View source for Bogotá Fault

{{Infobox fault
| name              = Bogotá Fault
| other_name        = ''Falla de Bogotá''
| namedfor          = [[Bogotá]]
| namedby           = Clements
| yeardef           = 1940
| image             = Bogota,_Colombia.jpg
| image_size        = 
| image_alt         = 
| image_caption     = The Bogotá Fault borders the [[Bogotá|Colombian capital]] to the east; bottom right to top left here
| pushpin_map       = Colombia
| pushpin_map_width = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| pushpin_map_alt   = 
| pushpin_relief    = 1
| pushpin_map_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_mark      = 
| pushpin_mark_size = 
| location          = 
| country           = {{COL}}
| region            = [[Andean natural region|Andean]]
| state             = [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]]
| cities            = [[Bogotá]], [[La Calera, Cundinamarca|La Calera]]
| coordinates       = {{coord|4|37|25|N|74|03|11|W|region:CO|display=inline,title}}
| elevation         = {{convert|2600|-|3800|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| elevation_m       = 
| elevation_ft      = 
| elevation_ref     = 
| topdepth_m        = 
| topdepth_ft       = 
| topdepth_ref      = 
| range             = [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]]<br />&nbsp;[[Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)|Eastern Ranges]], [[Andes]]
| part_of           = Andean thrust faults
| segments          = 
| length            = {{convert|79.3|-|107|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width             = {{convert|10|-|20|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| depth             = 
| strike            = 013.5 ± 7
| dip               = East
| dip_angle         = 15-25
| displacement      = Vertical: {{convert|760|m|ft}}<br />Slip rate: {{convert|0.01|-|0.1|mm|in|abbr=on}}/yr
| plate             = [[North Andes Plate|North Andean]]
| status            = Inactive
| earthquakes       = [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense#Prehistory|Prehistorical]]
| type              = [[Strike-slip fault|Slightly oblique]] [[thrust fault]]
| movement          = Dextral reverse
| rockunit          = Hanging wall: [[Guadalupe Group|Guadalupe Gp.]], [[Chipaque Formation|Chipaque Fm.]]<br />Footwall: [[Guaduas Formation|Guaduas Fm.]], [[Cacho Formation|Cacho Fm.]], [[Bogotá Formation|Bogotá Fm.]]
| age               = [[Pleistocene]] (<1.6 Ma)
| orogeny           = [[Andean orogeny|Andean]]
| volcanic_arc/belt = 
| map_image         = 
| map_caption       = 
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}}
The '''Bogotá Fault''' ({{langx|es|Falla de Bogotá}}) is a major inactive slightly dextral oblique [[thrust fault]] in the [[departments of Colombia|department]] of [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]] in central [[Colombia]]. The fault has a total length of {{convert|79.3|km|mi}},<ref name=Paris2000a_p47/> while other authors designate a length of {{convert|107|km|mi}},<ref name=Lobo2005_p5/> and runs along an average north-northeast to south-southwest [[strike (geology)|strike]] of 013.5 ± 7 across the [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]], central part of the [[Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)|Eastern Ranges]] of the Colombian [[Andes]].

The fault stretches from the [[Gallo River]] at the [[Sumapaz Páramo]] in the south to the [[Teusacá River]] in the north and borders the [[Bogotá savanna]] and the Colombian capital to the east. The Bogotá Fault formed the pronounced [[Eastern Hills, Bogotá|Eastern Hills]], with the well-known [[Monserrate]] and [[Guadalupe Hill]]s, east of the Colombian capital. The brecciated fault zone is exposed along the road from Bogotá to [[La Calera, Cundinamarca|La Calera]] and a vertical displacement of at least {{convert|760|m|ft}} has been determined. The [[hanging wall]] of the reverse fault contains the [[Late Cretaceous]] [[Chipaque Formation]] and [[Guadalupe Group]] and the [[footwall]] consists of the [[Paleogene]] and [[Neogene]] [[Guaduas Formation|Guaduas]], [[Cacho Formation|Cacho]] and [[Bogotá Formation]]s.

