American bullfrog: Difference between revisions
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{{Other uses}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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| name = American Bullfrog |
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| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| trend = up |
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| image = North-American-bullfrog1.jpg |
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| image_caption = Bullfrog, ''Rana catesbeiana'' |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] |
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| classis = [[Amphibia]] |
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| ordo = [[Anura]] |
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| familia = [[Ranidae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Rana (genus)|Rana]]'' |
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| species = '''''R. catesbeiana''''' |
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| binomial = ''Rana catesbeiana'' |
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| binomial_authority = ([[George Shaw|Shaw]], 1802) |
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| range_map = Bullfrog_range.gif |
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| range_map_caption = Bullfrog range |
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| synonyms = ''Lithobates catesbeianus'' <small>Dubois, 2006</small> |
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}} |
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The '''American Bullfrog''' ('''''Rana catesbeiana''''')<ref name="Hillis2007">Hillis, D. M. 2007. Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42:331–338.</ref><ref name="HillisandWilcox2005">Hillis, D. M., and T. P. Wilcox. 2005. Phylogeny of the New World True Frogs (''Rana''. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34:299–314.</ref><ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=173441 |taxon=Rana catesbeiana |accessdate=6 February 2006}}</ref>), often simply known as the '''Bullfrog''' in Canada and the United States, is an aquatic [[frog]], a member of the family [[Ranidae]], or “true frogs”, native to much of [[North America]].<ref>Hillis & Wilcox (2005), Pauly et al. (2009)</ref> This is a frog of larger, permanent water bodies, swamps, ponds, lakes, where it is usually found along the water's edge.<ref>Conant, 1958</ref> On rainy nights, bullfrogs along with many other amphibians, go overland and may be seen in numbers on country roads. |
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American bullfrogs live longer in warm weather. They have been widely introduced across North America (see range map). The original, naturally determined range did not include far western regions where it is found today.<ref name="Casper, G. S 2005">Casper, G. S. and Hendricks, R. (2005) Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species, M. Lannoo, ed. University of California Press.</ref> |
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== Description == |
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Bullfrogs grow on average to be about 3 and a half to 6 inches (9–15 cm) long in bodylength (although there are records of some as big as 8 inches), legs add another 7–10 inches (17–25 cm) to length. Adult bullfrog skeleton is representative of [[tetrapod]] [[vertebrates]], comprising an [[axial skeleton]] (skull and vertebrae) and an [[appendicular skeleton]] (pectoral girdle and forelimbs, pelvic girdle and hindlimbs). Ranids, however, lack ribs. The pronounced pair of dorsal humps in the back of ranid frogs are the ends of the [[pelvic ilia]], homologues of the human hips. |
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The bullfrog skull is highly [[fenestra]]ted. The [[orbit (anatomy)|orbits]] open ventrally through the roof of the mouth to accommodate eye retraction during locomotion and swallowing. The skull bears a continuous row of tiny teeth on the [[maxilla]] and [[premaxilla]] and a pair of small [[vomerine teeth]] on the [[palate]]. The [[mandible]] is toothless. |
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The bullfrog nervous system consists of a brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves including cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and sympathetic nerves serving organs such as the heart, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, gonads. |
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Females have an eardrum (tympanum) the same size as their eye. Males' eardrums are larger. |
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== Ecology and behavior == |
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=== Respiration === |
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[[File:Bullfrog - natures pics.jpg|thumb|In typical aquatic habitat]] |
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Ranid frogs absorb oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide through their moist skin, the lining of the mouth, and the lungs. When in the air, as opposed to underwater, frogs continuously elevate and lower the floor of the mouth, which serves to ventilate the mouth, or [[buccal cavity]], and exchange gases through the richly [[vascular]]ized lining of the mouth. Periodically, the regular rhythmic pumping of the floor of the mouth is interrupted by a deeper lowering of the throat at the extreme of which the [[glottis]] opens and the throat muscles contract vigorously to force air from the mouth into the lungs—the nostrils are closed off. This lung ventilation may be performed several times after which the shallow buccal ventilation resumes.<ref>Noble, G. K. (1931) The Biology of the Amphibia. McGraw-Hill.</ref> Lacking ribs, frogs must supply the pressure to force air into their lungs, whereas mammals can enlarge the cavity surrounded by the rigid rib cage and allow the atmosphere to supply the pressure. |
