Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija: Difference between revisions
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{{about|the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija from 1990 to present day|previous periods|Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (disambiguation)|the interim United Nations administration over the province|United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo}} |
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{{Refimprove|date=June 2008}} |
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{{Update|date=February 2011}} |
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{{Infobox country |
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|conventional_long_name = Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija |
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|native_name = ''Autonomna Pokrajina Kosovo i Metohija'' /<br />''Аутономна Покрајина Косово и Метохиja'' {{sr icon}}<br />''Krahina Autonome e Kosovës'' {{sq icon}} |
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|common_name = Kosovo and Metohija |
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|image_flag = |
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|image_map = Map of Serbia (Kosovo and Metohija).PNG |
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|map_caption = AP Kosovo and Metohija in [[Serbia]] |
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|official_languages = [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]] |
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|capital = [[Pristina]] (Prishtina, Priština) |
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|sovereignty_type = Autonomy |
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|established_event1 = Reconstitution |
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|established_date1 = 1990 |
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|established_event2 = [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo|UN interim administration]] |
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|established_date2 = 1999 |
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|latd = 42 |
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|latm = 40 |
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|latNS = N |
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|longd = 21 |
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|longm = 10 |
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|longEW = E |
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|area_magnitude = 1 E10 |
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|area_km2 = 10,908 |
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|area_sq_mi = 4,212 |
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|percent_water = n/a |
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|population_estimate = 1,804,838<ref>See [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kv.html] {{sh icon}} <!-- {{Dead link|date=July 2009}} -->[http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/kosovo/SoE/popullat.htm UN estimate], Kosovo’s population estimates range from 1.9 to 2.4 million. The last two population census conducted in 1981 and 1991 estimated Kosovo’s population at 1.6 and 1.9 million respectively, but the 1991 census probably under-counted Albanians. The latest estimate in 2001 by OSCE puts the number at 2.4 Million. The World Factbook gives an estimate of 2,126,708 for the year 2007 (see {{CIA World Factbook link|kv|Kosovo}}).</ref> |
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|population_estimate_year = 2007 |
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|population_census = 1,956,196{{smallsup|2}} |
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|population_census_year = 1991 |
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|population_density_km2 = 220 |
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|population_density_sq_mi = 500 |
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|GDP_nominal_year = 2009 |
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|GDP_nominal = $5.352 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=967&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=56&pr1.y=7 |title=Kosovo|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> |
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|GDP_nominal_rank = |
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|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,965 |
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|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |
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|currency = [[Serbian Dinar]] |
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|currency_code = RSD |
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|time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
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|utc_offset = +1 |
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|time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |
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|utc_offset_DST = +2 |
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|drives_on = right |
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|calling_code = +381{{smallsup|4}} |
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|footnotes = <sup>1</sup> While the Kosovar Albanians proclaimed an independent republic in 2008, the new state is only partially recognised and the region is still considered the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (under UN administration) by [[Serbia]] and all states that refused to recognise its independence. |
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}} |
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{{History of Kosovo}} |
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The '''Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija''' comprises the territory of [[Kosovo]] within the [[Republic of Serbia]]. From April 1992, Serbia itself formed an integral part of the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. During this period, the region was recognised by its [[Albanians in Kosovo|Albanian]] majority - as well as by the Republic of [[Albania]] - as the independent [[Republic of Kosova]]. |
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This province was established by the [[Anti-bureaucratic revolution]] by [[Slobodan Milošević]]'s government and the reduction of the additional powers of the [[Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo]] in 1990, effectively a return to the pre-1974 status of [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (1946-1974)|Kosovo and Metohija]] as when the constitution was last revised in 1971. In 1990 it was an autonomous part of the [[Socialist Republic of Serbia]] within the larger [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] and by 1992 the conditions had changed where it remained an autonomous part of the new [[Republic of Serbia (federal)|Republic of Serbia]] in the smaller [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. After 1999, Serbia and the Yugoslav government no longer exercised ''[[de facto]]'' control over the territory, and in 2008 the [[Republic of Kosovo]] unilaterally and lawfully<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=35396&Cr=&Cr1= |title=Kosovo’s declaration of independence did not violate international law – UN court |publisher=UN News Centre |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=22 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbcnewsamerica.com/icjinternational-court-of-justice.html |title=ICJ,International Court Of Justice:Declaration of independence of Kosovo from Serbia is not a violation of international law |publisher=Bbc newsamerica.com |accessdate=2 January 2011}}</ref> declared independence. The Republic of Serbia and a majority of UN countries, however, do not recognise Kosovo as an independent state, and Serbia still retains an administrative apparatus for the Autonomous Province. |
