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Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa

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Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr (عبد العزيز بن موسى) was the first governor of Al-Andalus, in modern-day Spain and Portugal.[1] He was the son of Musa ibn Nusayr, the governor of Ifriqiya. ‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr had a long history of political and military involvement along with his father.

Origins of Power

‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr accompanied his father in 712 to aid the Berber general, Tariq, in the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.[2] It has been speculated that Musa ibn Nusayr and his son, both Arabs, did not want the glory of conquest to be claimed by a Berber.[3] The conquest of the area was progressing smoothly under Tariq, Musa ibn Nusayr and ‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr. With the success of the conquest apparent, Tariq and Musa ibn Nusayr were called back to Syria by the Umayyad caliph, Sulayman, in 714. ‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr was given the governorship of Al-Andalus by his father.[4] Musa ibn Nusayr, upon his return to Damascus, fell into disfavor with the caliph and ended his days in Medina as an “old and broken man.”[5] ‘Musa ibn Nusayr outlived his son, ‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa.

Conquest and reign of Al-Andalus

‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr chose the town of Seville as his capital city.[6] Seville, located in the modern day province of Andalucía in southern Spain on the Guadalquivir River.[7] Under ‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr’s leadership after the departure of his father and Tariq, Islamic power, in what came to be known as Al-Andalus, expanded into modern day Portugal in the west and the sub-Pyrenean regions in the north.[8] In one of the newly conquered lands, ‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr signed a peace treaty with the Visigothic lord of Murcia, Theudimer. His name in Arabic is Tudmir. The treaty, known as the Treaty of Tudmir, gave Visigothic Christians the right to continue to practice their religion, as long as they paid a special tax and remained loyal to their Muslim overlords.[8]

Personal life and influences

‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr remained in power and even married the widow Egilon, the wife of the last Visigothic king, Roderic. Egilon took the name Umm ‘Asim upon her marriage and conversion to Islam.[8] In his marriage to Egilon, ‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr set a trend of espousing local Visigothic women, due to the lack of Arab and Berber women. This lack was because Arab and Berber women did not accompany the army into Al-Andalus at the beginning of the conquest of Hispania. The practice of taking conquered women as wives almost became a general rule for conquering Muslim leaders.[9] Egilon’s influence over ‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr was not common. Some felt that she held too much influence and sway over ‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr.[8] Egilon coaxed ‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr to wear a crown, and lower entrance ways to promote veneration of him and people bowing to him. Egilon even had ‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr make the entrance to his audience chamber lower, so that upon entering, he would be bowing to her. These links to the Visigothic royalty and the influence of Egilon led to the misconception and rumors that ‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr had converted to Christianity. These rumors even reached the Umayyad Caliph Sulaymān in Damascus. Troubled by these rumors, the caliph ordered ‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr to be killed.[10] It is very likely, however, that these were rumours instigated at the behest of the hostile faction led by Habib ibn Abi Ubaidah Al-Fihri, which eventually killed Abdul-Aziz. Certainly Abdul-Aziz had a reputation as a righteous Muslim before these rumours that did not support this theory.

Assassination and Al-Andalus afterwards

Sources differ on the year, but ‘Abd al-Aziz Ibn Musa ibn Nusayr was assassinated by Ziyad ibn ‘Udhra al-Balawi on order of the Caliph Sulayman.[8] However, Ibn Khaldun reports the order was received and carried out by Habib ibn Abi Obeida al-Fihri [11] The caliph feared that he wanted to establish his own personal monarchy in Al-Andalus, separate from the Umayyad caliphate based in Damascus.[10] Dates of his assassination vary between the years 715,[12] 716,[13] or 718 .[14] ‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa was beheaded in the monastery of Santa Rufina, used during the time as a mosque.[15] After his death, ‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa’s head was brought to Damascus and displayed publicly to an audience where the caliph knew that his father, Ibn Musa ibn Nusayr, was in attendance.[16]

‘Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusayr was succeeded by his cousin, Ayyub ibn Habib al-Lakhmi, who is thought to have played a role in his assassination.[17] His tenure as governor did not last long and for a period of forty years following his assassination, Al-Andalus was filled with chaos and turmoil. Rival Arab factions continuously fought to gain power, and also to expand Islamic control in the area. Governors were appointed or chosen, but there were often deposed by rival groups or by the Umayyad caliph in Damascus. This pattern continued at least until 756, when an independent Umayyad emirate was established in Córdoba.[18] However, Abd-ar-Rahman I still found much resistance in Al-Andalus (Toledo, Zaragoza, Barcelona...) and had to struggle still 25 years for a total mastery over the territory. Islamic power remained in the region until 1492, when Ferdinand and Isabella conquered the Islamic kingdom of Granada.[19]

Preceded by Governor of Al-Andalus
714–716 		Succeeded by

References

  1. ^ Hughes, Thomas Patrick. A Dictionary of Islam. (Clifton, NJ: Reference Book Publishers, 1965), 29.
  2. ^ Fouracre, Paul. The New Cambridge Medieval History Vol. 1. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 370.
  3. ^ John Joseph Saunders (1965). A History of Medieval Islam. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-415-05914-5.
  4. ^ Holt, P.M., Anne K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis. The Cambridge History of Islam Vol.2. (London: Combridge University Press, 1970), 407.
  5. ^ Glubb, John Bagot. A Short History of the Arab Peoples. (London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1969), 88.
  6. ^ Hitti, Philip K.. History of The Arabs. (New York: St. Martin, 1956), 503.
  7. ^ Microsoft Student 2006 [DVD], "Guadalquivir." (Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005).
  8. ^ a b c d e Provencal, Levi. Encyclopedia of Islam New Edition Vol. 1 A-B. (Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1960), 58.
  9. ^ Holt, Lambton, Lewis, The Cambridge History of Islam Vol.2, 408.
  10. ^ a b Hitti, History of The Arabs, 503.
  11. ^ Ibn Khaldun, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique, 1852 trans., Algiers, Vol. p.355
  12. ^ Collins, Roger. The Arab Conquest of Spain 710-797. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1999. p. 37
  13. ^ Fouracre, The New Cambridge Medieval History Vol. 1, 370.
  14. ^ Provencal, Encyclopedia of Islam New Edition Vol. 1 A-B., 58.
  15. ^ Ibn Khaldun, Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique, 1852 trans., Algiers, Ibn Khaldun reports that Habib ibn Abi Obeida al-Fihri found Abd al-Aziz in public prayer; when he began reciting the 69th Sura (Al-Haaqqa, 'the inevitable event'), Habib burst out "You brought this event on yourself, you son of a whore!" and struck his head off with his sword.
  16. ^ Hitti, History of The Arabs, 503.
  17. ^ Collins, The Arab Conquest of Spain 710-797, 45.
  18. ^ Holt, Lambton, Lewis, The Cambridge History of Islam Vol.2, 407.
  19. ^ Ibn Abd-el-Hakem. “The Islamic Conquest of Spain,” The Internet Islamic History Sourcebook. Home page online. Available from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/islam/islamsbook.html; accessed 14 Feb 2008.
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