April 2019 |date=20 June 2016 |quote=As Free Software gives each user the freedom to redistribute the software itself, keeping track and collecting royalties based on distributed copies is also, in practice, impossible. |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606151812/https://fsfe.org/activities/os/why-frand-is-bad-for-free-software.en.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="openh264">{{cite web |title=OpenH264 Now in Firefox |url=https://andreasgal.com/2014/10/14/openh264-now-in-firefox/ |access-date=8 April 2019 |date=14 October 2014 |quote=Because H.264 implementations are subject to a royalty bearing patent license and Mozilla is an open source project, we are unable to ship H.264 in Firefox directly. We want anyone to be able to distribute Firefox without paying the MPEG LA. |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711070654/https://andreasgal.com/2014/10/14/openh264-now-in-firefox/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="cnet-aom-announcement">{{cite web |last1=Shankland |first1=Stephen |title=Tech giants join forces to hasten high-quality online video |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/tech-giants-join-forces-to-hasten-high-quality-online-video/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=CBS Interactive Inc. |access-date=15 April 2019 |date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183253/https://www.cnet.com/news/tech-giants-join-forces-to-hasten-high-quality-online-video/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="netflix-royaltyfree-2016">{{cite web |last1=Ronca |first1=David |title=Royalty-Free Video Encoding Netflix Meet-up |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thvSyJN1vsA&t=5468 |website=YouTube |publisher=Netflix |access-date=5 February 2020 |date=12 October 2016 |quote=In addition, we're engaged with the AOM as far as providing test vectors, providing requirements, we'll be looking forward to testing AV1 in our workflow against a large catalog and providing results there. And also we would expect to be an early adopter of AV1. |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204225158/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=thvSyJN1vsA&t=5468 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="twitch-AV1-2019">{{cite web |last1=Ozer |first1=Jan |last2=Shen |first2=Yueshi |title=NAB 2019: Twitch Talks VP9 and AV1 Roadmap |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mgOPEfIGxpE&t=1m34s |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=30 May 2019 |date=2 May 2019 |quote=but we're hoping, towards 2024-2025 the AV1 ecosystem's ready, we wanna switch to AV1 a 100%. … this is our projection right now. But on the other hand, as I said, our AV1 release will be, for the head content will be a lot sooner. We are hoping 2022-2023 is we are going to release AV1 for the head content. |archive-date=12 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712104256/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mgOPEfIGxpE&t=1m34s |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="netflix-feb-2020">{{cite web |last1=Abner |first1=Li |title=Netflix starts streaming AV1 on Android to save cellular data |url=https://9to5google.com/2020/02/05/netflix-android-av1-streaming/ |website=[[9to5Google]] |access-date=5 February 2020 |date=5 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205232934/https://9to5google.com/2020/02/05/netflix-android-av1-streaming/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="netflix-nov-2021">{{cite news |title=Bringing AV1 Streaming to Netflix Members' TVs |url=https://netflixtechblog.com/bringing-av1-streaming-to-netflix-members-tvs-b7fc88e42320 |newspaper=Medium |access-date=10 November 2021 |date=10 November 2021 |last1=Blog |first1=Netflix Technology }}</ref>

<ref name="vimeo-lightread">{{cite news |title=Vimeo Streams in Support for AV1 |url=https://www.lightreading.com/video/video-software/vimeo-streams-in-support-for-av1-/d/d-id/752160 |access-date=15 June 2019 |date=13 June 2019 |archive-date=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620015523/https://www.lightreading.com/video/video-software/vimeo-streams-in-support-for-av1-/d/d-id/752160 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="mpegts">{{cite web |url=https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-mpeg2-ts/ |title=AV1 specification for carriage inside MPEG-2 TS |website=GitHub |language=en |access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="realtek-8k-decoder">{{cite