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Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching

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The Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL) was a women's organisation founded by Jessie Daniel Ames in Atlanta, Georgia in November 1930, to lobby and campaign against the lynching of African Americans.[1] The group was made up of middle and upper-class white women and while active, had "a presence in every county in the South" of the United States.[2] The group was loosely organized and only accepted white women as members because they "believed that only white women could influence other white women."[1] Many of the women involved were also members of missionary societies.[3] Along with the Commission on Interracial Cooperation (CIC), the ASWPL had an important effect on popular opinion among whites relating to lynching.[4][5]

History

Nine-tenths of all lynchings during the 1890s to the 1940s in the U.S. occurred in the South.[6] Lynching had been declining, but in 1930, there was a sudden rise in lynchings.[7] In 1930, there were 21 reported lynchings and 20 involved African Americans.[8] On November 1, 1930, twenty-six "prominent Southern women" assembled in Atlanta in order to discuss the problems of the increase in lynchings at the time, its causes and possible ways women could help eradicate the problem.[9]

One of the many excuses used to conduct lynchings was that it was done in the name of "protecting" white women.[10] Ames correctly pointed out that the alleged rapes of white women by black men, "the supposed rationale for a lynching, seldom occurred and that the true motive for lynching was in racial hatred."[11] In addition, Ames felt that white women were exploited in this narrative "in order to obscure the economic greed and sexual transgressions of white men."[12]

In her writing and speaking for the group, Ames used language taken from evangelical missionary societies and based the issue-oriented focus of the group on secular organizations such as the League of Women Voters.[12]

On that day in November, about twelve women signed a public statement against lynching.[10] Over time, the same statement would have more than 40,000 signatures from Southern women.[10] A core group was formed with twelve women agreeing to hold local meetings against lynching in their home states.[9] Women from Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Arkansas met with Ames in Dallas a few days later in a "conference similar to that held in Atlanta."[9] The group's declaration was:

"Lynching is an indefensible crime. Women dare no longer allow themselves to be the cloak behind which those bent upon personal revenge and savagery commit acts of violence and lawlessness in the name of women. We repudiate this disgraceful claim for all time."[12]

Ames established her own state-level ASWPL chapter in Georgia in January 1931.[9] By April, there were groups formed in all the southern states, except Florida, who created an organization later.[8] In 1934, there was an annual meeting where the ASWPL adopted a formal resolution which stated:

"We declare as our deliberate conclusion that the crime of lynching is a logical result in every community that pursues the policy of humiliation and degradation of a part of its citizenship because of accident of birth; that exploits and intimidates the weaker element ... for economic gain; that refuses equal educational opportunity to one portion of its children; that segregates arbitrarily a whole race ... and finally that denies a voice in the control of government to any fit and proper citizen because of race."[12]

By the early 1940s, there were 109 affiliated associations, with a combined membership of 4 million.[1] Funding for the ASWPL came from the CIC.[13] In May 1940, the ASWPL celebrated 12 months without a lynching.[14] The year before, there had been only three.[14]

In 1940 members of the ASWPL opposed an anti-lynching bill that was up for review at Congress.[15] Ames was a strong state's rights advocate and felt that anti-lynching efforts were better handled at the state level.[13] Instead of the bill, they urged support of continued education, cooperation of both law enforcement and media to prevent lynchings and increased membership.[15]

In 1942, judging that the purposes of the ASWPL had been achieved, Ames wound the association up.[1]

In 1979, Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, the director of the Southern Oral History Program at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, wrote a book, Revolt Against Chivalry, about the activism of Ames and the work of the ASWPL.[3]

Strategy

The ASWPL used the "moral and social leverage of women in their local communities to create a 'new climate of opinion,'" and accomplished this by networking with these women in order to grow the movement.[16] They also educated Southern women about the myth of lynching, which held that lynchings only occurred as "retribution for an attack on a white woman, especially rape."[13] The ASWPL provided facts and figures to back up their claims.[13] Their own position as a "cultural symbol of the southern lady" gave them added "authority" to destroy the myths.[17]

