Oguola
| Oguola | |
|---|---|
| Oba of Benin | |
.jpg) Oba Oguola at Museum of Black Civilisations in Dakar | |
| Oba of Benin | |
| Reign | 1280 AD–1295 AD |
| Predecessor | Ewedo |
| Successor | Edoni |
| Born | Unknown Benin Kingdom |
| Died | 12th century Benin Kingdom |
| Issue | |
| Father | Ewedo |
| Religion | Traditional Benin Religion |
Oguola was the fifth Oba of the Benin Kingdom, reigning from 1280 AD to 1295 AD. His reign was marked by achievements in fortifying the city of Benin, enhancing its defences, and contributing to the cultural and economic development of the kingdom. Born into the royal family, Oguola's ascent to the throne was prompted by the extended absence of his elder brother, Prince Obuobu, who was engaged in military campaigns. This unorthodox succession was a pragmatic decision by the kingdom's elders and advisors to ensure stability and effective leadership during a critical period.
Oba Oguola's commitment to the Benin Kingdom's welfare and security was evident in his initiatives to fortify Benin City, including the construction of the first and second moats. These moats, characterised by their impressive size and strategic design, served as defensive barriers to protect the city from external threats.
Furthermore, Oguola played a role in the revival of the ancient guild of brass casting in the Benin Kingdom, recognising its cultural and economic significance. His reign also saw the decisive victory in the Battle of Urhezen, ending the threat posed by the neighbouring ruler Akpanigiakon of Udo.
Early life and ascension
[edit]Oba Oguola, a figure in the history of the Benin Kingdom, belonged to the royal lineage, deeply connected with the region's traditions. Born into the royal family, he was immersed in Benin's customs and heritage from an early age. However, historical records from this era are limited, making details of his upbringing and childhood scarce.[1]
The turning point in Oguola's life occurred during Oba Ewedo's reign. At this time, his elder brother, Prince Obuobu, was engaged in prolonged military campaigns in Iboland, a neighbouring region. These campaigns led to his extended absence from Benin City, creating a leadership vacuum in the kingdom.
In response to the need for stable governance, the elders and advisors of the Benin Kingdom chose Oguola to ascend the throne. Oguola's selection as the Oba was not solely due to his royal lineage but was primarily a pragmatic decision to ensure continuity and effective leadership during a critical period.[1]
Oba Oguola's ascent to the throne marked a departure from traditional succession practices, reflecting the unique circumstances of his era.[2] His reign, from 1280 AD to 1295 AD, began with the challenges of consolidating authority and navigating an evolving geopolitical landscape.[3]
In these early years, Oguola demonstrated his commitment to the welfare and security of the Benin Kingdom. This commitment was notably manifested in his initiatives to fortify Benin City, which included the construction of the first and second moats.[2] These extensive earthworks served as defensive measures, protecting the city from potential external threats and emphasising Oguola's dedication to safeguarding his realm.[3]
Reign
[edit]Fortification of Benin City
[edit]During Oba Oguola's reign in the Benin Kingdom, advancements were made in the city's defence systems. His leadership led to the construction of the first and second moats around Benin City, leaving a lasting legacy of fortification that reflects his strategic approach.[4]
The construction of these moats was an engineering feat for its time and aimed to enhance the security of Benin City. These moats were designed as defensive barriers created to protect the city from potential threats.[2] The first moat, referred to as "Iya," was a deep and wide trench, while the second moat, known as "Oko," served as an outer protective ring.[5]
The first moat, "Iya," measured approximately 50 feet wide and 30 feet deep, while the second moat, "Oko," was even larger, stretching to about 80 feet in width and 50 feet in depth. These dimensions underscore Oba Oguola's dedication to fortifying Benin City.[4]
Beyond their size, the moats were designed with various defensive features. They varied in depth and contour, making it challenging for potential aggressors to breach the city's defences.[4]
Oba Oguola's foresight extended to other parts of the kingdom. Recognising the strategic importance of fortifications, he mandated that important towns and villages within the kingdom should construct similar moats as a defence mechanism.[2] This directive led to the creation of such moats around Benin City and its surroundings which are now known in the present-day Benin City as the Walls of Benin or Benin Moat.[6]
These moats served not only as defensive structures but also as symbols of the kingdom's collective strength and unity. They became a physical representation of the kingdom's determination to protect its people and way of life. The widespread adoption of moats throughout the kingdom highlighted Oba Oguola's commitment to the security and prosperity of his realm.[4]