web |url=https://www.realtek.com/en/press-room/news-releases/item/realtek-wins-three-best-choice-awards-at-computex-taipei-2019-including-2-best-choice-golden-awards-copy |title=Realtek 8K Video Decoder and Processing IC (RTD2893) Wins Best Choice of the Year at COMPUTEX TAIPEI 2019 - REALTEK |website=www.realtek.com |access-date=17 June 2019 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617195736/https://www.realtek.com/en/press-room/news-releases/item/realtek-wins-three-best-choice-awards-at-computex-taipei-2019-including-2-best-choice-golden-awards-copy |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="AnandTechRTD2893">{{cite news |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/14560/realtek-demonstrates-rtd2893-a-platform-for-8k-ultrahd-tvs |title=Realtek Demonstrates RTD2893: A Platform for 8K Ultra HD TVs |first=Anton |last=Shilov |work=[[AnandTech]] |publisher=[[Purch]] |date=19 June 2019 |access-date=19 June 2019 |archive-date=19 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619151757/https://www.anandtech.com/show/14560/realtek-demonstrates-rtd2893-a-platform-for-8k-ultrahd-tvs |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="realtek-4k-decoder">{{cite web |url=https://www.realtek.com/en/press-room/news-releases/item/realtek-launches-worldwide-first-4k-uhd-set-top-box-soc-rtd1311-integrating-av1-video-decoder-and-multiple-cas-functions |title=Realtek Launches Worldwide First 4K UHD Set-top Box SoC (RTD1311), Integrating AV1 Video Decoder and Multiple CAS Functions - REALTEK |website=www.realtek.com |access-date=17 June 2019 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617110756/https://www.realtek.com/en/press-room/news-releases/item/realtek-launches-worldwide-first-4k-uhd-set-top-box-soc-rtd1311-integrating-av1-video-decoder-and-multiple-cas-functions |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="av1-spec">{{cite web |url=https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-spec/av1-spec.pdf |title=AV1 Bitstream & Decoding Process Specification |publisher=The Alliance for Open Media |access-date=31 March 2019 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502171552/https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-spec/av1-spec.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="firefox67-release">{{cite web |url=https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/67.0/releasenotes/ |title=Firefox 67.0, See All New Features, Updates and Fixes |website=Mozilla |language=en |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522004355/https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/67.0/releasenotes/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="dav1d-0.2-release">{{cite web |url=http://www.jbkempf.com/blog/post/2019/dav1d-shifts-up-a-gear-0.2-is-out%21 |title=dav1d shifts up a gear : 0.2 is out! |first=Jean-Baptiste |last=Kempf |date=13 March 2019 |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=16 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316105306/http://www.jbkempf.com/blog/post/2019/dav1d-shifts-up-a-gear-0.2-is-out%21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> -->

<ref name="dav1d-0.3-release">{{cite web |url=http://www.jbkempf.com/blog/post/2019/dav1d-0.3-release%3A-even-faster%21 |title=dav1d 0.3.0 release: even faster! |first=Jean-Baptiste |last=Kempf |date=3 May 2019 |access-date=4 May 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503071605/http://www.jbkempf.com/blog/post/2019/dav1d-0.3-release%3A-even-faster%21 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="two-orioles-website">{{cite web |url=https://www.twoorioles.com/ |title=Two Orioles |website=Two Orioles |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111349/https://www.twoorioles.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ngcodec-encoder">{{cite web |url=https://ngcodec.com/press-releases/2019-1-7-ngcodec-announces-av1-support-and-a-2x-performance-improvement-in-broadcast-quality-live-video-encoding |title=NGCodec Announces AV1 Support and a 2X Performance Improvement in Broadcast Quality Live Video Encoding |date=7 January 2019 |first=Oliver |last=Gunasekara |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501200138/https://ngcodec.com/press-releases/2019-1-7-ngcodec-announces-av1-support-and-a-2x-performance-improvement-in-broadcast-quality-live-video-encoding |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="socionext-fpga">{{cite web |url=https://www.eu.socionext.com/nextnews/socionext-implements-av1-encoder-on-fpga-over-cloud-service-06062018/ |title=Socionext Implements AV1 Encoder on FPGA over Cloud Service |date=6 June 2018 |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043823/https://www.eu.socionext.com/nextnews/socionext-implements-av1-encoder-on-fpga-over-cloud-service-06062018/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="androidQbeta">{{cite web |url=https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2019/03/introducing-android-q-beta.html |title=Introducing Android Q Beta |website=Android Developers Blog |language=en |access-date=15 March 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507090246/https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2019/03/introducing-android-q-beta.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="android10">{{cite web |url=https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/highlights#new_audio_and_video_codecs |title=Android 10 for Developers: New audio and video codecs |website=Android Developers |language=en |access-date=8 September 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019211743/https://developer.android.com/about/versions/10/highlights#new_audio_and_video_codecs |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- refs not used
<ref name="allegro-4k-encoder">{{cite web |url=http://www.allegrodvt.com/allegro-dvt-introduces-the-industry-first-real-time-av1-video-encoder-hardware-ip-for-4kuhd-video-encoding-applications/ |title=Allegro DVT Introduces the Industry First Real-Time AV1 Video Encoder Hardware IP for 4K/UHD Video Encoding Applications |date=18 April 2019 |website=Allegro |language=en-US |access-date=10 May 2019 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510003702/http://www.allegrodvt.com/allegro-dvt-introduces-the-industry-first-real-time-av1-video-encoder-hardware-ip-for-4kuhd-video-encoding-applications/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="allegro-e210">{{cite web |url=http://www.allegrodvt.com/products/silicon-ips/al-e210/ |title=AL-E210 |website=Allegro |language=en-US |access-date=10 May 2019 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510003704/http://www.allegrodvt.com/products/silicon-ips/al-e210/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="amphion-CS8142">{{cite web |url=http://www.amphionsemi.com/wp-content/uploads/Amphion-CS8142-One-Pager.pdf |title=CS8142 Preliminary Product Brief |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526173727/http://www.amphionsemi.com/wp-content/uploads/Amphion-CS8142-One-Pager.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>-->

<ref name="broadcom-bcm7218x">{{cite web |title=16-nm STB SoC with AV1 Support and Integrated Wi-Fi 6 |url=https://www.broadcom.com/products/broadband/set-top-box/bcm7218x |website=www.broadcom.com |access-date=1 October 2019 |archive-date=1 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001083353/https://www.broadcom.com/products/broadband/set-top-box/bcm7218x |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="aom-statement">{{cite web |title=The Alliance for Open Media Statement |url=https://aomedia.org/the-alliance-for-open-media-statement/ |website=The Alliance for Open Media |date=8 April 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412233703/https://aomedia.org/the-alliance-for-open-media-statement/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="cisco-frog">{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Thomas |title=Cisco Leap Frogs H.264 Video Collaboration with Real-Time AV1 Codec |url=https://blogs.cisco.com/collaboration/cisco-leap-frogs-h-264-video-collaboration-with-real-time-av1-codec |access-date=30 June 2019 |date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630140529/https://blogs.cisco.com/collaboration/cisco-leap-frogs-h-264-video-collaboration-with-real-time-av1-codec |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="cisco-bav">{{cite web |last1=Davies |first1=Thomas |title=Big Apple Video 2019 - AV1 in video collaboration |url=https://vimeo.com/344366650 |access-date=30 June 2019 |date=26 June 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808084409/https://vimeo.com/344366650 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="moz-avc-reluctance">{{cite web |url=https://www.osnews.com/story/22787/mozilla-explains-why-it-doesnt-license-h264/ |title=Mozilla Explains Why it Doesn't License h264 |date=24 January 2010 |access-date=7 September 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205185130/https://www.osnews.com/story/22787/mozilla-explains-why-it-doesnt-license-h264/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="hevc-2015">{{cite web |url=https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/Featured-Articles/HEVCs-Journey-in-2015-Going-Downhill-and-Gaining-Speed-107891.aspx |title=HEVC's Journey in 2015: Going Downhill and Gaining Speed |date=1 December 2015 |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716183954/https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/Featured-Articles/HEVCs-Journey-in-2015-Going-Downhill-and-Gaining-Speed-107891.