Baháʼí Faith in Senegal
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The Bahá'í Faith in Senegal begins after `Abdu'l-Bahá, the son of the founder of the religion, mentioned Africa as a place the religion should be more broadly visited by Bahá'ís.[1] The first to set foot in the territory of French West Africa that would become Senegal arrived in 1953.[2] The first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Senegal was elected in 1966 in Dakar.[3] In 1975 the Bahá'í community elected the first National Spiritual Assembly of Senegal. Bahá'ís claimed there are 34 local assemblies in 2003.[3] The most recent estimate, by the Association of Religion Data Archives in a 2005 report estimates the population of Senegalese Bahá'ís at 24700.[4]
Early Phase
`Abdu'l-Bahá's Tablets of the Divine Plan
`Abdu'l-Bahá, the son of the founder of the religion, wrote a series of letters, or tablets, to the followers of the religion in the United States in 1916-1917; these letters were compiled together in the book Tablets of the Divine Plan. The eighth and twelfth of the tablets mentioned Africa and were written on April 19, 1916 and February 15, 1917, respectively. Publication however was delayed in the United States until 1919—after the end of the First World War and the Spanish flu. The tablets were translated and presented by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab on April 4, 1919, and published in Star of the West magazine on December 12, 1919.[5] `Abdu'l-Bahá mentions Bahá'ís traveling "…especially from America to Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia, and travel through Japan and China. Likewise, from Germany teachers and believers may travel to the continents of America, Africa, Japan and China; in brief, they may travel through all the continents and islands of the globe"[1] and " …the anthem of the oneness of the world of humanity may confer a new life upon all the children of men, and the tabernacle of universal peace be pitched on the apex of America; thus Europe and Africa may become vivified with the breaths of the Holy Spirit, this world may become another world, the body politic may attain to a new exhilaration…."[6]
Establishment and growth
During the late colonial period of the region the Bahá'í Faith first arrived.[3] Wide scale growth in the religion across Sub-Saharan Africa was observed to begin in 1950s.[7] The first Bahá'ís to enter French West Africa came in 1953 and dispersed to several regions - Labib Isfahani was the first Bahá'í to settle in what became Senegal and named a Knight of Bahá'u'lláh. He come from the community of Bahá'ís in Egypt.[2] Isfahani's brother Habib came to join him in April 1954. There were over 1000 Bahá'ís across North-West Africa[8] which was organized into a regional National Spiritual Assembly including French West Africa in 1956.[9] In 1959 Bahá'í marriage ceremonies were legalized and the first such marriage had Hand of the Cause Enoch Olinga in attendance.[10]
Growth in the Senegalese community came partly by pioneers and partly from converts. In early 1962 the family of Rouhani Ardekani stayed for six-months in Senegal and in 1966 returned to settle permanently. The first Bahá'í of Senegalese origin converted in March 1962.[11] In 1963 the communities of French West Africa, then included a small group of Bahá'ís in Dakar.[9] With the help of Bahá'ís originally from Gambia in Dakar the community formed the first Local Spiritual Assembly in Dakar on 21 April 1966.[3] During much of the 1960s-1970s Hermione Vera Keens-Douglas Edwards composed letters for the communities of the former French West Africa for their Nineteen Day Feasts.[12]
Additional one well known Bahá'í made an impact in Senegal and beyond - Robert Hayden, who had become a Bahá'í in 1943, was named Poet Laurette of Senegal in 1966 after winning the 1965[13] first World Festival of Negro Arts festival Grand Prix de la Poesie with over ten thousand people from thirty-seven nations in attendance on April 7, 1962[14] and went on to further acclaim.