Pulsations of the fault movement in the early [[Quaternary]] have produced the [[alluvial fan]]s of the [[Tunjuelo Formation]]. In part, the fault is covered by Late [[Pleistocene]] deposits of the [[Sabana Formation]] showing a pre-Holocene activity with no known historical seismicity or registered damages. The present slip rate of the Bogotá Fault is established at {{convert|0.01|to|0.1|mm|in}} per year.

== Etymology ==
The fault is named after [[Bogotá]], [[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]] by Thomas Clements, who performed the first study on the fault in 1940.<ref name=Clements1940/>

== Description ==
{{see also|Eastern Hills, Bogotá#Geology}}
{{Location map+ | Bogotá savanna
| width   = 325
| caption = The southeastern part of the Bogotá savanna is bound by the Bogotá Fault
| places  =
  {{Location map~ | Bogotá savanna
 | lat_deg = 4.623587
 | lon_deg = -74.053096
 | mark = Red pog.svg
 | marksize = 12
  }}
}}
The Bogotá Fault extends across the [[Altiplano Cundiboyacense]] along the base of the mountain front that borders the flatlands known as the [[Bogotá savanna]], to the east bordering the Bogotá Anticlinal for {{convert|23|km|mi}}.<ref name=Lobo2005_p4>Lobo-Guerrero Uscátegui, 2005, p.4</ref> The fault follows the longitudinal axis of the [[Eastern Hills, Bogotá|Eastern Hills]], [[strike and dip|striking]] north-northeast to south-southwest at 013.5 ± 7 and [[strike and dip|dipping]] 15-25 degrees to the east.<ref name=Lobo2005_p1>Lobo-Guerrero Uscátegui, 2005, p.1</ref> It forms the tectonic limit with the Bogotá savanna and acts as a barrier for [[aquifer]]s.<ref name=Velandia_p42>Velandia & De Bermoudes, 2002, p.42</ref> The fault runs parallel to the [[Usme Fault]].<ref name=Paris2000b>Paris et al., 2000b</ref>

The tectonic regime of the [[Neogene]] and [[Quaternary]] is the result of the interaction of four [[plate tectonics|tectonic plates]]; the [[Malpelo Plate]] in the west, the [[Caribbean Plate]] in the north, the [[South American Plate]] in the east and the [[North Andes Plate]] where the Altiplano Cundiboyacense is located. The compressional tectonics of the [[Andean orogeny]] thrusted the Cretaceous units of the [[Guadalupe Group]] and [[Chipaque Formation]] on top of the younger [[Guaduas Formation|Guaduas]], [[Cacho Formation|Cacho]] and [[Bogotá Formation]]s.<ref name=GeoSantaFe>Geological Map Bogotá, 1997</ref> The timing of the recent Andean uplift was Pleistocene, concluded on the basis of [[apatite]] [[fission track]] analysis by structural geologist Andrés Mora.<ref name=Torres2005_p131>Torres et al., 2005, p.131</ref> The [[Late Cretaceous]] units of the [[hanging wall]] are folded producing the Bogotá Anticlinal,<ref name=Lobo2005_pp13_14>Lobo-Guerrero Uscátegui, 2005, pp.13–14</ref> and showing a vertical stratigraphic displacement of at least {{convert|760|m|ft}}.<ref name=Lobo1992_p8>Lobo-Guerrero Uscátegui, 1992, p.8</ref> The [[Sabana Formation]], named after the Bogotá savanna were deposited in the Pleistocene [[paleolake]] [[Lake Humboldt, Colombia|Lake Humboldt]], of which the many [[Wetlands of Bogotá|wetlands]] and the [[Bogotá River]] are the present-day remainders.<ref name=INGEO2005_p72>Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.72</ref>