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="cnet-1050">{{cite web |last1=Shankland |first1=Stephen |title=Streaming video could be saddled with a new patent licensing cost |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/patent-group-wants-a-new-toll-on-the-streaming-video-road/ |quote=Sisvel begins selling licenses for more than 1,050 patents for AV1, a video technology that's supposed to be free. |website=CNET |access-date=15 March 2020 |date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314114454/https://www.cnet.com/news/patent-group-wants-a-new-toll-on-the-streaming-video-road/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Introducing SVT-AV1">{{cite web |first1=Andrey |last1=Norkin |first2=Joel |last2=Sole |first3=Kyle |last3=Swanson |first4=Mariana |last4=Afonso |first5=Anush |last5=Moorthy |first6=Anne |last6=Aaron |title=Introducing SVT-AV1: a scalable open-source AV1 framework |url=https://medium.com/netflix-techblog/introducing-svt-av1-a-scalable-open-source-av1-framework-c726cce3103a |website=Medium |publisher=Netflix Technology Blog |access-date=7 August 2019 |language=en |date=22 April 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807012743/https://medium.com/netflix-techblog/introducing-svt-av1-a-scalable-open-source-av1-framework-c726cce3103a |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/15155/mediatek-announces-dimensity-1000-soc-back-to-the-highend-with-5g |title=MediaTek Announces Dimensity 1000 SoC: Back To The High-End With 5G |last=Frumusanu |first=Andrei |website=www.anandtech.com |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=26 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126100240/https://www.anandtech.com/show/15155/mediatek-announces-dimensity-1000-soc-back-to-the-highend-with-5g |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="github">{{cite web |url=https://github.com/mbebenita/aom/blob/master/CHANGELOG#L64 |title=libaom v1.3.0 changelog |website=AOM Github Repository |access-date=22 April 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922124515/https://github.com/mbebenita/aom/blob/master/CHANGELOG#L64 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="jklempfrelease">{{cite web |url=http://www.jbkempf.com/blog/post/2019/dav1d-0.5.0-release-fastest |title=dav1d 0.5.0 release: fastest! |first=Jean-Baptiste |last=Kempf |website=www.jbkempf.com |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213183950/http://www.jbkempf.com/blog/post/2019/dav1d-0.5.0-release-fastest |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="visionular">{{cite web |url=https://www.visionular.com/ |title=Visionular |website=www.visionular.com |access-date=11 August 2019 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811085117/https://www.visionular.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="medium">{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/millicast/millicast-demonstrates-real-time-video-broadcasting-using-av1-at-commcon-2019-6256f47d0065 |title=Millicast demonstrates real-time video broadcasting using AV1 at CommCon 2019 |last=Millicast |date=9 July 2019 |website=Medium |language=en |access-date=11 August 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710212808/https://medium.com/millicast/millicast-demonstrates-real-time-video-broadcasting-using-av1-at-commcon-2019-6256f47d0065 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<!-- refs not used
