R. Budd Dwyer: Difference between revisions
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{{otherpeople2|Robert Dwyer}} |
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{{Infobox Person |
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| name = Budd Dwyer |
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| image = Dddr66.jpg |
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| image_size = 200px |
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| caption = R. Budd Dwyer seconds before committing suicide.<br />Photo credit: Joe Rosenthal/The Associated Press |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1939|11|21|mf=y}} |
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| birth_place = [[Saint Charles, Missouri]] |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1987|1|22|1939|11|21}} |
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| death_place = [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]] |
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| occupation = [[Treasurer of Pennsylvania]] |
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| spouse = Joanne Dwyer |
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| parents = |
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| children = |
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| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |
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}} |
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'''Robert "Budd" Dwyer''' ([[November 21]], [[1939]] – [[January 22]], [[1987]]) was an [[United States|American]] politician who, on the morning of [[January 22]], [[1987]], committed [[suicide]] by shooting himself in the head with a revolver during a televised [[news conference|press conference]].<ref>{{cite news |
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| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFDF1638F930A15752C0A961948260 |
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| title=OFFICIAL CALLS IN PRESS AND KILLS HIMSELF |
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| last=Stevens |
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| first=William K. |
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| date=January 23, 1987 |
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| publisher=[[New York Times]] |
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| accessdate=2008-09-11}}</ref> |
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== Career == |
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Budd Dwyer graduated from [[Allegheny College]] in [[Meadville, Pennsylvania]]. He went on to get his [[master's degree]] in education and taught social studies and coached [[American football|football]] at [[Cambridge Springs, Pennsylvania|Cambridge Springs High School]]. As a Republican, Dwyer served as a member of the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]] from 1965 to 1970 and the [[Pennsylvania Senate]] from 1970 to 1980. After his tenure as a senator, Dwyer moved on to the treasurer's office, a position he held up to his death.<div class="floatright"></div> |
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== Controversy and guilty verdict== |
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{{Incomplete|section}} |
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During the early 1980s, state employees overpaid millions of dollars in [[Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax|Federal Insurance Contributions Act]] (FICA) taxes. As a result, the [[Pennsylvania|commonwealth]] began accepting bids from companies to calculate the amount of the refund each employee was due. |
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One firm, the [[California]]-based Computer Technology Associates, was owned by a [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] native named John Torquato, Jr., who used his area connections and a series of [[bribery|bribes]] to obtain the contract, worth a reputed [[United States dollar|US $]]4.6 million. An anonymous memo reached the office of [[Governor of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania Governor]] [[Dick Thornburgh]] informing him of what had happened. |
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In late 1986, Budd Dwyer was charged with agreeing to receive a [[political corruption#Kickbacks|kickback]] of $300,000. A [[plea bargain]] was made for Torquato and [[Dauphin County]] Republican Party Chairman William Smith (who was also Torquato's attorney), as well as Smith's wife, which required them to testify against Dwyer. This, coupled with the government's refusal to name unindicted co-conspirators in the case, made it difficult for Dwyer to defend himself, though the unindicted co-conspirators are believed to have been staff members of the Dauphin County Republican Party. During this time, the district's [[United States Attorney]] offered Dwyer a plea bargain that carried a maximum of five years in prison in exchange for a guilty plea on one count of accepting a bribe, resignation, and cooperation in the investigation.<ref>"Dwyer Sought Presidential Pardon, Rejected Plea Bargaining", ''Associated Press'', [[January 24]] [[1987]].</ref> Dwyer refused the offer, and was later found guilty but continued to profess his innocence vehemently, as did others who were close to him.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.famouspictures.org/mag/index.php?title=Budd_Dwyer |
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| title=Famous Pictures Magazine - Budd Dwyer |