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==History == |
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{{see|Kosovo War|20th century history of Kosovo}} |
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Constitutional changes were made in Yugoslavia in 1990. The parliaments of all Yugoslavian republics and provinces, which until then had MPs only from the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]], were dissolved and multi-party elections were held within them. Kosovar Albanians refused to participate in the elections so they held their own unsanctioned elections instead. As election laws required (and still require) turnout higher than 50%, a parliament in Kosovo could not be established.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} |
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The new constitution abolished the individual provinces' official media, integrating them within the official media of Serbia while still retaining some programs in the [[Albanian language]]. The Albanian-language media in Kosovo was suppressed. Funding was withdrawn from state-owned media, including that in the Albanian language in Kosovo. The constitution made creating privately owned media possible, however their functioning was very difficult because of high rents and restricting laws. State-owned Albanian language television or radio was also banned from broadcasting from Kosovo [http://www.hrw.org/worldreport/Helsinki-12.htm]. However, privately owned Albanian media outlets appeared; of these, probably the most famous is "Koha Ditore", which was allowed to operate until late 1998 when it was closed after publishing a calendar glorifying ethnic Albanian separatists.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} |
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The constitution also transferred control over state-owned companies to the Yugoslav central government (at the time, most of the companies were state-owned and ''[[de jure]]'' they still are). In September 1990, up to 123,000 Albanian workers were dismissed from their positions in government and media, as were teachers, doctors, and civil servants [http://www.bndlg.de/~wplarre/back337.htm], provoking a [[general strike]] and mass unrest. Some of those who were not sacked quit in sympathy, refusing to work for the Serbian government. Although the sackings were widely seen as a purge of ethnic Albanians, the government maintained that it was removing former communist directors. |
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Albanian educational curriculum textbooks previously used were revoked and replaced by new ones. The curriculum was (and still is, as that is the curriculum used for Albanians in Serbia outside Kosovo) identical to its Serbian counterpart and that of all other nationalities in Serbia except that it had education on and in the Albanian language. Education in Albanian was withdrawn in 1992 and re-established in 1994. [http://www.osce.org/kosovo/documents/reports/hr/part1/ch1.htm] At the Priština University, which was seen as a centre of Kosovo Albanian cultural identity, education in the Albanian language was abolished and Albanian teachers were also dismissed in large numbers. Albanians responded by boycotting state schools and setting up an unofficial parallel system of Albanian-language education.<ref>Clark, Howard. ''Civil Resistance in Kosovo''. London: Pluto Press, 2000. ISBN 0-7453-1569-0</ref> |
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Kosovo Albanians were outraged by what they saw as an attack on their rights. Following mass rioting and unrest from Albanians as well as outbreaks of inter-communal violence, in February 1990, a state of emergency was declared and the presence of the Yugoslav Army and police was significantly increased to quell the unrest.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} |
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Unsanctioned elections were held in [[1992]], which overwhelmingly elected [[Ibrahim Rugova]] as "president" of a [[Republic of Kosova (1990-2000)|self-declared Republic of Kosova]]; however, these elections were not recognised by Yugoslav nor any foreign government. In 1995, thousands of Serb refugees from [[Croatia]] settled in Kosovo, which further worsened relations between the two communities.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} |
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Albanian opposition to the sovereignty of Yugoslavia and especially Serbia had previously surfaced in rioting (1968 and March 1981) in the capital [[Priština]]. Rugova initially advocated non-violent resistance, but later opposition took the form of separatist agitation by opposition political groups and armed action from 1996 by the "[[Kosovo Liberation Army]]" (''Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës'', or UÇK) whose activities led to the [[Kosovo War]] ending with the [[1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] and the eventual creation of the [[United Nations|UN]] [[Kosovo protectorate]] (UNMIK).{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} |
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==Politics and government== |
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{{main|Assembly of the Community of Municipalities of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija|Serbian National Council for Kosovo and Metohija}} |
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{{see also|Serbs in Kosovo|Kosovo Serb enclaves}} |
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Since 1999, the Serb-inhabited areas of Kosovo have been governed as a ''de facto'' independent region from the Albanian-dominated government in [[Pristina]]. They continue to use Serbian national symbols and participates in Serbian national elections, which are boycotted in the rest of Kosovo; and in turn, it boycotts Kosovo's elections. The municipalities of [[Leposavić]], [[Zvečan]] and [[Zubin Potok]] are run by local Serbs, while the [[Kosovska Mitrovica]] municipality had rival Serbian and Albanian governments until a compromise was agreed in November 2002.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} |
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The Serb areas have united into a community, the '''Union of Serbian Districts and District Units of Kosovo and Metohija''' established in February 2003 by Serbian delegates meeting in Kosovska Mitrovica, which has since served as the ''de facto'' "capital." The Union's President is [[Dragan Velić]]. There is also a central governing body, the [[Serbian National Council for Kosovo and Metohija]] (SNV). The President of SNV in [[North Kosovo]] is Dr [[Milan Ivanović (politician)|Milan Ivanović]], while the head of its Executive Council is [[Rada Trajković]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} |
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Local politics are dominated by the [[Serbian List for Kosovo and Metohija]]. The Serbian List is led by [[Oliver Ivanović]], an engineer from Kosovska Mitrovica.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} |
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In February 2007 the Union of Serbian Districts and District Units of Kosovo and Metohija has transformed into the [[Serbian Assembly of Kosovo and Metohija]] presided by [[Marko Jakšić]]. The Assembly strongly criticised the secessionist movements of the Albanian-dominated PISG Assembly of Kosovo and demanded unity of the Serb people in Kosovo, boycott of [[EULEX]] and announced massive protests in support of Serbia's sovereignty over Kosovo. On 18 February 2008, day after Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence, the Assembly declared it "null and void".{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} |
