Attica Prison riot: Difference between revisions
Twins Too! (talk | contribs) Clarifying basis of inmate lawsuit; adding source; reordering last two paragraphs |
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During the following four days of negotiations, authorities agreed to 28 of the prisoners' demands, but would not agree to demands for complete [[amnesty]] from criminal prosecution or for the removal of Attica's warden. After negotiations failed, state police and guards stormed the prison. When the uprising was over at least thirty-nine people were dead, including ten hostages who died by gunfire from state troopers and guards during the retaking. |
During the following four days of negotiations, authorities agreed to 28 of the prisoners' demands, but would not agree to demands for complete [[amnesty]] from criminal prosecution or for the removal of Attica's warden. After negotiations failed, state police and guards stormed the prison. When the uprising was over at least thirty-nine people were dead, including ten hostages who died by gunfire from state troopers and guards during the retaking. |
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==The riot== |
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At approximately 8:20 A.M. on Thursday, September 9, 1971, as 5 Company lined up for roll-call, they learned that one of their companions was to remain in his cell,<ref name=acs>{{cite web |
At approximately 8:20 A.M. on Thursday, September 9, 1971, as 5 Company lined up for roll-call, they learned that one of their companions was to remain in his cell,<ref name=acs>{{cite web |
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| publisher = Attica Central School District |
| publisher = Attica Central School District |
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Inmates took forty-two officers and civilians hostage and aired a list of grievances, demanding their needs be met before their surrender.<ref name=pbs/> In a facility designed to hold 1,200 inmates and actually housing 2,225,<ref name=Schmalleger-Smykla>{{cite book | author = Schmalleger, F., & Smykla, J. | date = 2007, 2005, 2002 | title = Corrections in the 21st Century | location = New York | publisher = McGraw-Hill }}</ref> theirs was a substantial list. They felt that they had been illegally denied certain rights and conditions to which they were entitled, illustrated by such practices as being allowed only one shower per week and one roll of toilet paper per person per month.<ref>Jackson, B. (1999). ''Attica: An Anniversary of Death.'' Retrieved October 4, 2006, from [http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~bjackson/attica.htm http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~bjackson/attica.htm]</ref> |
Inmates took forty-two officers and civilians hostage and aired a list of grievances, demanding their needs be met before their surrender.<ref name=pbs/> In a facility designed to hold 1,200 inmates and actually housing 2,225,<ref name=Schmalleger-Smykla>{{cite book | author = Schmalleger, F., & Smykla, J. | date = 2007, 2005, 2002 | title = Corrections in the 21st Century | location = New York | publisher = McGraw-Hill }}</ref> theirs was a substantial list. They felt that they had been illegally denied certain rights and conditions to which they were entitled, illustrated by such practices as being allowed only one shower per week and one roll of toilet paper per person per month.<ref>Jackson, B. (1999). ''Attica: An Anniversary of Death.'' Retrieved October 4, 2006, from [http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~bjackson/attica.htm http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~bjackson/attica.htm]</ref> |
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==Negotiations between inmates and prison officials== |
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| ⚫ | The prisoners negotiated with the head of the state prison system, and then later with a team of observers that they had requested, including [[Tom Wicker]], an editor of the [[New York Times]], James Ingram of the ''[[Michigan Chronicle]]'', state representative [[Arthur Eve]], lawyer [[William Kunstler]] and other elected officials. |
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| ⚫ | The situation may have been further complicated by then-Governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]]’s refusal to come to the scene of the riot and meet with the inmates,<ref name=pbs/> although later evaluations of the incident would postulate that his absence from the scene actually prevented the situation from deteriorating.<ref>Benjamin, G., & Rappaport, S. (1974). Attica and Prison Reform. ''Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, 31''(3), 203-212. Retrieved October 6, 2006, from JSTOR database.</ref> Negotiations broke down and Rockefeller ultimately ordered the State Police to retake the facility, without making a final attempt to make clear to the inmates that the prison would be retaken by force if they did not surrender, a decision later criticized by a commission created by Rockefeller to study the riot and the aftermath.