The ASWPL members spoke to men involved in law enforcement in their own communities and asked them to protect African Americans from being lynched.[11] One leader in the ASWPL recalled that, "We were determined not be just another body of resolution-passer. So we went to work where it meant the most: on the county sheriffs."[10] In 1934, Sallie L. Hanna, who led the ASWPL in Texas, "secured the pledges of seven gubernatorial candidates to use the power of the governor's office to end lynching."[1] The winner, James Allred, was one of the men who had pledged to end lynching in Texas.[1] In 1938, forty known attempts at lynching were prevented by police officers and sheriffs, "many of them pledged in writing to support" the ASWPL's program.[10]

In addition to speaking with law enforcement, the women of ASWPL talked to church groups all over the South about lynchings.[3] They also created a network of women who were able to find out about lynchings before they happened and report the possible attacks to law enforcement, or even, in some cases, "go themselves to stop the lynchings."[3] Later, the ASWPL sought ways to work with local newspapers to publicize potential lynchings so that those involved could not keep their activities secret.[18]

The ASWPL also demanded "thorough investigation" of any mob killings of African Americans.[19] The investigations marked a change because before the ASWPL was watching, "lynchings were 'hushed up' and therefore soon forgotten."[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Nancy Baker Jones, ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN WOMEN FOR THE PREVENTION OF LYNCHING, Handbook of Texas Online. Uploaded on June 9, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
  2. ^ Barnes, Rhae Lynn. "'A Man Was Lynched Yesterday'". U.S. History Scene. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d Spearman, Walter (27 May 1979). "The Literary Lantern". Burlington Daily Times News. Retrieved 24 December 2015 – via Newspaper Archive. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ McGovern, James R. (1982). Anatomy of a Lynching: The Killing of Claude Neal (Updated ed.). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 9780807154274.
  5. ^ Aaronson, Ely (2014). From Slave Abuse to Hate Crime: The Criminalization of Racial Violence in American History. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 9781107026896.
  6. ^ Mwamba, Jay (6 February 2015). "Black History Month 2015: Grim Struggle to End the Nightmare of Lynching". New York Daily News. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  7. ^ Freedman, Estelle B. (2013). Redefining Rape: Sexual Violence in the Era of Suffrage and Segregation. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674724846.
  8. ^ a b Barber, Henry E. (1994). "The Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, 1930-1942". In Cott, Nancy F. (ed.). History of Women in the United States: Social and Moral Reform. Part 2. Vol. 17. Munich: Die Deutsche Bibliothek. pp. 635–636. ISBN 3598416954.
  9. ^ a b c d Barber, Henry E. (1973-12-01). "The Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, 1930-1942". Phylon (1960-). 34 (4): 378–389. doi:10.2307/274253. JSTOR 274253. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b c d e Dykeman, Wilma; Stokely, James (November 1957). "The Plight of Southern White Women". Ebony. 13 (1): 32–42. Retrieved 23 December 2015. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b Wormser, Richard (2002). "Jessie Daniel Ames". Jim Crow Stories. PBS. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  12. ^ a b c d Hall, Jacquelyn (8 March 2013). "From the Southern Exposure Archives: Women and Lynching". Facing South. The Institute for Southern Studies. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  13. ^ a b c d O'Dea Schenken, Suzanne (1999). From Suffrage to the Senate: An Encyclopedia of American Women in Politics. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 45–46. ISBN 0874369606.
  14. ^ a b c "South Completes a Year Without Lynching". Hattiesburg American. 10 May 1940. Retrieved 24 December 2015 – via Newspaper Archive. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ a b "Seek to End Lynching". Madison Wisconsin State Journal. 17 May 1940. Retrieved 24 December 2015 – via Newspaper Archive. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Arneson, Pat (2014). "Jessie Daniel Ames". Communicative Engagement and Social Liberation: Justice Will Be Made. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9781611476514.
  17. ^ Markovitz, Jonathan (2004). Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 0816639949.
  18. ^ "Southern Women May Try News Reporting In Fresh Attempt To Stamp Out Lynching". Corpus Christi Times. 2 February 1940. Retrieved 24 December 2015 – via Newspaper Archive. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Blytheville Courier News". Women Demand Inquiry Into Lepanto Lynching. 5 May 1936. Retrieved 23 December 2015 – via Newspaper Archive. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)

Further reading

  • Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, Revolt Against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women's Campaign Against Lynching, 1979.
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