<ref name="amphionsemi">{{cite web |url=https://www.amphionsemi.com/news/ |title=News: Amphion Semiconductor introduces 4K/UHD capable AV1 video decoder hardware IP extension to its Malone video decoder family |date=9 May 2019 |language=en-US |access-date=11 August 2019 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811085114/https://www.amphionsemi.com/news/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="cnx-software">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnx-software.com/2019/10/20/amlogic-s905x4-s908x-s805x2-av1-1080p-4k-8k-media-processors/ |title=Amlogic S805X2, S905X4, and S908X AV1 Full HD/4K/8K Media Processors to Launch in 2020 |last=Aufranc |first=Jean-Luc |date=20 October 2019 |website=CNX Software - Embedded Systems News |language=en-US |access-date=4 January 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022153833/https://www.cnx-software.com/2019/10/20/amlogic-s905x4-s908x-s805x2-av1-1080p-4k-8k-media-processors/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="cnx-software.com2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnx-software.com/2019/12/22/sdmc-dv8919-amlogic-s905x4-android-tv-10-tv-box-supports-av1-decoding/ |title=SDMC DV8919 Amlogic S905X4 Android TV 10 TV Box Supports AV1 Decoding |last=Aufranc |first=Jean-Luc |date=22 December 2019 |website=CNX Software - Embedded Systems News |language=en-US |access-date=4 January 2020 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223123500/https://www.cnx-software.com/2019/12/22/sdmc-dv8919-amlogic-s905x4-android-tv-10-tv-box-supports-av1-decoding/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="anandtech">{{cite web |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/15003/chipsmedia-launches-wave510a-hardware-av1-decoder-ip |title=Chips&Media Launches Wave510A Hardware AV1 Decoder IP |last=Shilov |first=Anton |website=www.anandtech.com |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023140330/https://www.anandtech.com/show/15003/chipsmedia-launches-wave510a-hardware-av1-decoder-ip |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="lgnewsroom">{{cite web |url=http://www.lgnewsroom.com/2020/01/lg-to-unveil-2020-real-8k-tv-lineup-featuring-next-gen-ai-processor-at-ces-2020/ |title=LG TO UNVEIL 2020 REAL 8K TV LINEUP FEATURING NEXT-GEN AI PROCESSOR AT CES 2020 |date=3 January 2020 |website=LG Newsroom |language=en-US |access-date=4 January 2020 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105112400/http://www.lgnewsroom.com/2020/01/lg-to-unveil-2020-real-8k-tv-lineup-featuring-next-gen-ai-processor-at-ces-2020/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="theverge">{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/1/3/21047876/lg-real-8k-tv-ces-2020-oled-lcd-alexa-google-assistant-homekit-airplay-2-alpha-9-gen-3-features |title=LG unveils eight 'Real 8K' OLED and LCD TVs ahead of CES |last=Porter |first=Jon |date=3 January 2020 |website=The Verge |language=en |access-date=4 January 2020 |archive-date=4 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104141330/https://www.theverge.com/2020/1/3/21047876/lg-real-8k-tv-ces-2020-oled-lcd-alexa-google-assistant-homekit-airplay-2-alpha-9-gen-3-features |url-status=live}}</ref> -->

<ref name="Aufranc">{{cite news |last1=Aufranc |first1=Jean-Luc |title=Amlogic S805X2, S905X4, and S908X AV1 Full HD/4K/8K Media Processors to Launch in 2020 |url=https://www.cnx-software.com/2019/10/20/amlogic-s905x4-s908x-s805x2-av1-1080p-4k-8k-media-processors/ |access-date=24 October 2019 |publisher=CNX Software – Embedded Systems News |date=20 October 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022153833/https://www.cnx-software.com/2019/10/20/amlogic-s905x4-s908x-s805x2-av1-1080p-4k-8k-media-processors/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="chipsnmedia">{{cite web |url=https://en.chipsnmedia.com/page/product_view/5919 |title=WAVE510A (AV1 Fixed function HW decoder IP for 4Kp60 4:2:0 10 bit) |website=en.chipsnmedia.com |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028072711/https://en.chipsnmedia.com/page/product_view/5919 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="bitmovin">{{cite web |url=https://bitmovin.com/docs/encoding/releases/encoder?page=9 |title=Bitmovin Docs - Encoding Encoder Releases |access-date=23 May 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121155743/https://bitmovin.com/docs/encoding/releases/encoder?page=9 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="K-Lite">{{cite web |url=https://codecguide.com/changelogs_full.htm |title=Changelog for K-Lite Codec Pack Full |access-date=23 May 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630150723/https://www.codecguide.com/changelogs_full.