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903593,00.html?promoid=googlep</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The situation may have been further complicated by then-Governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]]’s refusal to come to the scene of the riot and meet with the inmates,<ref name=pbs/> although some later evaluations of the incident would postulate that his absence from the scene actually prevented the situation from deteriorating.<ref>Benjamin, G., & Rappaport, S. (1974). Attica and Prison Reform. ''Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, 31''(3), 203-212. Retrieved October 6, 2006, from JSTOR database.</ref> Negotiations broke down and Rockefeller ultimately ordered the State Police to retake the facility, without making a final attempt to make clear to the inmates that the prison would be retaken by force if they did not surrender, a decision later criticized by a commission created by Rockefeller to study the riot and the aftermath.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903593,00.html?promoid=googlep</ref> |
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==The retaking of the prison and retaliation by guards== |
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At 9:46 A.M. on Monday, September 13, 1971 tear gas was dropped into the yard and State Troopers opened fire. Among the weapons used by the Troopers were shot-guns, which led to the wounding and killing of hostages and inmates who were not resisting,<ref>Use of Shotguns in Attica Revolt Deplored in House Unit’s Report, N.Y. Times (June 27, 1973)</ref> and former prison guards were allowed to participate, a decision later called "inexcusable" by the commission established by Rockefeller to study the riot and the aftermath.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903593,00.html?promoid=googlep</ref> By the time the facility was retaken, ten hostages and twenty-nine inmates had been killed. The final death toll from the riot also included the officer fatally injured at the start of the riot and four inmates killed when "inmate justice" was administered. All ten hostages died from gunfire by state troopers and guards.<ref name=pbs/><ref name=Schmalleger-Smykla/> The New York State Special Commission on Attica wrote, "With the exception of Indian massacres in the late 19th century, the State Police assault which ended the four-day prison uprising was the bloodiest one-day encounter between Americans since the Civil War."<ref name=Schmalleger-Smykla/> |
At 9:46 A.M. on Monday, September 13, 1971 tear gas was dropped into the yard and State Troopers opened fire. Among the weapons used by the Troopers were shot-guns, which led to the wounding and killing of hostages and inmates who were not resisting,<ref>Use of Shotguns in Attica Revolt Deplored in House Unit’s Report, N.Y. Times (June 27, 1973)</ref> and former prison guards were allowed to participate, a decision later called "inexcusable" by the commission established by Rockefeller to study the riot and the aftermath.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903593,00.html?promoid=googlep</ref> By the time the facility was retaken, ten hostages and twenty-nine inmates had been killed. The final death toll from the riot also included the officer fatally injured at the start of the riot and four inmates killed when "inmate justice" was administered. All ten hostages died from gunfire by state troopers and guards.<ref name=pbs/><ref name=Schmalleger-Smykla/> The New York State Special Commission on Attica wrote, "With the exception of Indian massacres in the late 19th century, the State Police assault which ended the four-day prison uprising was the bloodiest one-day encounter between Americans since the Civil War."<ref name=Schmalleger-Smykla/> |
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Media reports claimed that inmate hostage-takers slit the throats of many of their hostages, reports that contradicted official medical evidence. Newspaper headlines made statements such as "I Saw Slit Throats," implying that prisoners had cut the hostages' throats when the armed raid occurred. These "reports" were later found to be deliberately fictitious.<ref>http://www.guerrillaunderground.com/attica.htm; Fred Ferretti, Autopsies Show Shots Killed 9 Attica Hostages, Not Knives; State Official Admits Mistake, N.Y. Times (Sep. 15, 1971); William E. Farrell, Rockefeller Lays Hostages’ Deaths to Troopers’ Fire, N.Y. Times (Sep. 17, 1971); http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903593,00.html?promoid=googlep</ref> |
Media reports claimed that inmate hostage-takers slit the throats of many of their hostages, reports that contradicted official medical evidence. Newspaper headlines made statements such as "I Saw Slit Throats," implying that prisoners had cut the hostages' throats when the armed raid occurred. These "reports" were later found to be deliberately fictitious.<ref>http://www.guerrillaunderground.com/attica.htm; Fred Ferretti, Autopsies Show Shots Killed 9 Attica Hostages, Not Knives; State Official Admits Mistake, N.Y. Times (Sep. 15, 1971); William E. Farrell, Rockefeller Lays Hostages’ Deaths to Troopers’ Fire, N.Y. Times (Sep. 17, 1971); http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903593,00.html?promoid=googlep</ref> |
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==Subsequent lawsuits and payments== |