The fault mainly cuts [[Cretaceous]] and [[Tertiary]] sedimentary rocks and, to some extent, early [[Quaternary]] deposits. The fault produces strong slope changes between different geologic units on both sides of the fault plane and displays degraded fault scarps,<ref name=Paris2000a_p47>Paris et al., 2000a, p.47</ref> especially the well-known [[Monserrate]], the location where the fault was first studied.<ref name=Lobo2005_p2>Lobo-Guerrero Uscátegui, 2005, p.2</ref> The [[breccia]]ted zone of the fault has a width between {{convert|10|and|20|m|ft}}. The brecciated area of the fault is well exposed along the road from Bogotá to [[La Calera, Cundinamarca|La Calera]], north of Calle 85 in the capital. At the entrance to the cable car going up to Monserrate, the fault shows reverse and normal offset faults and produced fractures in the [[shale]]s (Plaeners Formation) of the Guadalupe Group.<ref name=Lobo2005_p5/> The [[alluvial fan]]s of the [[Tunjuelo Formation]] were produced by the seismic pulses of the Bogotá Fault.<ref name=Lobo1996_p13>Lobo-Guerrero Uscátegui, 1996, p.13</ref>

== Activity ==
The Bogotá Fault was first analyzed by Thomas Clements in 1940,<ref name=Clements1940>Clements, 1940</ref> and he concluded the fault was still active.<ref name=Lobo2005_p5>Lobo-Guerrero Uscátegui, 2005, p.5</ref> However, later studies have shown the fault does not displace younger Quaternary deposits and is hence determined being inactive. No known [[List of earthquakes in Colombia|historical earthquakes]] have been produced by the fault,<ref name=Espinosa2004>Espinosa Baquero, 2004</ref> and recent seismic activity has not been registered.<ref name=Acosta2002_p93>Acosta & Garay, 2002, p.93</ref> The Bogotá Fault crosscuts the Rosales tunnel where no damages have been noted.<ref name=Lobo2005_p6>Lobo-Guerrero Uscátegui, 2005, p.6</ref> A slip rate of {{convert|0.01|to|0.1|mm|in}} per year is calculated from displaced geomorphologic Quaternary features.<ref name=Paris2000a_p48>Paris et al., 2000a, p.48</ref>

{{clear}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="230px">
File:Monserrate.JPG|Monserrate Hill was formed by the Bogotá Fault
File:Cerro Aguanoso Bogota.JPG|Fault scarps at Cerro Aguanoso
File:Chapinero, Bogotá, Bogota, Colombia - panoramio - aalozadag (8).jpg|Intense fracturing in the Guadalupe Group
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|Colombia|Earth sciences|Geology}}}}
* [[List of earthquakes in Colombia]]
<!--* [[1785 Viceroyalty of New Granada earthquake]]-->
* [[Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault]]
* [[Eastern Frontal Fault System]]
* [[Usme Fault]]
* [[Vianí Fault]]

== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{citation |last1=Acosta |first1=Jorge E. |last2=Ulloa |first2=Carlos E. |year=2002 |title=Mapa geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca 1:250,000 - Memoria Explicativa |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1–108}}
* {{citation |last=Clements |first=Thomas |year=1940 |title=The Bogota Fault, Colombia, South America |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/624920 |journal=[[Journal of Geology]] |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=660–669 |doi=10.1086/624920 |accessdate=2018-05-23}}
* {{citation |last=Espinosa Baquero |first=Armando |year=2004 |title=Historia Sísmica de Bogotá |url=https://www.sogeocol.edu.co/documentos/histosisbta.pdf |publisher=Sociedad Geográfica de Colombia |pages=1–10 |accessdate=2018-05-23}}
* {{citation |last=Guerrero Uscátegui |first=Alberto Lobo |year=2005 |title=La Falla de Bogotá en Cundinamarca |url=http://www.logemin.com/eng/Download/pdf/23_Falla_de_Bogota_en_Cundinamarca_completo.pdf |publisher=X Congreso Colombiano de Geología |pages=1–17 |accessdate=2018-05-23}}
* {{citation |last=Guerrero Uscátegui |first=Alberto Lobo |year=1996 |title=Estratigrafía del material no-consolidado en el subsuelo del nororiente de Santafé de Bogotá (Colombia) con algunas notas sobre historia geológica |publisher=VIl Congreso Colombiano de Geología |pages=1–23}}
* {{citation |last=Guerrero Uscátegui |first=Alberto Lobo |year=1992 |title=Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana |publisher=Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros |pages=1–20}}
* {{citation |last1=Montoya Arenas |first1=Diana María |last2=Reyes Torres |first2=Germán Alfonso |year=2005 |title=Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1–104}}
* {{citation |last1=Paris |first1=Gabriel |last2=Machette |first2=Michael N. |last3=Dart |first3=Richard L. |last4=Haller |first4=Kathleen M. |year=2000a |title=Map and Database of Quaternary Faults and Folds in Colombia and its Offshore Regions |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0284/ofr-00-0284.pdf |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] |pages=1–66 |accessdate=2018-05-23}}
* {{citation |last1=Torres |first1=Vladimir |last2=Vandenberghe |first2=Jeff |last3=Hooghiemstra |first3=Henry |year=2005 |title=An environmental reconstruction of the sediment infill of the Bogotá basin (Colombia) during the last 3 million years from abiotic and biotic proxies |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=226 |issue=1–2 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |pages=127–148|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.05.005 |bibcode=2005PPP...226..127T }}
* {{citation |last1=Velandia Patiño |first1=F.A. |last2=De Bermoudes |first2=O. |year=2002 |title=Fallas longitudinales y transversales de la Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia |journal=Boletín de Geología |volume=24 |pages=37–48}}

==== Maps ====
* {{citation |last1=Acosta |first1=Jorge |last2=Ulloa |first2=Carlos |last3=García |first3=Pilar |last4=Solano |first4=Orlando |year=1999 |title=Mapa Geológico de Cundinamarca |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwFQPMJEi17QcW1lZ2ZNWUc5dHM/view |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2018-05-23}}
* {{citation |last1=Buitrago |first1=José Alberto |last2=Terraza M. |first2=Roberto |author3-link=Fernando Etayo |last3=Etayo |first3=Fernando |year=1998 |title=Plancha 228 - Santafé de Bogotá Noreste - 1:100,000 |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BwFQPMJEi17QTlNraVVZZ2ZCY0E |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2018-05-23}}
* {{citation |last1=Gómez |first1=J. |last2=Montes |first2=N.E. |last3=Nivia |first3=Á. |last4=Diederix |first4=H. |year=2015 |title=Plancha 5-09 del Atlas Geológico de Colombia 2015 – escala 1:500,000 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309533589 |publisher=[[Servicio Geológico Colombiano]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2018-05-23}}
* {{citation |last1=Paris |first1=Gabriel |last2=Machette |first2=Michael N. |last3=Dart |first3=Richard L. |last4=Haller |first4=Kathleen M. |year=2000b |title=Map of Quaternary Faults and Folds of Colombia and Its Offshore Regions |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0284/ofr-00-0284.plate.pdf |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2018-05-23}}
* {{citation |last=Various |first=Authors |year=1997 |title=Mapa geológico de Santa Fe de Bogotá – Geological Map Bogotá – escala 1:50,000 |url=http://seisan.sgc.gov.co/RSNC/Mapa_Geo.pdf |publisher=[[INGEOMINAS]] |pages=1 |accessdate=2018-05-23}}

{{Tectonism in Colombia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bogota Fault}}
[[Category:Seismic faults of Colombia]]
[[Category:Thrust faults]]
[[Category:Inactive faults]]
[[Category:Altiplano Cundiboyacense|Faults]]
[[Category:Geography of Cundinamarca Department|Faults]]
[[Category:Geography of Bogotá]]