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="handbrake">{{cite web |url=https://handbrake.fr/news.php?article=43 |website=HandBrake: News |title=HandBrake 1.3.0 Released |date=9 November 2019 |access-date=23 May 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628162500/https://handbrake.fr/news.php?article=43 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="android10release">{{cite web |url=https://source.android.com/setup/start/android-10-release |title=Android 10 Release Notes – Android Open Source Project |date=4 May 2020 |access-date=23 May 2020 |archive-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421115758/https://source.android.com/setup/start/android-10-release |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="youtubeapp">{{cite web |url=https://www.flatpanelshd.com/news.php?id=1588740730 |title=YouTube begins streaming in AV1 on Android TV - FlatpanelsHD |date=6 May 2020 |access-date=23 May 2020 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612215904/https://www.flatpanelshd.com/news.php?id=1588740730 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="potplayer">{{cite web |url=https://potplayer.daum.net/ |title=PotPlayer multimedia viewer and player for Windows |date=11 June 2020 |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909055303/https://potplayer.daum.net/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="google-duo">{{cite web |last1=Matthews |first1=David |title=Google Duo gets improved low-bandwidth video calls, new features |url=https://www.techspot.com/news/84966-google-duo-gets-improved-low-bandwidth-video-calls.html |website=TechSpot |publisher=TechSpot, Inc. |access-date=16 August 2020 |date=23 April 2020 |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711230619/https://www.techspot.com/news/84966-google-duo-gets-improved-low-bandwidth-video-calls.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="phoronix-obs-beta">{{cite web |last1=Larable |first1=Michael |title=OBS Studio 27.2 Beta Brings SVT-AV1 Support, Official Flatpak Support |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=OBS-Studio-27.2-Beta-1 |website=Phoronix |publisher=Phoronix Media |access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="cnx-rk3588">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnx-software.com/2019/04/24/rk3588-8k-arm-cortex-a76-a55-soc-rockchip-roadmap-2020/ |title=Rockchip unveils RK3588 capabilities |date=24 April 2019 |access-date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922123850/https://www.cnx-software.com/2019/04/24/rk3588-8k-arm-cortex-a76-a55-soc-rockchip-roadmap-2020/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ozer-sept-2020">{{cite news |last1=Ozer |first1=Jan |title=AV1 Has Arrived: Comparing Codecs from AOMedia, Visionular, and Intel/Netflix |url=https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/Featured-Articles/AV1-Has-Arrived-Comparing-Codecs-from-AOMedia-Visionular-and-Intel-Netflix-142941.aspx |access-date=7 November 2020 |date=18 September 2020 |quote=While 2018 was the year AV1 became known, 2020 will be the year that AV1 became interesting, primarily because of three developments. First, in early 2020, AV1-enabled smart TVs hit the market, right on the 2-year schedule announced back in 2018 by the Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia). Second, over the past two years, encoding times for the AOMedia AV1 codec have dropped from about 2500x real time to about 2x slower than HEVC. Finally, the emergence of third-party AV1 codecs have increased both the quality and encoding speed of the AV1 codec. |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110083127/https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/Featured-Articles/AV1-Has-Arrived-Comparing-Codecs-from-AOMedia-Visionular-and-Intel-Netflix-142941.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="rtp">{{cite web |author1=The Alliance for Open Media AV1 Real-Time Communications Subgroup |title=RTP Payload Format For AV1 (v1.0) |url=https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-rtp-spec/#1-introduction |access-date=17 May 2021 |date=29 March 2021 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517125728/https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-rtp-spec/#1-introduction |url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{commons category|AOMedia Video 1|AV1}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Compression formats}}
{{Compression Software Implementations}}

[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 2018]]
[[Category:Film and video technology]]
[[Category:Free video codecs]]
[[Category:Lossy compression algorithms]]
[[Category:Open formats]]
[[Category:Video compression]]
[[Category:Videotelephony]]
[[Category:High dynamic range file formats]]