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There also exists a '''Ministry for Kosovo and Metohija''' within the Serbian government, [[Goran Bogdanović]] is the current Minister for Kosovo and Metohija.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} |
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== Administrative divisions == |
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[[File:M kosovo02.png|250px|thumb|right|Districts in Kosovo and Metohija.]] |
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Five of Serbian Districts are on the territory of [[Kosovo]], comprising 28 municipalities and 1 city. In 2000, [[UNMIK]] created 7 new [[Districts of Kosovo|districts]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} and 30 [[Municipalities of Kosovo|municipalities]]. Serbia does not exercise sovereignty over this polity. For the UNMIK districts and the districts of Kosovo, see [[Districts of Kosovo]]. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- bgcolor=#cccccc |
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! District !! Seat !! Population <br>in 2002 (rank) !! Municipalities and cities |
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|- align=center valign=top |
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| [[Kosovo District]] <br><small>(''Kosovski okrug'')</small><br> [[File:Kosovski okrug.PNG|75px]] |
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| [[Pristina]] |
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| 672,292 |
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| align=left| |
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*[[Pristina]] |
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*[[Glogovac]] |
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*[[Kosovo Polje]] |
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*[[Lipljan]] |
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*[[Obilić]] |
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*[[Podujevo]] |
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*[[Uroševac]] |
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*[[Štimlje]] |
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*[[Kačanik]] |
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*[[Štrpce]] |
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|- align=center valign=top |
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| [[Kosovo-Pomoravlje District]] <br><small>(''Kosovsko-Pomoravski okrug'')</small><br> [[File:Kosovsko-Pomoravski okrug.PNG|75px]] |
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| [[Gnjilane]] |
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| 217,726 |
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| align=left| |
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*[[Kosovska Kamenica]] |
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*[[Novo Brdo]] |
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*[[Gnjilane]] |
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*[[Vitina]] |
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|- align=center valign=top |
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| [[Kosovska Mitrovica District (Serbia)|Kosovska Mitrovica District]] <br><small>(''Kosovskomitrovički okrug'')</small><br> [[File:Kosovskomitrovički okrug.PNG|75px]] |
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| [[Kosovska Mitrovica]] |
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| 275,904 |
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| align=left| |
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*[[Kosovska Mitrovica]] |
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*[[Leposavić]] |
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*[[Srbica]] |
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*[[Vučitrn]] |
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*[[Zubin Potok]] |
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*[[Zvečan]] |
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|- align=center valign=top |
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| [[Peć District (Serbia)|Peć District]] <br><small>(''Pećki okrug'')</small><br> [[File:Pećki okrug.PNG|75px]] |
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| [[Peć]] |
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| 414,187 |
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| align=left| |
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*[[Peć]] |
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*[[Istok]] |
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*[[Klina]] |
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*[[Đakovica]] |
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*[[Dečani]] |
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|- align=center valign=top |
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| [[Prizren District (Serbia)|Prizren District]] <br><small>(''Prizrenski okrug'')</small><br> [[File:Prizrenski okrug.PNG|75px]] |
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| [[Prizren]] |
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| 376,085 |
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| align=left| |
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*[[Orahovac]] |
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*[[Suva Reka]] |
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*[[Prizren]] |
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*[[Gora (region)|Gora]] |
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|} |
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== See also == |
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* [[North Kosovo]] |
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* [[Kosovo Serb enclaves]] |
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* [[Kosovo District]] |
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* [[Autonomous Province of Vojvodina]] |
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* [[Republic of Serbia (federal)]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}} |
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{{Navboxes |
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|list = |
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{{Political divisions of Serbia}} |
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{{Republics and autonomous provinces of the former Yugoslavia}} |
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{{Serbia topics}} |
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{{Autonomous provinces of Serbia}} |
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{{Statistical regions of Serbia}} |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Autonomous Province Of Kosovo And Metohija (1990–)}} |
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[[Category:History of Kosovo]] |
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[[Category:Subdivisions of Serbia]] |
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[[Category:Statistical regions of Serbia]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1990]] |
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[[Category:Autonomous provinces]] |
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[[cs:Autonomní oblast Kosovo a Metohije]] |
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[[es:Provincia Autónoma de Kosovo y Metohija (1990-1999)]] |
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[[nl:Autonome Provincie Kosovo en Metohija (1990-1999)]] |
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[[ja:コソボ・メトヒヤ自治州 (1990年-1999年)]] |
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[[pt:Província Autônoma de Kosovo e Metohija]] |
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[[ro:Provincia Autonomă Kosovo și Metohia (1990-1999)]] |
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[[ru:Косово и Метохия]] |
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[[uk:Автономний край Косово і Метохія (1990—1999)]] |
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