Barbouzes
The Barbouzes ("bearded ones", or "fake-beards") were a group of armed counterinsurgents established with the purpose of suppressing the Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS) in Algeria from 1961 to 1962, when they were defeated by OAS militants. Working clandestinely and outside the legal parameters of the French army and police, the Barbouzes used violent terrorist tactics in an attempt to defeat the OAS.
Origins
[edit]In the summer of 1961, when Algiers was under regular terrorist attack from the anti-independence paramilitary organisation, the OAS, three supporters of General Charles de Gaulle met in Paris to discuss their plans for response.[1] Jacques Dauer, Louis Joxe, and Raymond Schmittlein, were the founders of the Mouvement Pour la Communauté established in 1959 (MPC, referred to as Mouvement pour la Coopération in Alger) to offer support to General de Gaulle's political ambitions in Algeria.[2] It was agreed that the propaganda posters of the MPC were no longer sufficient and that more drastic action needed to be taken.[3]
Lucien Bitterlin was chosen to be the director of the new agents. Bitterlin had been a member of the MPC since its foundation, and had been living in Alger since 1960.[4] Members were recruited from a wide array of French society; existing MPC supporters, former soldiers, and labourers made up the group of several hundred.[5][6] The ‘Barbouzes’ coordinated with the Police Judiciaire under Michel Hacq, whose team were named ‘Mission C’.[7]
The Barbouzes in Algeria
[edit]In 1961 the French recruits started to arrive in Algeria. Bitterlin was approached by a French military colonel who supplied him with weapons, gave him permission to breach curfew, and requested he “plastiquer several activist cafes in Algiers”.[8] (to plastiquer was to use a form of plastic-based bomb to destroy local buildings, for which the Barbouzes became notorious). Soon, news of the Barbouzes had reached the press. Their membership and political activities, however, were strictly secret, since the French government could not admit knowledge of and involvement in an illegal terrorist group.
Since many OAS leaders had emerged from the French military, and therefore had connections with the military and French Secret Service [9] the French army and police in Algeria were largely ill-equipped to tackle their attacks. Covert operations were seen as a necessary, drastic means for de Gaulle; the 'Barbouzes' were tasked with "infiltrating the OAS, disrupting its operations, and sometimes assassinating its leaders".[10] Far from attempting to arrest OAS members and hand them over to the authorities, the agents were "mandated to kill".[11]
The OAS claimed to have known about the presence of the 'Barbouzes', having become suspicious about the increasing numbers of MPC posters, the bombing of several OAS cafes, and the sudden arrival of large groups of foreign men into Algeria.[12] As a result, the attacks were by no means one-sided; the OAS orchestrated various attacks on 'Barbouzes' hideouts, including on New Years’ eve of 1961.[13]
By the end of 1961, fighting between the 'Barbouzes' and the FLN had escalated. French Prime Minister Michel Debré voiced disapproval of their tactics, claiming that Algeria had already seen enough bloodshed.[14]
Fall of the Barbouzes
[edit]In 1962, the 'Barbouzes' were no longer able to maintain their cover against the OAS.[15] They were eventually wiped out as a result of two major attacks; one on their residence in early 1962, and the second on the Hotel Rajah in February, where the OAS had learned that the remaining 'Barbouzes' were in hiding.[16]
Their defeat was not seen as a great symbolic victory for the OAS; after all, the 'Barbouzes' had succeeded in killing around 100 OAS members, and public opinion largely saw them as no more than a gang of hit men hired and paid for by the French government.[17]
References
[edit]- ^ Jean Monneret, ‘Les « Barbouzes » Contre L’OAS : Nouveau Regard’, Guerre Mondiale et Conflits Contemporains, 191, (1998), pp.89-116, p.90.
- ^ Monneret, p.90
- ^ Alistair Home, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962, (Macmillan:2012)
- ^ Monneret, p.90
- ^ Monneret, p.91
- ^ Martha Crenshaw, The Consequences of Counter-Terrorism, (Russell Sage Foundation:2010), p.259
- ^ Alexander Harrison, Challenging de Gaulle: The OAS and the Counterrevolution in Algeria, 1954-1962, (Praeger: 1989), p.97
- ^ Home,np.
- ^ Crenshaw, p.259
- ^ Crenshaw, p.259
- ^ Harrison, p.98
- ^ Harrison, p.98
- ^ Harrison, p.99
- ^ Monneret, p.95
- ^ Geraint Hughes, ‘The Use of Undercover Military Units in Counter-Terrorist Operations: A Historical Analysis With Reference to Contemporary Anti-Terrorism’, Small Wars and Insurgencies, 24:1, (2010), pp.561-590, p.569
- ^ Harrison, pp.100-101
- ^ Harrison, p.101
Further reading
[edit]- Horne, Alistair. (1977). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962. Viking Press.
- McDougall, James. (2017). A History of Algeria. Cambridge University Press.
- McDougall, James. (2006). History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria. Cambridge University Press.