In 1975 the Bahá'í community elected the first National Spiritual Assembly of Senegal and by the beginning of 1978 there were 30 local assemblies.[15] The first regional Bahá'í conference of the Casamance region happened in 1979 with participants from Gambia and Senégal in December 1978, and at the end of that year there were 35 assemblies.[16]
Modern community
Since its inception the religion has had involvement in socio-economic development (SED) beginning by giving greater freedom to women,[17] promulgating the promotion of female education as a priority concern,[18] and that involvement was given practical expression by creating schools, agricultural coops, and clinics.[17] The religion entered a new phase of activity when a message of the Universal House of Justice dated 20 October 1983 was released.[19] Bahá'ís were urged to seek out ways, compatible with the Bahá'í teachings, in which they could become involved in the social and economic development of the communities in which they lived. Worldwide in 1979 there were 129 officially recognized Bahá'í socio-economic development projects. By 1987, the number of officially recognized development projects had increased to 1482. Representatives of the national assemblies of Gambia, Mauritania and Senegal gathered in 1983 at a regional conference in Dakar along with other Bahá'ís and heard talks ranging from opposition to the religion to the role of women in the community.[20] Meanwhile, Bahá'ís of Senegal assisted the neighboring community in the Cape Verde Islands with promulgating the religion.[21] In 1983-4 some Bahá'ís visiting from Switzerland toured several countries of western Africa - in Senegal they were able to meet with government officials, women's civic groups and were interviewed for local television.[22] In 1984 several activities took place - a Spring school was held, the Bahá'í women's committee held a children's conference, and a regional youth conference was held.[23] In 1985 tutorial schools were opened in two villages.[24] In 1989 a Bahá'í professional traveled the country offering dental care as a service.[25] The community celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2003[3] and the community has ongoing prayer meetings, Study circles, and classes for children open to the public.[26] There are also SED projects looking at marketable skill development.[27] Bahá'ís from Senegal were among those at the regional conference at Abidjan called for by the Universal House of Justice in 2008.[28]
Demographics
In 2003 the Bahá'ís reported the Bahá'í community of Senegal is composed mainly of Senegalese scattered in about 300 locations across the country of whom the vast majority are native Senegalese.[11] Bahá'ís reside in 382 localities in Senegal, and there are 34 local Spiritual Assemblies. Social and economic development projects include classes for young teenagers.[29] In 2001 Operation World estimated the Baha'i population at almost 19,000, growing at over 8% per year.[30] The Association of Religion Data Archives estimated the 2005 population of Senegalese Bahá'ís at 24,700.[4]
See also
References
- ^ a b `Abdu'l-Bahá (1991) [1916-17]. Tablets of the Divine Plan (Paperback ed.). Wilmette, IL: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 47–59. ISBN 0-87743-233-3.
- ^ a b Hassall, Graham (c. 2000). "Egypt: Baha'i history". Asia Pacific Bahá'í Studies: Bahá'í Communities by country. Bahá'í Online Library. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
- ^ a b c d e Bahá'í International Community (2003-12-28). "National communities celebrate together". Bahá'í International News Service.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ Abbas, `Abdu'l-Bahá (April 1919). Tablets, Instructions and Words of Explanation. Mirza Ahmad Sohrab (trans. and comments).
- ^ `Abdu'l-Bahá (1991) [1916-17]. Tablets of the Divine Plan (Paperback ed.). Wilmette, IL: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. pp. 82–89. ISBN 0-87743-233-3.
- ^ "Overview Of World Religions". General Essay on the Religions of Sub-Saharan Africa. Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
- ^ Effendi, Shoghi (1963). "North West Africa". Bahá'í World 1954-63. Bahá'í International Community. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- ^ a b "The Bahá'í Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963". Compiled by Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land. pp. 22, 46, 83.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "Teaching, Study, Goal Achievement Mark Activities In West Africa". Bahá'í News (348): 7. February 1960.
- ^ a b "La Foi au Sénégal". Official Website. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Senegal. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
- ^ Universal House of Justice (1986). In Memoriam. Vol. XVIII. Bahá'í World Centre. p. 778. ISBN 0-85398-234-1.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ Chapman, Abraham; Richard Wright (1968). Black Voices. Signet Classic, 2001 reprint. pp. 438–9. ISBN 978-0-451-52782-0.
- ^ Buck, Christopher (January 2004). "Robert Hayden". Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature. 02 (04). New York: Oxford University Press: 177–181. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
- ^ "Around the World;Upper West Africa; Teaching goals won". Bahá'í News (567): 15. June 1978.
- ^ "Around the World; Senegal". Bahá'í News (580): 15. July 1979.
- ^ a b Momen, Moojan. "History of the Baha'i Faith in Iran". draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith". Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- ^ Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi (1997). "Education of women and socio-economic development". Baha'i Studies Review. 7 (1).
- ^ Momen, Moojan; Smith, Peter (1989). "The Baha'i Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments". Religion. 19 (1): 63–91. doi:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8.
- ^ "Around the World; Senegal". Bahá'í News (628): 17. July 1983. ISSN 0195-9212.
- ^ "Around the World; Cape Verde Islands". Bahá'í News (631): 13. October 1983. ISSN 0195-9212.
- ^ "Around the World; Africa". Bahá'í News (640): 13. July 1984. ISSN 0195-9212.
- ^ "Around the World; Senegal". Bahá'í News (645): 16. December 1984. ISSN 0195-9212.
- ^ "Social/economic development - Number of projects growing rapidly; Africa". Bahá'í News (660): 5. March 1986. ISSN 0195-9212.
- ^ "Around the World; Senegal". Bahá'í News (704): 15. December 1989. ISSN 0195-9212.
- ^ "Les Activités". Official Website. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Senegal. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
- ^ Scoggin, Justin (2002). "Forging the Divine Economy". Unpublished Articles. Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
- ^ "Regional Conferences of the Five Year Plan - The Abidjan Regional Conference". Bahá'í International News Service. Abidjan: Bahá'í International Community. 2009-01-04. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
- ^ "Government officials visit Baha'i book display in Senegal". Bahá'í International News Service. Abidjan: Bahá'í International Community. 2009-01-04. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
- ^ "Republic of Senegal". Operation World. Paternoster Lifestyle. 2006. Retrieved 2009-08-01.