Abelian integral

In mathematics, an abelian integral, named after the Norwegian mathematician Niels Abel, is an integral in the complex plane of the form

$\int _{z_{0}}^{z}R\left(x,w\right)dx,$

where $R\left(x,w\right)$ is an arbitrary rational function of the two variables $x$ and $w$. These variables are related by the equation

$F\left(x,w\right)=0,\,$

where $F\left(x,w\right)$ is an irreducible polynomial in $w$,

$F\left(x,w\right)\equiv \phi _{n}\left(x\right)w^{n}+\cdots +\phi _{1}\left(x\right)w+\phi _{0}\left(x\right),\,$

whose coefficients $\phi _{j}\left(x\right)$, $j=0,1,\ldots ,n$ are rational functions of $x$. The value of an abelian integral depends not only on the integration limits but also on the path along which the integral is taken, and it is thus a multivalued function of $z$.

Abelian integrals are natural generalizations of elliptic integrals, which arise when

$F\left(x,w\right)=w^{2}-P\left(x\right),\,$

where $P\left(x\right)$ is a polynomial of degree 3 or 4. Another special case of an abelian integral is a hyperelliptic integral, where $P\left(x\right)$, in the formula above, is a polynomial of degree greater than 4.

History

The theory of abelian integrals originated with the paper by Abel published in 1841. This paper was written during his stay in Paris in 1826 and presented to Cauchy in October of the same year. This theory, later fully developed by others, was one of the crowning achievements of nineteenth century mathematics and has had a major impact on the development of modern mathematics. In more abstract and geometric language, it is contained in the concept of abelian variety, or more precisely in the way an algebraic curve can be mapped into abelian varieties. The Abelian Integral was later connected to the prominent mathematician David Hilbert's 16th Problem and continues to be considered one of the foremost challenges to contemporary mathematical analysis.

Modern view

In Riemann surface theory, an abelian integral is a function related to the indefinite integral of a differential of the first kind. Suppose we are given a Riemann surface $S$ and on it a differential 1-form $\omega$ that is everywhere holomorphic on $S$, and fix a point $P_{0}$ on $S$, from which to integrate. We can regard

$\int _{P_{0}}^{P}\omega$

as a multi-valued function $f\left(P\right)$, or (better) an honest function of the chosen path $C$ drawn on $S$ from $P_{0}$ to $P$. Since $S$ will in general be multiply connected, one should specify $C$, but the value will in fact only depend on the homology class of $C$.

In the case of $S$ a compact Riemann surface of genus 1, i.e. an elliptic curve, such functions are the elliptic integrals. Logically speaking, therefore, an abelian integral should be a function such as $f$.

Such functions were first introduced to study hyperelliptic integrals, i.e. for the case where $S$ is a hyperelliptic curve. This is a natural step in the theory of integration to the case of integrals involving algebraic functions ${\sqrt {A}}$, where $A$ is a polynomial of degree $>4$. The first major insights of the theory were given by Niels Abel; it was later formulated in terms of the Jacobian variety $J\left(S\right)$. Choice of $P_{0}$ gives rise to a standard holomorphic function

$S\to J\left(S\right)\,$

of complex manifolds. It has the defining property that the holomorphic 1-forms on $S\to J\left(S\right)$, of which there are g independent ones if g is the genus of S, pull back to a basis for the differentials of the first kind on S.

References

• Appell, Paul; Goursat, Édouard (1895), Theorie des Fonctions Algebraiques et de Leurs Integrales, Paris: Gauthier-Villars.
• Bliss, Gilbert A. (1933), Algebraic Functions, Providence: American Mathematical Society.
• Forsyth, Andrew R. (1893), Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable, Providence: Cambridge University Press.
• Griffiths, Phillip; Harris, Joseph (1978), Principles of Algebraic Geometry, New York: John Wiley & Sons. Lucidly presented modern perspective.
• Neumann, Carl (1884), Vorlesungen über Riemann's Theorie der Abel'schen Integrale (2nd ed.), Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.