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Inmates and families of inmates killed in the prison retaking sued the State of New York for civil rights violations by law enforcement officers during and after the retaking of Attica. After 27 years in the courts, in 2000, the State of New York agreed to pay $12 million to settle the case. <ref>Al-Jundi v. Mancusi, 113 F. Supp. 2d 441 (W.D.N.Y. 2000)</ref> The State of New York also recognized the families of the slain prison employees in the autumn of 2004 with a $12 million financial settlement. |
Inmates and families of inmates killed in the prison retaking sued the State of New York for civil rights violations by law enforcement officers during and after the retaking of Attica. After 27 years in the courts, in 2000, the State of New York agreed to pay $12 million to settle the case. <ref>Al-Jundi v. Mancusi, 113 F. Supp. 2d 441 (W.D.N.Y. 2000)</ref> The State of New York also recognized the families of the slain prison employees in the autumn of 2004 with a $12 million financial settlement. |
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==Notability of the Attica riot== |
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==Racial issues== |
==Racial issues== |
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Many people attribute the riot to the racial issues inside of the prison at the time. Of 2,225 inmates, 54% of the inmates were [[African American]] and 9% [[Puerto Rican]]; however, all of the 383 correctional officers were white. From reports on the prison conditions, the guards were openly racist and assaulted the prisoners with their batons, which they dubbed "Nigger Sticks." During this time period "black militancy" was at its peak and several prisons had their black [[militant]]s transferred to Attica. Additionally, [[George Jackson (Black Panther)|George Jackson]], a member of the [[Black Panther Party]], died at the hands of white prison guards only a few days before the riot in the [[San Quentin]] State Prison in [[California]], adding to the racial tension. The aftermath of the riot called for prison reform, especially in the treatment of minority inmates who were becoming a majority in several state correctional facilities across America.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
Many people attribute the riot to the racial issues inside of the prison at the time. Of 2,225 inmates, 54% of the inmates were [[African American]] and 9% [[Puerto Rican]]; however, all of the 383 correctional officers were white. From reports on the prison conditions, the guards were openly racist and assaulted the prisoners with their batons, which they dubbed "Nigger Sticks." During this time period "black militancy" was at its peak and several prisons had their black [[militant]]s transferred to Attica. Additionally, [[George Jackson (Black Panther)|George Jackson]], a member of the [[Black Panther Party]], died at the hands of white prison guards only a few days before the riot in the [[San Quentin]] State Prison in [[California]], adding to the racial tension. The aftermath of the riot called for prison reform, especially in the treatment of minority inmates who were becoming a majority in several state correctional facilities across America.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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==Exoneration of inmates== |
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One of the leaders of the uprising, Cleveland "Jomo" Davis was later pardoned by New York Governor [[Hugh Carey]]. On April 2, 1978 Davis was accused of having fatally shot New York City Police Officers Christie D. Masone and Norman R. Cerullo in Brooklyn, New York. Following two mistrials, Davis was found not guilty.<ref>New York Times June 29, 1980</ref> |
One of the leaders of the uprising, Cleveland "Jomo" Davis was later pardoned by New York Governor [[Hugh Carey]]. On April 2, 1978 Davis was accused of having fatally shot New York City Police Officers Christie D. Masone and Norman R. Cerullo in Brooklyn, New York. Following two mistrials, Davis was found not guilty.<ref>New York Times June 29, 1980</ref> |
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Revision as of 01:38, 16 March 2008
The Attica Prison riot occurred at the Attica Correctional Facility in Attica, New York, United States in 1971. The riot was based in part upon prisoners' demands for better living conditions. At the time, inmates were given one bucket of water a week as a "shower" and one roll of toilet paper a month.[1] On September 9, 1971, responding to rumors of the impending torture of a prisoner, about one thousand of the prison's approximately 2,200 inmates rioted and seized control of the prison, taking thirty-three guards hostage.
During the following four days of negotiations, authorities agreed to 28 of the prisoners' demands, but would not agree to demands for complete amnesty from criminal prosecution or for the removal of Attica's warden. After negotiations failed, state police and guards stormed the prison. When the uprising was over at least thirty-nine people were dead, including ten hostages who died by gunfire from state troopers and guards during the retaking.
