Brompton cocktail
Brompton cocktail, sometimes called Brompton mixture or Brompton's cocktail, was an elixir meant for use as a pain suppressant dosed for prophylaxis. Made from morphine or diacetylmorphine (heroin), cocaine, highly-pure ethyl alcohol (some recipes specify gin), and sometimes with chlorpromazine (Thorazine) to counteract nausea, it was given to terminally-ill individuals (especially cancer patients) to relieve pain and promote sociability near death. A common formulation included "a variable amount of morphine, 10 mg of cocaine, 2.5 mL of 98% ethyl alcohol, 5 mL of syrup BP and a variable amount of chloroform water."[1] Brompton's cocktail was given most in the mid twentieth century.[2] It is now considered obsolete.[3]
In popular culture it also came to be associated with medical euthanasia. According to legend (and perhaps in fact) doctors would provide a large dose to terminally ill patients who wished to die.[2][4]
History
The original idea for an oral mixture of morphine and cocaine helping patients in agony with advanced disease is credited to surgeon Herbert Snow in 1896. The Brompton cocktail is named after the Royal Brompton Hospital in London, England, where the formulation of this mixture was standardized in the late 1920s for patients with cancer. It was in common use in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, a series of trials in 1977-79 found that the diacetylmorphine was no more effective than an equivalent amount of morphine, while tolerance caused the cocaine to become ineffective within a few days. As a result, pain management shifted to using morphine alone, which is more convenient to prepare, easier to titrate, and avoids side effects.[2][5] While use of the Brompton cocktail has been rare in the 21st century, it is not entirely unheard of today.
Variants
Some specifications for variants of Brompton cocktail call for methadone, hydromorphone, diamorphine (heroin), or other strong opioids in the place of morphine; diphenhydramine or tincture of cannabis in place of the chlorpromazine; and methamphetamine, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, co-phenylcaine (lidocaine and phenylephrine hydrochloride), methylphenidate, or other stimulants in the place of cocaine. The original recipe for Brompton cocktail also calls for chloroform, cherry syrup to help mask the bitter taste of some of the components, and distilled water in some quantity to dilute the chloroform (hence, chloroform water) or to add volume to allow for more precise titration of doses.
Synergy among constituents
While each of the ingredients combats pain or other problems that occur with it in those who may be nauseated from effects of chemotherapy, radiation or high and escalating doses of morphine (which can also cause somnolence or sleepiness, necessitating the stimulant), it is also anecdotally acknowledged[by whom?] that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, with the various active ingredients all potentiating the morphine or other opioid in their own ways. The synergy between opioid analgesics and centrally-acting stimulants is widely reported[by whom?] and commonly used: for example, the caffeine content of many codeine-based pain relievers, and prescription of dextroamphetamine or methylphenidate to patients on high doses of opioids both to combat somnolence from the painkillers and to boost their pain-killing ability.
See also
References
- ^ Melzak, R., B.M. Mount, and J.M. Gordon. "The Brompton mixture versus morphine solution given orally: effects on pain." The RVH Manual on Palliative/Hospice Care: A Resource Book. ed. Ajemian, Ina & Balfour M. Mount. Palliative Care Service: Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec. 1980. p. 172.
- ^ a b c David Clark (2014-08-01). "The Brompton Cocktail: 19th century origins to 20th century demise". End of life studies. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
- ^ Brompton's Cocktail, Hospice Education Institute
- ^ "Terry Pratchett" (1 February 2010). "My case for a euthanasia tribunal". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ L A Reynolds; E M Tansey (eds.). ""Innovation in Pain Management: The transcript of a Witness Seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 12 December 2002" (PDF).
External links
- Glover, D. D.; Lowry, T. F.; Jacknowitz, A. I. (1980). "Brompton's mixture in alleviating pain of terminal neoplastic disease: Preliminary results". Southern Medical Journal. 73 (3): 278–82. doi:10.1097/00007611-198003000-00004. PMID 7361128.
- Rees, W. D. (1987). "Changes in prescribing for terminal care patients in general practice, hospital and hospice over a five-year period". The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 37 (304): 504–506. PMC 1711087. PMID 3505644.
- Saunders, C. (1996). "A personal therapeutic journey". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 313 (7072): 1599–601. doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7072.1599. PMC 2359110. PMID 8991003. Archived from the original on 2009-02-15.