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=== Reproduction === |
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Fertilization is external in ranid frogs. In the mating grasp, or [[amplexus]], the male rides on top of the female, grasping her with his forelimbs posterior to her forelimbs. The female bullfrog deposits her eggs in the water and the male simultaneously releases sperm. |
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[[Breeding in the wild|Breeding]] begins in late spring or early summer. Males defend and call from territories, attracting females into a territory to mate. The call is reminiscent of the roar of a bull, hence the frog's common name. A female may produce up to 20,000 eggs in one clutch.<ref name="Casper, G. S 2005" /> |
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=== Growth and development === |
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[[File:Bullfrog tadpole.jpg|thumb|Tadpole]] |
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Eggs hatch in 3–5 days. Time to [[metamorphosis]] ranges from a few months in the southern to 3 years in the northern parts of the geographic range.<ref name="Casper, G. S 2005" /> |
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Maximum lifespan in the wild is estimated at 8–10 years, but one captive lived almost 16 years.<ref name="Casper, G. S 2005" /> |
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=== Feeding === |
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[[File:Juvenile bullfrog.JPG|thumb|Juvenile. Notice the small, grey, oval-shaped area on top of the head. This is the [[parietal eye]].]] |
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[[File:Bullfrog - Rana catesbeiana.jpg|thumb|Native habitat]] |
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Stomach content studies going back to 1913 suggest the bullfrog preys on any animal it can overpower and stuff down its throat. Bullfrog stomachs have been found to contain rodents, small turtles, snakes, frogs—including bullfrogs, birds, even a bat, as well as the many invertebrates which are the usual food of ranid frogs.<ref name="Cardini 1974">Cardini 1974</ref> These studies furthermore reveal the bullfrog's diet to be unique among North American Rana in the inclusion of large percentages of aquatic animals, e.g., fish, tadpoles, Planorbid snails, Dytiscid beetles. The specialized ability of bullfrogs to capture submerged and large strong prey comprises a pronounced biting motor pattern that follows up on the initial and typical ranid tongue strike.<ref name="Cardini 1974" /> Adaptation to target image displacement due to light refraction at the water-air interface consists of the bullfrog's application of tongue surface comparatively posterior to the perceived location of the prey target.<ref name="Cardini 1974" /> The comparative ability of bullfrogs to capture submerged prey, compared to that of the green frog, leopard frog, and wood frog (R. clamitans, R. pipiens, R. sylvatica, respectively) was also demonstrated in laboratory experiments. |
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Prey motion elicits feeding behavior. First, if necessary, the frog performs a single orienting bodily rotation ending with the frog aimed towards the prey. This is followed by approaching leaps, if necessary. Once within striking distance, the bullfrog emits its feeding strike, which consists of a ballistic (eyes closed as during all leaps) lunge that ends with the mouth opening, extension of the fleshy and mucous-coated tongue upon the prey, often engulfing it, while the jaws continue their forward travel to close (bite) in close proximity to the prey's original location just as the tongue is retracted back into the mouth, prey attached. Large prey that do not travel entirely into the mouth are literally stuffed in with the forearms. In laboratory observations, bullfrogs taking mice usually dove underwater with prey in mouth, apparently with the advantageous result of altering the mouse's defense from counterattack to struggling for air.<ref name="Cardini 1974" /> The tiny teeth of bullfrogs are useful only in grasping. Asphyxiation is the most likely cause of death of endothermic (warm-blooded) bullfrog prey. |
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== Human use == |
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[[File:Toad and Frog.jpg|right|thumb|Captive matured female American Bullfrog housed with a full-grown male Asiatic Toad ''[[Bufo gargarizans]]'']] |
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While occasionally kept as pets, the American Bullfrog provides a minor [[frog legs|food source]], especially in the [[Southern United States]] and in some areas of the [[Midwestern United States]]. In a few locations they are commercially cultured in ponds, but the traditional way of hunting them is to paddle or pole silently by canoe or flatboat in streams or swamps at night; when the frog call is heard, a light is shone on the frog to temporarily inhibit it. The frog will not jump into deeper water as long as movement is slow and steady. When close enough, the frog is [[Trident|gigged]] and brought into the boat. In some states, breaking the skin while catching them is illegal and either grasping gigs or hand capture are used. The only parts eaten are the rear legs, which resemble small [[chicken]] [[poultry|drumsticks]] and, sometimes, the backs, which are usually fried for consumption. |
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The American Bullfrog is also used as a specimen for dissection in many schools across the world. |
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The American Bullfrog is the state amphibian of [[Iowa]], [[Missouri]], and [[Oklahoma]]. |