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| author=Lucas, Dean |
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}}</ref> Under state law, Dwyer could continue to serve as [[Treasurer of Pennsylvania|state treasurer]] until his sentencing. The maximum sentence Dwyer was facing was 55 years [[prison|imprisonment]] and a $300,000 fine. However, his co-defendant, former state Republican Party chairman [[Robert B. Asher|Robert Asher]], was given a year in jail. Asher later returned to politics, and served as a Republican National Committeeman for Pennsylvania. |
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== Public suicide == |
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On [[January 22]], [[1987]], the day before his sentencing, Dwyer called a [[press conference]] to "provide an update on the situation". Many expected Dwyer to announce his resignation from office. |
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At the conference, an agitated and nervous Dwyer once again professed his innocence, and declared that he would not resign as state treasurer. Those attending would hear his final words:<ref name="FinalWords">Video containing audio of final words ([http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6686827830708949101 link])</ref> |
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<blockquote>I thank the good Lord for giving me 47 years of exciting challenges, stimulating experiences, many happy occasions, and, most of all, the finest wife and children any man could ever desire. |
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Now my life has changed, for no apparent reason. People who call and write are exasperated and feel helpless. They know I'm innocent and want to help. But in this nation, the world's greatest democracy, there is nothing they can do to prevent me from being punished for a crime they know I did not commit. Some who have called have said that I am a modern day [[Job (Biblical figure)|Job]]. |
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Judge [Malcolm] Muir is also noted for his medieval sentences. I face a maximum sentence of 55 years in prison and a $300,000 fine for being innocent. Judge Muir has already told the press that he, quote, "felt invigorated" when we were found guilty, and that he plans to imprison me as a deterrent to other public officials. But it wouldn't be a deterrent because every public official who knows me knows that I am innocent; it wouldn't be a legitimate punishment because I've done nothing wrong. Since I'm a victim of political persecution, my prison would simply be an American [[gulag]]. |
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I ask those that believe in me to continue to extend friendship and prayer to my family, to work untiringly for the creation of a true justice system here in the United States, and to press on with the efforts to vindicate me, so that my family and their future families are not tainted by this injustice that has been perpetrated on me.</blockquote> |
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At this point, Dwyer stopped with his prepared text and called to three of his staffers, giving each an envelope. One of the envelopes contained a [[suicide note]] to his wife. The second contained an [[organ donation|organ donor]] card and other related materials. The third contained a letter to [[Robert P. Casey]], who had taken office only two days before. |
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After handing out the envelopes, Dwyer opened a manila envelope and withdrew a [[.357 Magnum]] [[revolver]], advising those in the crowd, "Please leave the room if this will offend you." Those in attendance cried out to Dwyer, pleading with him to put the gun down ("Budd, don't do this!", "Budd, this is not right!" and "Budd, listen to me!" can be heard off-screen). Some tried to approach him. "Don't, don't, don't, this will hurt someone," he warned.<ref name="AP1-23">"PA. Treasurer Kills Self at News Conference", ''Associated Press'', [[January 23]], [[1987]].</ref> Amid the cry of "Budd, Budd, Budd!" Dwyer put the gun barrel into his mouth and pulled the trigger. He collapsed against a wall in a sitting position, blood pouring from his nose and an exit wound at the top of his head, all in front of five television news cameras while the people were screaming and using profanity in shock. Dwyer was declared dead at the scene at 11:31 a.m. [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]].<ref name="AP1-23"/> |
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Dwyer is buried in Blooming Valley Cemetery in [[Blooming Valley, Pennsylvania]]. |
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== Aftermath == |
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A number of television stations throughout Pennsylvania aired taped footage of Dwyer's suicide before a mid-day audience. Due to a major snowstorm throughout Pennsylvania that day, many schools were closed and many school-aged children bore witness to the suicide. Over the next several hours, however, news editors had to decide whether to air the graphic images or to change the footage for evening news telecasts. |
