Battle of Little Mountain
| Battle of Little Mountain | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the American Revolutionary War | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Wyandots | Kentucky militia | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Sourehoowah † | Captain James Estill † | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Unknown | 25 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 17 warriors killed; 2 warriors wounded | 7 militiamen killed; 6 militiamen wounded | ||||||
The Battle of Little Mountain, also known as Estill's Defeat, was fought on March 22, 1782, near Mount Sterling in what is now Montgomery County, Kentucky. One of the bloodiest engagements of the Kentucky frontier, the battle has long been the subject of controversy resulting from the actions of one of Estill's officers, William Miller, who ordered a retreat leaving the rest of Estill's command to be overwhelmed by the attacking Wyandots.
Background
On March 19, 1782, Captain James Estill received a message from Colonel Benjamin Logan requesting assistance after signs of a Wyandot war party had been seen near Boonesborough, also, empty canoes having been seen floating down the Kentucky River. Gathering about 40 men from nearby settlements, Estill began searching the area.
While he was away, the Wyandots attacked a number of nearby settlements, including Estill's Station, killing 14-year-old Jennie Glass and capturing Munk (or Monk) Estill, a slave who belonged to James Estill. Under interrogation, the courageous slave was able to persuade the Wyandots to hold off their attack, convincing them that Estill's Station was at full strength. (In reality, with the exception of one man on the sick list, only women and children were present at the fort). After killing a number of cattle, the Wyandots fled across the river.
As soon as the Indians retreated, Samuel South and Peter Hackett, both young men, were dispatched to find Captain Estill and inform him of the attacks.[1] They found Estill near the mouth of Drowning Creek and Red River early on the morning of March 21. About half of Estill's 40 men had left families at the fort. They returned to Estill's Station that same day. Estill soon returned with the rest. He ordered five men to remain at Estill's Station and led the others in pursuit of the Indian raiding party. He set up camp at Little Mountain, near present-day Mt. Sterling, Kentucky. Resuming the chase the next morning, Estill was forced to leave behind 10 more men whose horses were too tired to continue. Finding fresh tracks, Estill and the 25 men remaining soon overtook the Wyandots at Little Mountain Creek.[2][3][4]
Battle
On the night of March 22, 1782, Estill and his militiamen encountered the Wyandot raiding party. Separated by Little Mountain Creek, they were a mile and a half south of Little Mountain. The two sides fought in a violent, pitched battle for nearly two hours. The Wyandot leader, Sourehoowah, was reportedly shot by the first volley and urged his men to continue fighting as he lay dying.
After firing at each other across the creek for some time, both sides had suffered heavy casualties. When the Wyandots began fording Little River Creek, Estill countered by dividing his forces into three groups. Estill took the right flank, the left being given to Lieutenant William Miller, while another officer held the center.
Miller was ordered to flank the rear of the Wyandots from the left. As he prepared to lead his men into battle, a musket ball apparently hit his rifle, knocking the flint from the jaws of the lock. Miller allegedly shouted that "it was foolhardy to stay and be shot down", and he fled the scene with his men following him.
With Estill's left flank now open and the creek defended by only four men, the Wyandots easily rushed in, killing Estill and six others as the militiamen retreated. Estill had already been wounded three times. As he attempted to escape with his men, he was killed in hand-to-hand combat by a pursuing Wyandot warrior. Militiaman Joseph Proctor witnessed Estill's death and shot the attacker dead with his rifle.[4]
Only a handful of men were left on each side, and the battle ended with the Kentuckians withdrawing from the field. Those Kentuckians who had been captured later reported the Wyandots had suffered about 20 casualties. The slave Monk, who had escaped during the battle, reported that 17 Wyandots had been killed and two more wounded. This was confirmed by another prisoner who later escaped. Among the 18 Kentuckians who survived the battle at Little Mountain were frontiersman James Anderson,[5] David Lynch[6] and William Irving.[7] Adam Caperton, the father of United States Congressman Hugh Caperton, was killed.[8]
Aftermath
William Miller became the scapegoat for both the Kentuckians' defeat and the death of Captain Estill. One of the survivors, David Cook, reportedly threatened his life twenty years after the battle. Miller never returned to Estill's Station to defend himself against his accusers.
Monk Estill won particular distinction for bravery during the battle and carried a wounded militiaman, James Berry, almost 25 miles (40 km) back to Estill's Station. He was granted his freedom soon afterwards by Wallace Estill, becoming the first slave to be freed in Kentucky.[9]
The traditional site of Estill's death, where he was killed in hand-to-hand combat, is marked by a millstone marker pointing to an old sycamore tree on Kingston Creek.[10]
In 1808, Estill County, Kentucky, was named for Captain James Estill.
See also
References
- ^ Smith, Zachariah. 1885. The History of Kentucky. Louisville, KY: Courier-Journal Job Printing Company, p. 189.
- ^ Frost, John. Heroes and Hunters of the West. Philadelphia: H.C. Peck & Theo Bliss, 1858. (pg. 147-153)
- ^ Flint, Timothy. The Life and Adventures of Daniel Boone: The First Settler of Kentucky. Cincinnati: U.P. James, 1868. (pg. 253-256)
- ^ a b Kleber, John E. The Kentucky Encyclopedia. Louisville: University Press of Kentucky, 1992. (pg. 298-299) ISBN 0-8131-1772-0
- ^ Tyler's Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine. "Towles and Clark Families". XIII.1 (1931): 52.
- ^ Hines, Lois Davidson and Dorothy Ford Wulfeck. Lynch Families of the Southern States: Lineages and Court Records. Naugatuck, Kansas: D.F. Wulfeck, 1966. (pg. 87)
- ^ McDowell, John Hugh. History of the McDowells and Connections. Memphis: C.B. Johnson & Co., 1918. (pg. 175)
- ^ Miller, James H. History of Summers County from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time. Hinton, West Virginia: James H. Miller, 1908. (pg. 29)
- ^ Pipkin, J.J. The Story of a Rising Race: The Negro in Revelation, in History, and in Citizenship. St. Louis: N.D. Thompson Publishing, 1902. (pg. 45-47)
- ^ Federal Writers' Project. Kentucky: A Guide to the Bluegrass State. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1939. (pg. 392)
Further reading
- Belue, Ted Franklin. "Death in the Bluegrass: The Battle of Little Mountain." Dixie Gun Works Blackpowder Annual (1995): 66-69.
- Belue, Ted Franklin. "Wyandot Braves Proved Too Strong at The Battle of Little Mountain". The Kentucky Explorer (January 1997): 23-26.
- Conkright, Bessie Taul. "Estill's Defeat; or, The Battle of Little Mountain." RKHS 22 (1924): 311-22.