The riot
At approximately 8:20 A.M. on Thursday, September 9, 1971, as 5 Company lined up for roll-call, they learned that one of their companions was to remain in his cell,[2] prompting rumors that he was to be tortured after being isolated for an incident with another prisoner.[3] A small group of 5 Company prisoners protested that they, too, would be locked up, and began walking back towards their cells. The remainder of 5 Company continued towards breakfast. As the protesting group walked past the isolated inmate, they were able to free him from his cell. They then rejoined the rest of 5 Company and proceeded on their way. A short time later, when command staff discovered what had occurred, a correctional officer walked down A Tunnel to investigate. He was assaulted and the riot began.[2]
Inmates quickly gained control of a large portion of the prison, assaulting guards with pipes, chains and baseball bats. One officer would later die from injuries received at the hands of the inmates.[3]
Inmates took forty-two officers and civilians hostage and aired a list of grievances, demanding their needs be met before their surrender.[3] In a facility designed to hold 1,200 inmates and actually housing 2,225,[4] theirs was a substantial list. They felt that they had been illegally denied certain rights and conditions to which they were entitled, illustrated by such practices as being allowed only one shower per week and one roll of toilet paper per person per month.[5]
Negotiations between inmates and prison officials
The prisoners negotiated with the head of the state prison system, and then later with a team of observers that they had requested, including Tom Wicker, an editor of the New York Times, James Ingram of the Michigan Chronicle, state representative Arthur Eve, lawyer William Kunstler and other elected officials.
The situation may have been further complicated by then-Governor Nelson Rockefeller’s refusal to come to the scene of the riot and meet with the inmates,[3] although some later evaluations of the incident would postulate that his absence from the scene actually prevented the situation from deteriorating.[6] Negotiations broke down and Rockefeller ultimately ordered the State Police to retake the facility, without making a final attempt to make clear to the inmates that the prison would be retaken by force if they did not surrender, a decision later criticized by a commission created by Rockefeller to study the riot and the aftermath.[7]
The retaking of the prison and retaliation by guards
At 9:46 A.M. on Monday, September 13, 1971 tear gas was dropped into the yard and State Troopers opened fire. Among the weapons used by the Troopers were shot-guns, which led to the wounding and killing of hostages and inmates who were not resisting,[8] and former prison guards were allowed to participate, a decision later called "inexcusable" by the commission established by Rockefeller to study the riot and the aftermath.[9] By the time the facility was retaken, ten hostages and twenty-nine inmates had been killed. The final death toll from the riot also included the officer fatally injured at the start of the riot and four inmates killed when "inmate justice" was administered. All ten hostages died from gunfire by state troopers and guards.[3][4] The New York State Special Commission on Attica wrote, "With the exception of Indian massacres in the late 19th century, the State Police assault which ended the four-day prison uprising was the bloodiest one-day encounter between Americans since the Civil War."[4]
After the riots, nothing was done to prevent reprisals by Trooper and guards. Inmates were made to strip, crawl through the mud, and then some were made to run naked between lines of enraged guards, who beat the inmates. Several days after the riot's end, prison doctors reported evidence of more beatings. The commission established by Rockefeller to study the riot and the aftermath accused state officials of allowing rumors to spread, and of unjustifiable delay in denying the false report that one hostage had been castrated and that others had their throats fatally slashed. [10]
Media reports claimed that inmate hostage-takers slit the throats of many of their hostages, reports that contradicted official medical evidence. Newspaper headlines made statements such as "I Saw Slit Throats," implying that prisoners had cut the hostages' throats when the armed raid occurred. These "reports" were later found to be deliberately fictitious.[11]
Subsequent lawsuits and payments
Inmates and families of inmates killed in the prison retaking sued the State of New York for civil rights violations by law enforcement officers during and after the retaking of Attica. After 27 years in the courts, in 2000, the State of New York agreed to pay $12 million to settle the case. [12] The State of New York also recognized the families of the slain prison employees in the autumn of 2004 with a $12 million financial settlement.
Notability of the Attica riot
The Attica riot was notable in that they directed national media attention to the condition of prisons in the United States during the 1960s and early 1970s.