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In the end, many stations, including [[WCAU-TV|WCAU]], aired the footage up to a point just prior to the shooting. Others, including Pennsylvania's [[Group W]] stations [[KYW-TV|KYW]] and [[KDKA-TV|KDKA]], froze the action just prior to the trigger's being pulled. KDKA-TV and KYW-TV both chose this approach, and allowed the audio of the shooting to continue under the frozen image. Group W's news cameraman William L. "Bill" Martin and reporter David Sollenberger—based out of the Harrisburg state capitol's Correspondents Room—had a camera set up at the news conference and chose not to air the actual footage, choosing instead to air the audio with a freeze frame of the gun in Dwyer's mouth. Only a handful aired the entire press conference unedited. [[WPVI-TV|WPVI]] in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] was one station that chose to re-broadcast the suicide footage in full on their 5 p.m. and 6 p.m. [[Action News]] broadcasts without a warning to viewers. That station's broadcast is a source for copies circulating on the Internet. [[WPXI-TV|WPXI]] in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]] is reported by the [[Associated Press]] to have broadcast the footage uncensored on an early newscast and did in fact broadcast the footage. In explaining the decision to air, WPXI news operations manager By Williams said, "It's an important event" about an "important man." Williams opted not to air the footage in the evening newscasts, explaining, "Everyone knows by then that he did it. There are children out of school."<ref name="APNYTimes">{{cite news |author=Associated Press |title= Pictures Raise News Issue |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2D71138F930A15752C0A961948260 |format= |work= |publisher=New York Times |date= 1987-01-23 |accessdate=2008-05-25}}</ref> |
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The broadcast of the shooting became a topic for educators in Pennsylvania classrooms and led to questioning the wisdom of airing live news broadcasts in public school settings. This issue was also faced during the explosion of the [[Space Shuttle Challenger|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'']], which was shown live in many classrooms since [[Christa McAuliffe]] was to be the first teacher in outer space. |
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Children, however, responded to the event by creating a cycle of [[black comedy]] jokes similar to those that circulated after the Challenger disaster. A study of the incidence of these jokes showed that they were told only in areas of Pennsylvania where uncensored footage of the press conference had been shown by networks.<ref>Simon Bronner, "Political Suicide: The Budd Dwyer Joke Cycle and the Humor of Disaster." ''Midwestern Folklore'' 14 (1988): 81-89.</ref> |
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In contrast, at least one reporter present at Dwyer's suicide suffered ill effects from being a firsthand witness. Tony Romeo was a radio reporter standing a few feet away from Dwyer when he pulled the trigger, and the event led to Romeo developing depression and taking a break from journalism.<ref name="AJR">{{cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=413|title=Feeling the Heat|last=Soteropoulos|first=Jacqueline|month=December | year=2000|work=[[American Journalism Review]]|accessdate=2008-08-05}}</ref> |
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The suicide also changed [[Associated Press]] photo practices. At the time, the AP had its photographers shoot most photos in black and white, since the film was cheaper and the photos took less time to transmit. Also, most newspapers still had black-and-white front pages at the time. Color film would be issued only to photographers expected to be getting the top photos for national news that day. Since this news conference was expected to be of little interest outside Pennsylvania, black-and-white film was used. Once it turned into a major worldwide story, the AP got requests for color photos. After that, the AP promptly switched to taking all photos in color. Most of the photos were still transmitted in black and white until the transmission technology improved to a point when color photos did not cause delays.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
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Since Dwyer died in office before being removed upon sentencing, his widow, Joanne, was able to collect full survivor benefits totaling over $1.28 million. A spokesman for Dwyer, immediately after the suicide, suggested Dwyer may have killed himself to retain the state-provided pension for his household, which had been ruined by legal defense costs.<ref>"Pennsylvania Official's Suicide May Be Linked to Finances", ''Washington Post'', [[January 24]], [[1987]].</ref> |
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Dwyer's legal struggles may have ended with his death, yet a fascination with his suicide goes on to this day. Copies of the footage continue to circulate via the [[Internet]] and have appeared in various films, including the ''[[Traces of Death]]'' series and [[Michael Moore]]'s ''[[Bowling for Columbine]]''. Multimedia performance group [[Emergency Broadcast Network]] included footage leading up to the suicide in their music video "Get Down"{{Fact|date=August 2008}}. Oakland Post Hardcore/Doom band [[Neurosis]] featured a pic of Budd Dwyer on their '87 "Pain Of Mind" album. They also started using different images and video clips projected on a screen during their concerts somewhere in the early 90's, parts of Budd Dwyer's suicide footage were included. New York [[noise rock]] band [[Cop Shoot Cop]] featured the footage in their music video "Shine On Elizabeth", but in more graphic detail. Rock musicians have also incorporated Dwyer's suicide into their work, such as seminal American [[noise rock]] band [[Rapeman]] which released an [[Extended play|EP]] entitled ''[[Budd (EP)|Budd]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Rapeman | Touch and Go / Quarterstick Records |url=http://www.touchandgorecords.com/bands/band.php?id=63 |accessdate=2008-06-08 }}</ref> and [[alternative rock]] band [[Filter (band)|Filter]], whose 1995 single "[[Hey Man, Nice Shot]]" similarly refers to Dwyer.