Oba Oguola's reign witnessed a revival of the ancient guild of brass casting in Benin Kingdom. This guild, which had been in decline, experienced a resurgence under his patronage.[7] Oguola recognised the cultural and economic significance of brass casting to the kingdom and took steps to ensure its continued flourishing.[8][9]
Battle of Urhezen
[edit]The Battle of Urhezen is a significant event in the history of the Benin Kingdom, occurring around 1285 AD during Oba Oguola's reign. This military engagement resulted from a complex series of events involving Oba Oguola's daughter, Uvbi, and the neighbouring ruler Akpanigiakon of Udo.[8]
A notable precursor to the Battle of Urhezen was the betrothal of Uvbi to Akpanigiakon, the ruler of Udo. However, this matrimonial arrangement faced resistance from the princess, who had strong reservations about the marriage. She chose to embark on a journey towards Udo but decided to terminate her voyage at Unuame.[8]
In Unuame, the princess found refuge and support among the elders, which had significant consequences for the kingdom, as documented by historical sources.[10]
The princess's decision to return to Benin City set off a chain of events that would lead to the Battle of Urhezen. Akpanigiakon, feeling affronted and seeking to assert his authority, posed a threat to the Benin Kingdom, resulting in heightened tensions between the two regions.[11][8]
The Battle of Urhezen itself was a fiercely contested engagement, with both sides deploying their forces. It took place in the vicinity of Urhezen and involved intense skirmishes and strategic manoeuvres. Oba Oguola, leading the Benin forces, demonstrated leadership and tactical prowess, guiding his troops in defending their homeland.[8]
Oba Oguola's strategic acumen and the bravery of his soldiers ultimately led to victory in the Battle of Urhezen.[8] This victory ensured the security of the Benin Kingdom and solidified Oba Oguola's reputation as a respected regional leader. The outcome of this battle marked the end of the threat from Udo and ushered in a period of relative peace and stability in the Benin Kingdom.[8]
Legacy
[edit]Oba Oguola's reign had a significant impact on the history of the Benin Kingdom. His construction of moats around Benin City is evidence of his commitment to enhancing the kingdom's security.[8] Additionally, his support for the brass casting guild and his victory in the Battle of Urhezen contributed to cultural and military achievements.[12][13]
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Bradbury 1959, pp. 263–287.
- ^ a b c d Ogot 1992, p. 441.
- ^ a b Usuanlele & Falola 1994, pp. 303–318.
- ^ a b c d Usuanlele & Falola 1998, pp. 361–386.
- ^ "Untold story of Benin moat going extinct". Daily Trust. 31 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ^ Eweka, E.B. (1992). The Benin Monarchy: Origin and Development. Suben Printers. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ^ "Tourism in Edo". Edo State Government. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Oliver & Oliver 1965, p. 29.
- ^ "Culture, tradition as a way of life". The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News. 13 May 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ^ Osadolor B O (2001). The Military System of the Benin Kingdom, c.1440 – 1897 (PDF). Doctoral dissertation. University of Hamburg, Germany. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ Egharevba, J.U. (1960). A Short History of Benin. Ibadan University Press. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ^ "Benin Art of Ancient Nigeria". Vanguard News. 30 July 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ^ Nwachukwu, McPhilips (10 April 2010). "Benin Bronze casting: The story of power and royalty…". Vanguard News. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
Bibliography
[edit]- Oliver, Roland Anthony; Oliver, Caroline (1965). Africa in the days of exploration. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN 978-0-13-018424-5. OCLC 316842.
- Usuanlele, Uyilawa; Falola, Toyin (1994). "The Scholarship of Jacob Egharevba of Benin". History in Africa. 21. Cambridge University Press: 303–318. doi:10.2307/3171890. ISSN 0361-5413. JSTOR 3171890. S2CID 161203337. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- Usuanlele, Uyilawa; Falola, Toyin (1998). "A Comparison of Jacob Egharevba's Ekhere Vb Itan Edo and the Four Editions of Its English Translation, A Short History Of Benin". History in Africa. 25. Cambridge University Press (CUP): 361–386. doi:10.2307/3172194. ISSN 0361-5413. JSTOR 3172194. S2CID 161595530.
- Bradbury, R. E. (1959). "Chronological Problems in the Study of Benin History". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 1 (4). Historical Society of Nigeria: 263–287. ISSN 0018-2540. JSTOR 41970638. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- Ogot, B.A. (1992). Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. General history of Africa. James Currey. ISBN 978-0-435-94811-5. Retrieved 3 October 2023.