Racial issues
Many people attribute the riot to the racial issues inside of the prison at the time. Of 2,225 inmates, 54% of the inmates were African American and 9% Puerto Rican; however, all of the 383 correctional officers were white. From reports on the prison conditions, the guards were openly racist and assaulted the prisoners with their batons, which they dubbed "Nigger Sticks." During this time period "black militancy" was at its peak and several prisons had their black militants transferred to Attica. Additionally, George Jackson, a member of the Black Panther Party, died at the hands of white prison guards only a few days before the riot in the San Quentin State Prison in California, adding to the racial tension. The aftermath of the riot called for prison reform, especially in the treatment of minority inmates who were becoming a majority in several state correctional facilities across America.[citation needed]
Exoneration of inmates
One of the leaders of the uprising, Cleveland "Jomo" Davis was later pardoned by New York Governor Hugh Carey. On April 2, 1978 Davis was accused of having fatally shot New York City Police Officers Christie D. Masone and Norman R. Cerullo in Brooklyn, New York. Following two mistrials, Davis was found not guilty.[13]
Cultural impact
In the 1975 film Dog Day Afternoon, Al Pacino's character, Sonny, who is holding eight bank employees hostage, starts a chant of "Attica! Attica!" at the massed police outside, invoking the excessive police force used in response to the Attica riots. Many more pop culture references stem from this scene than from the riots themselves. For example, in the 1977 film Saturday Night Fever, Tony Manero, played by John Travolta, repeats Pacino's "Attica! Attica!" line. See Dog Day Afternoon in popular culture for many more examples.
At least three TV movies of the riot have been produced: 1980's Attica, with George Grizzard, 1994's Against the Wall, with Samuel L. Jackson, and 2001's The Killing Yard, by Euzhan Palcy with Alan Alda.
In the television show Oz, racial tension and poor living conditions cause the prison inmates to riot in the episode "A Game of Checkers." The event echoes the real life situation in Attica, and several characters reference the Attica uprisings when discussing how they should work to defuse the riot.
The incident is directly referenced in at least two songs: John Lennon's "Attica State" on his Some Time In New York City album, and Tom Paxton's "The Hostage," which was included by Judy Collins on her 1973 album True Stories and Other Dreams. The Attica riots were also said to have inspired both the 10cc song "Rubber Bullets" and the Charles Mingus composition "Remember Rockefeller at Attica."
The 1972 album Attica Blues by jazz saxophonist Archie Shepp and its title track are a direct reference to the incident.
Composer Frederic Rzewski wrote two pieces, "Coming Together"/"Attica" (1972), that set excerpts from a letter by Sam Melville, one of the prisoners killed in the riots.
Poet Alen Pol Kobryn’s verse series, Attica State, was broadcast on WBAI, 1976.
References
- ^ Jackson, B. (1999). Attica: An Anniversary of Death. Retrieved October 4, 2006, from http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~bjackson/attica.htm
- ^ a b "Attica Correctional Facility: 1971 Prison Riot". Attica Central School District. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
- ^ a b c d e "People & Events: Attica Prison Riot – September 9-13, 1971". American Experience—The Rockefellers. Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
- ^ a b c Schmalleger, F., & Smykla, J. (2007, 2005, 2002). Corrections in the 21st Century. New York: McGraw-Hill.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jackson, B. (1999). Attica: An Anniversary of Death. Retrieved October 4, 2006, from http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~bjackson/attica.htm
- ^ Benjamin, G., & Rappaport, S. (1974). Attica and Prison Reform. Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, 31(3), 203-212. Retrieved October 6, 2006, from JSTOR database.
- ^ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903593,00.html?promoid=googlep
- ^ Use of Shotguns in Attica Revolt Deplored in House Unit’s Report, N.Y. Times (June 27, 1973)
- ^ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903593,00.html?promoid=googlep
- ^ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903593,00.html?promoid=googlep
- ^ http://www.guerrillaunderground.com/attica.htm; Fred Ferretti, Autopsies Show Shots Killed 9 Attica Hostages, Not Knives; State Official Admits Mistake, N.Y. Times (Sep. 15, 1971); William E. Farrell, Rockefeller Lays Hostages’ Deaths to Troopers’ Fire, N.Y. Times (Sep. 17, 1971); http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903593,00.html?promoid=googlep
- ^ Al-Jundi v. Mancusi, 113 F. Supp. 2d 441 (W.D.N.Y. 2000)
- ^ New York Times June 29, 1980
Bibliography
- Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s, eds. Henry Hampton and Steve Fayer
External links
- Yahoo! Directory: Attica Riot links
- Democrat and Chronicle: Attica – A History In Photographs
- Talking History: Attica Revisited
- "I Would Do It Any Day, Again" an Interview with Akil Al-Jundi
- video interviews with Frank Smith
- Short history on American Experience @PBS.org
- Short history from Eyes on the Prize @PBS.org
- The Attica Prison Uprising on libcom.org - with links to related articles on the prisoners' movement, Black Panthers, Vietnam, etc.