<ref>{{ cite journal |last=Fischer |first=Blair R. |year=1999 |month=August |title=Filter Are Back in the Fold |journal=[[Rolling Stone]] |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/filter/articles/story/5925965/filter_are_back_in_the_fold |accessdate = 2008-06-13 |quote="This gruesome suicide, captured live on TV in several U.S. markets twelve years ago, including Patrick's Cleveland hometown, inspired Filter's single "Hey Man Nice Shot,""}}</ref> The rock band [[CKY (band)|CKY]], had an artistic rendition of Budd Dwyer shooting himself as a cover on the CD Volume 1{{Fact|date=July 2008}}. Alternative band [[Faith No More]]'s 1991 song "[[The World Is Yours (Faith No More song)|The World Is Yours]]" contained both audio samples and lyrics referring to Budd's suicide{{Fact|date=August 2008}}. Rock band [[Marilyn Manson (band)|Marilyn Manson]] used a sample of the uncensored broadcast in their 1994 single "[[Get Your Gunn]]"{{Fact|date=August 2008}}. Metal band [[Kreator]] also has an audio clip of Dwyer's suicide in their song "Karmic Wheel" on their album "Scenarios of Violence," as does rapper [[Necro (rapper)|Necro]] in his song "You Did It." Nirvana singer and songwriter Kurt Cobain was reported to have kept a VHS recording of the suicide, and would watch it several times over on certain days. |
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In 2003, work started on "Honest Man", a feature length documentary about Budd and the CTA scandal. The film includes interviews with William Smith, the Dwyer family (Robert Dwyer, Joanne Dwyer and Dyan Dwyer), Barry O'Connell, as well as former colleagues and friends. Also authors Lorraine Yuhasz and William Keisling have contributed their expert knowledge of the CTA scandal to the project. |
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== See also == |
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* [[Christine Chubbuck]], a news anchor who committed suicide live on-air in 1974 |
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* [[Robert B. Asher|Bob Asher]], Dwyer's co-defendant in 1987 trial, current Pennsylvania GOP national committeeman |
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* [[List of unusual deaths]] |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=860c9b9f3b&p=1 Video of Budd Dwyer's Suicide] (Contains graphic violence) |
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*[http://eightyfourfilms.com/Honest_man.html Trailer for "Honest Man"] Documentary about Budd Dwyer |
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*[http://yardbird.com/sins_of_fathers_ebook.htm "Sins of Our Fathers"] by William Keisling and Richard Kearns |
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*[http://www.moderntv.com/modtvweb/qtclips/buddintro.htm Modern Television] Budd Dwyer |
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*{{findagrave|grid=6129|name=R. Budd Dwyer}} |
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{{Persondata |
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|NAME=Dwyer, Robert Budd |
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|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= |
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION=American politician |
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|DATE OF BIRTH=[[November 21]], [[1939]] |
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|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[St. Charles, Missouri]] |
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|DATE OF DEATH=[[January 22]], [[1987]] |
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|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]] |
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}} |
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{{Lifetime|1939|1987|Dwyer, Budd}} |
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[[Category:American political scandals]] |
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[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Pennsylvania]] |
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[[Category:Filmed suicides]] |
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[[Category:Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives]] |
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[[Category:Pennsylvania State Senators]] |
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[[Category:People from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]] |
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[[Category:People from St. Louis, Missouri]] |
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[[Category:Politicians who committed suicide]] |
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[[Category:State treasurers of Pennsylvania]] |
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[[Category:Suicides by firearm in the United States]] |
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[[Category:Suicides in Pennsylvania]] |
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[[de:Budd Dwyer]] |
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