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The American Bullfrog has been introduced to many countries in the world, such as [[South Korea]], where it has become a nuisance to the country's natural ecology because of its appetite. |
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== Footnotes == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== References == |
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<div class="references-small"> |
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* {{aut|Cardini, F.}} (1974) Specializations of the Feeding Response of the Bullfrog, ''Rana catesbeiana'', for the Capture of Prey Submerged in Water. M.S. Thesis, U. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA |
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* {{aut|Conant, R.}} (1958) A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. |
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* {{aut|Hillis, D.M. & Wilcox, T.P.}} (2005): Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (''Rana''). ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]]'' '''34'''(2): 299–314. <small>{{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007}}</small> [http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/215.pdf PDF fulltext]. |
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* {{aut|Hillis, D. M.}} (2007) Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life. ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]]'' '''42''': 331–338. |
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* {{IUCN2006|assessors=Santos-Barrera, G. ''et al.'' |year=2004|id=58565|title=Rana catesbiana|downloaded=12 May 2006}} Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern. |
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* {{Aut|Pauly, Greg B., Hillis, David M. & Cannatella, David C.}} (2009): Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. ''Herpetologica'' '''65''': 115–128. </small> [http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/1225.pdf PDF fulltext] |
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</div> |
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== External links == |
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{{commons|Rana catesbeiana}} |
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{{wikispecies|Rana catesbeiana}} |
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* [http://www.zo.utexas.edu/research/txherps/frogs/rana.catesbeiana.html Herps of Texas: ''Rana catesbeiana''] |
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* [http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/frogwatch/whoswho/factshts/bullfrog.htm British Columbia Frog Watch Program: Bull Frog Fact Sheet] |
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* [http://allaboutfrogs.org/info/species/bullfrog.html Bullfrog at allaboutfrogs.com] |
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* [http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=exact&CISOOP2=exact&CISOMODE=grid&CISOGRID=thumbnail,A,1;title,A,1;subjec,A,0;common,200,0;none,A,0;20;title,none,none,none,none&CISOBIB=title,A,1,N;identi,A,0,N;common,200,0,N;none,A,0,N;none,A,0,N;20;title,none,none,none,none&CISOTHUMB=20%20%284x5%29;title,none,none,none,none&CISOTITLE=20;title,none,none,none,none&CISOHIERA=20;identi,title,none,none,none&CISOSUPPRESS=0&CISOFIELD1=subjec&CISOROOT=/wss&CISOBOX1=Amphibians&CISOFIELD2=common&CISOBOX2=Bullfrog Bullfrog recordings] |
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*[http://www.ontarionature.org/protect/species/reptiles_and_amphibians/american_bullfrog.php American Bullfrog (''Lithobates catesbeianus'')], Ontario Nature |
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[[Category:Rana]] |
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[[Category:Amphibians of the United States]] |
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[[Category:Amphibians of Canada]] |
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[[Category:Fauna of Delaware and Maryland]] |
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[[Category:Invasive animal species]] |
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[[Category:Pet amphibians]] |
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[[br:Ran-darv Amerika]] |
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[[da:Amerikansk oksefrø]] |
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[[de:Amerikanischer Ochsenfrosch]] |
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[[nv:Chʼał nineezí]] |
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[[es:Lithobates catesbeianus]] |
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[[eo:Taŭra rano]] |
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[[fr:Ouaouaron]] |
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[[ko:황소개구리]] |
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[[it:Lithobates catesbeianus]] |
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[[hu:Ökörbéka]] |
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[[mn:Бух мэлхий]] |
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[[nl:Brulkikker]] |
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[[ja:ウシガエル]] |
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[[no:Amerikansk oksefrosk]] |
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[[pl:Żaba rycząca]] |
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[[pt:Rana catesbeiana]] |
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[[ru:Лягушка-бык]] |
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[[simple:Bullfrog]] |
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[[fi:Härkäsammakko]] |
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[[sv:Oxgroda]] |
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[[th:กบบูลฟร็อก]] |
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[[uk:Велика зелена жаба]] |
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[[zh:美国牛蛙]] |
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